Ouvrières à Saint-Nazaire : deux entreprises face à l’intégration des femmes dans les métiers de la navale

Les initiatives permettant aux femmes d’exercer des métiers « traditionnellement » masculins sont peu nombreuses. À Saint-Nazaire, entre 1999 et 2003, les plans de formation mis en place dans les entreprises, avec l’aide de l’État, ont eu des conséquences diverses pour les ouvrières qui travaillent dans le secteur de la construction navale. Le mouvement vers la mixité et au-delà vers l’égalité professionnelle entre les hommes et les femmes relève d’une politique volontariste des employeurs comme l’illustre, à partir d’une pénurie de main-d’œuvre masculine, la comparaison entre une entreprise de sous-traitance et les Chantiers de l’Atlantique. En l’absence de cette politique, on assiste au renforcement des stéréotypes de sexe et à l’utilisation de l’emploi des femmes comme variable d’ajustement.There are many initiatives designed to enable women to exercise “traditionally” male trades. In Saint-Nazaire, between 1999 and 2003, the training programmes set up at companies, with State aid, have had a range of consequences for the women that work in the shipbuilding sector. The drive toward the employment of both men and women and, beyond this, toward equal employment opportunities for men and women, reflects a proactive policy on the part of the employers, as illustrated, in light of a shortage of male labour, through a comparison of a subcontractor firm with the Chantiers de l’Atlantique shipyard. Where there is no such policy, we find a reinforcement of gender stereotypes and the use of women in the workplace as a balancing variable.Nur wenige Initiativen ermöglichen es Frauen bislang, eine Tätigkeit in einer traditionellen Männerdomäne auszuüben. Zwischen 1999 und 2003 haben sich staatlich geförderte Aus- und Weiterbildungsmaßnahmen in den Betrieben unterschiedlich für die Arbeiterinnen im Schiffbau ausgewirkt. Dabei geht die Bewegung hin zu gemischten Beschäftigungsverhältnissen oder zur Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern immer auf eine aktive Arbeitgeber-Politik zurück. Dies wird hier am Beispiel fehlender männlicher Arbeitskräfte in zwei Unternehmen, einem Zulieferunternehmen und der Atlantikwerft, veranschaulicht. Fehlt jedoch eine gezielte Politik, dann kommen geschlechtsspezifische Stereotypen wieder verstärkt zum Einsatz und die Beschäftigung von Frauen wird nur noch als Anpassungsvariable gesehen.Las iniciativas que permiten a las mujeres ejercer oficios « tradicionalmente » masculinos son pocas. En Saint-Nazaire, entre 1999 y 2003, los planes de formación implementados en las empresas, con ayuda del Estado, tuvieron consecuencias diversas para las obreras que trabajan en el sector de la construcción naval. El movimiento hacia la mixidad y más allá, hacia la igualdad profesional entre hombres y mujeres corresponde a una política voluntarista de los empleadores, como lo muestra la comparación, a partir de la escasez de mano de obra masculina, entre una empresa de subcontratación y los astilleros del Atlantique. En ausencia de esta política, se ve el refuerzo de los estereotipos de sexo y a la utilización del empleo de las mujeres como variable de ajuste

Different epidemiology of bloodstream infections in COVID-19 compared to non-COVID-19 critically ill patients: A descriptive analysis of the Eurobact II study

Background: The study aimed to describe the epidemiology and outcomes of hospital-acquired bloodstream infections (HABSIs) between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 critically ill patients. Methods: We used data from the Eurobact II study, a prospective observational multicontinental cohort study on HABSI treated in ICU. For the current analysis, we selected centers that included both COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 critically ill patients. We performed descriptive statistics between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 in terms of patients’ characteristics, source of infection and microorganism distribution. We studied the association between COVID-19 status and mortality using multivariable fragility Cox models. Results: A total of 53 centers from 19 countries over the 5 continents were eligible. Overall, 829 patients (median age 65 years [IQR 55; 74]; male, n = 538 [64.9%]) were treated for a HABSI. Included patients comprised 252 (30.4%) COVID-19 and 577 (69.6%) non-COVID-19 patients. The time interval between hospital admission and HABSI was similar between both groups. Respiratory sources (40.1 vs. 26.0%, p < 0.0001) and primary HABSI (25.4% vs. 17.2%, p = 0.006) were more frequent in COVID-19 patients. COVID-19 patients had more often enterococcal (20.5% vs. 9%) and Acinetobacter spp. (18.8% vs. 13.6%) HABSIs. Bacteremic COVID-19 patients had an increased mortality hazard ratio (HR) versus non-COVID-19 patients (HR 1.91, 95% CI 1.49–2.45). Conclusions: We showed that the epidemiology of HABSI differed between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients. Enterococcal HABSI predominated in COVID-19 patients. COVID-19 patients with HABSI had elevated risk of mortality. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.org number NCT03937245. Registered 3 May 2019

STARD 2015: An Updated List of Essential Items for Reporting Diagnostic Accuracy Studies.

Incomplete reporting has been identified as a major source of avoidable waste in biomedical research. Essential information is often not provided in study reports, impeding the identification, critical appraisal, and replication of studies. To improve the quality of reporting of diagnostic accuracy studies, the Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (STARD) statement was developed. Here we present STARD 2015, an updated list of 30 essential items that should be included in every report of a diagnostic accuracy study. This update incorporates recent evidence about sources of bias and variability in diagnostic accuracy and is intended to facilitate the use of STARD. As such, STARD 2015 may help to improve completeness and transparency in reporting of diagnostic accuracy studies

Obeticholic acid for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: interim analysis from a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial

Background Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a common type of chronic liver disease that can lead to cirrhosis. Obeticholic acid, a farnesoid X receptor agonist, has been shown to improve the histological features of NASH. Here we report results from a planned interim analysis of an ongoing, phase 3 study of obeticholic acid for NASH. Methods In this multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, adult patients with definite NASH,non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) activity score of at least 4, and fibrosis stages F2–F3, or F1 with at least oneaccompanying comorbidity, were randomly assigned using an interactive web response system in a 1:1:1 ratio to receive oral placebo, obeticholic acid 10 mg, or obeticholic acid 25 mg daily. Patients were excluded if cirrhosis, other chronic liver disease, elevated alcohol consumption, or confounding conditions were present. The primary endpointsfor the month-18 interim analysis were fibrosis improvement (≥1 stage) with no worsening of NASH, or NASH resolution with no worsening of fibrosis, with the study considered successful if either primary endpoint was met. Primary analyses were done by intention to treat, in patients with fibrosis stage F2–F3 who received at least one dose of treatment and reached, or would have reached, the month 18 visit by the prespecified interim analysis cutoff date. The study also evaluated other histological and biochemical markers of NASH and fibrosis, and safety. This study is ongoing, and registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02548351, and EudraCT, 20150-025601-6. Findings Between Dec 9, 2015, and Oct 26, 2018, 1968 patients with stage F1–F3 fibrosis were enrolled and received at least one dose of study treatment; 931 patients with stage F2–F3 fibrosis were included in the primary analysis (311 in the placebo group, 312 in the obeticholic acid 10 mg group, and 308 in the obeticholic acid 25 mg group). The fibrosis improvement endpoint was achieved by 37 (12%) patients in the placebo group, 55 (18%) in the obeticholic acid 10 mg group (p=0·045), and 71 (23%) in the obeticholic acid 25 mg group (p=0·0002). The NASH resolution endpoint was not met (25 [8%] patients in the placebo group, 35 [11%] in the obeticholic acid 10 mg group [p=0·18], and 36 [12%] in the obeticholic acid 25 mg group [p=0·13]). In the safety population (1968 patients with fibrosis stages F1–F3), the most common adverse event was pruritus (123 [19%] in the placebo group, 183 [28%] in the obeticholic acid 10 mg group, and 336 [51%] in the obeticholic acid 25 mg group); incidence was generally mild to moderate in severity. The overall safety profile was similar to that in previous studies, and incidence of serious adverse events was similar across treatment groups (75 [11%] patients in the placebo group, 72 [11%] in the obeticholic acid 10 mg group, and 93 [14%] in the obeticholic acid 25 mg group). Interpretation Obeticholic acid 25 mg significantly improved fibrosis and key components of NASH disease activity among patients with NASH. The results from this planned interim analysis show clinically significant histological improvement that is reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit. This study is ongoing to assess clinical outcomes

Omecamtiv mecarbil in chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, GALACTIC‐HF: baseline characteristics and comparison with contemporary clinical trials

Aims: The safety and efficacy of the novel selective cardiac myosin activator, omecamtiv mecarbil, in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is tested in the Global Approach to Lowering Adverse Cardiac outcomes Through Improving Contractility in Heart Failure (GALACTIC‐HF) trial. Here we describe the baseline characteristics of participants in GALACTIC‐HF and how these compare with other contemporary trials. Methods and Results: Adults with established HFrEF, New York Heart Association functional class (NYHA) ≥ II, EF ≤35%, elevated natriuretic peptides and either current hospitalization for HF or history of hospitalization/ emergency department visit for HF within a year were randomized to either placebo or omecamtiv mecarbil (pharmacokinetic‐guided dosing: 25, 37.5 or 50 mg bid). 8256 patients [male (79%), non‐white (22%), mean age 65 years] were enrolled with a mean EF 27%, ischemic etiology in 54%, NYHA II 53% and III/IV 47%, and median NT‐proBNP 1971 pg/mL. HF therapies at baseline were among the most effectively employed in contemporary HF trials. GALACTIC‐HF randomized patients representative of recent HF registries and trials with substantial numbers of patients also having characteristics understudied in previous trials including more from North America (n = 1386), enrolled as inpatients (n = 2084), systolic blood pressure &lt; 100 mmHg (n = 1127), estimated glomerular filtration rate &lt; 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 (n = 528), and treated with sacubitril‐valsartan at baseline (n = 1594). Conclusions: GALACTIC‐HF enrolled a well‐treated, high‐risk population from both inpatient and outpatient settings, which will provide a definitive evaluation of the efficacy and safety of this novel therapy, as well as informing its potential future implementation

II. La supercherie de l’assimilation, quand «assistante» signifie «sous»

Employé, mot à double sens. Avoir un emploi : voilà aujourd'hui le sens lourd. Mais l'autre, non moins plein, se lit au féminin : travailler comme employée. Car aujourd'hui, en France, trois employés sur quatre sont des femmes. Genre et catégorie sociale -ou genre et classe ? -, ainsi va le «petit » salariat, celui des employées et des ouvriers (ceux-ci aux 4/5 masculins). Petit salariat, le plus grand pourtant par son nombre. Ce n 'est pas là, la seule contradiction, le seul paradoxe ! Le maintien, dans des sous-statuts de salariées occasionnelles, non qualifiées, n'est pas l'apanage des «employées libre-service caissières » (ELSC.), ni même de celles qui travaillent à temps partiel. Dans les bureaux, les politiques de gestion du personnel utilisent et intègrent des dénominations de postes, dont la construction et les délimitations floues permettent de faire appel à une population sur-qualifiée, par rapport aux exigences de l'emploi à pourvoir. Ce décalage entre «le titre et le poste » place les employées qui le vivent dans des situations difficiles au regard de leur expérience quotidienne de travail. L'appellation complémentaire «aide », «assistante de... » qui au départ a pu être présentée comme la promesse d'une ascension professionnelle rapide, fait vite place à la désillusion avec le maintien dans un statut d'employée. Par leurs trajectoires communes, par l’importance des désillusions subies, les employées dont il sera question dans cette intervention, constituent le fil d'Ariane à partir duquel on se propose d'analyser la situation de ce qu’il faut bien dénommer des cadres à statut employé.Alonzo Philippe. II. La supercherie de l’assimilation, quand «assistante» signifie «sous». In: Cahiers du GEDISST (Groupe d'étude sur la division sociale et sexuelle du travail), N°16, 1996. À propos du pouvoir et du travail : contradictions et ruptures. Séminaire 1995-1996. pp. 107-122

Child abdominal injuries in car restraint systems - An intra-abdominal pressure sensor for the Q-dummy family and proposed viscous injury criterion based on detailed accident analysis and their reconstructions

The 5th World Congress of Biomechanics, MUNICH, ALLEMAGNE, 29-/07/2006 - 04/08/200

Prostitution: marchés, organisation, mobilisations

Ce numéro se propose de déconstruire l’objet « prostitution », toujours fortement idéologiquement investi, en faisant place aux recherches et productions de terrain. Il s'agit de témoigner de la grande diversité, de l’hétérogénéité historique et géographique des modalités d’exercice et d’organisation de la sexualité vénale : dans la France occupée, décrite de deux points de vue par les historiens Cyril Olivier et Insa Meinen : l’offre et la demande sont abondantes, les pratiques très diversifiées, de la clandestine dans la rue ou en maison, au « bordel » réglementé et toléré, strictement soumis à la double tutelle policière des administrations françaises et allemandes. L’État occupé et celui de l’occupant sont ici des acteurs principaux d’un système sous haute surveillance sanitaire. La question des relations sexuelles entre vainqueurs et vaincus est certes une question propre à ce contexte de guerre, mais la guerre et la consommation sexuelle de « l’autre » sont aussi omniprésents dans les formes très contemporaines de prostitution décrites par Chris Corrin à propos du trafic des femmes dans l’Europe du Sud-Est.</p

Probabilistic forecasting of the wind energy resource at the monthly to seasonal scale

We build and evaluate a probabilistic model designed for forecasting the distribution of the daily mean wind speed at the seasonal timescale in France. On such long-term timescales, the variability of the surface wind speed is strongly influenced by the atmosphere large-scale situation. Our aim is to predict the daily mean wind speed distribution at a specific location using the information on the atmosphere large-scale situation, summarized by an index. To this end, we estimate, over 20 years of daily data, the conditional probability density function of the wind speed given the index. We next use the ECMWF seasonal forecast ensemble to predict the atmosphere large-scale situation and the index at the seasonal timescale. We show that the model is sharper than the climatology at the monthly horizon, even if it displays a strong loss of precision after 15 days. Using a statistical postprocessing method to recalibrate the ensemble forecast leads to further improvement of our probabilistic forecast, which then remains sharper than the climatology at the seasonal horizon

Measuring the Risk of Supply and Demand Imbalance at the Monthly to Seasonal Scale in France

Transmission system operator (TSOs) need to project the system state at the seasonal scale to evaluate the risk of supply-demand imbalance for the season to come. Seasonal planning of the electricity system is currently mainly adressed using climatological approach to handle variability of consumption and production. Our study addresses the need for quantitative measures of the risk of supply-demand imbalance, exploring the use of sub-seasonal to seasonal forecasts which have hitherto not been exploited for this purpose. In this study, the risk of supply-demand imbalance is defined using exclusively the wind energy production and the consumption peak at 7 pm. To forecast the risks of supply-demand imbalance at monthly to seasonal time horizons, a statistical model is developed to reconstruct the joint probability of consumption and production. It is based on a the conditional probability of production and consumption with respect to indexes obtained from a linear regression of principal components of large-scale atmospheric predictors. By integrating the joint probability of consumption and production over different areas, we define two kind of risk measures: one quantifies the probablity of deviating from the climatological means, while the other, which is the value at risk at 95% confidence level (VaR95) of the difference between consumption and production, quantifies extreme risks of imbalance. In the first case, the reconstructed risk accurately reproduces the actual risk with over 0.80 correlation in time, and a hit rate around 70–80%. In the second case, we find a mean absolute error (MAE) between the reconstructed and real extreme risk of 2.5 to 2.8 GW, a coefficient of variation of the root mean square error (CV-RMSE) of 3.8% to 4.2% of the mean actual VaR95 and a correlation of 0.69 and 0.66 for winter and fall, respectively. By applying our model to ensemble forecasts performed with a numerical weather prediction model, we show that forecasted risk measures up to 1 month horizon can outperform the climatology often used as the reference forecast (time correlation with actual risk ranging between 0.54 and 0.82). At seasonal time horizon (3 months), our forecasts seem to tend to the climatology