Evaluation of cytotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by alcoholic extract and oil of Lepidium Sativum seeds in human liver cell line HepG2

Since, the primary site of drug metabolism is the liver, that plays a major role in metabolism, digestion, detoxification, and elimination of substances from the body, the present studies were designed to investigate the possible adverse effect of alcoholic extract of seeds of Lepidium sativum (LSA) and Lepidium sativum seed oil (LSO) on HepG2 cells, a human liver cell line. LSA and LSO induced cell viability by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and neutral red uptake (NRU) assays. Morphological changes, lipid peroxidation, glutathione, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activities in HepG2 cells were studied. Cells were exposed to 25 to 1000 μg/ml of LSA and LSO for 24 h. The results show that LSA and LSO reduced cell viability, and altered the cellular morphology in dose dependent manner. Concentrations (100 to 1000 μg/ml) of LSA and LSO were found to be cytotoxic, whereas 50 μg/ml and lower concentrations did not cause any significant adverse effect in cell viability of HepG2 cells. LSA and LSO were also found to induce oxidative stress in dosedependent manner indicated by decrease in glutathione level, catalase activity, and SOD activity and an increase in lipid peroxidation. The results indicate that LSA and LSO induced oxidative stress mediated cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells.Keywords: Lepidium sativum, HepG2 cells, oxidative stress, cytoxicityAfrican Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 12(24), pp. 3854-386

Isolation, biological evaluation and validated HPTLC-quantification of the marker constituent of the edible Saudi plant Sisymbrium irio L.

AbstractPhytochemical investigation and chromatographic purification of the n-hexane fraction of the aerial parts of the edible Saudi plant Sisymbrium irio led to the isolation of β-sitosterol (1), stigmasterol (2) and β-sitosterol-β-d-glucoside (3). The cytotoxic effects of the n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions were tested against three cancer cell lines viz., MCF-7, HCT-116 and HepG2, using the crystal violet staining (CVS) method, while the antibacterial activity against a number of pathogenic bacterial strains, was also estimated using the broth microdilution assay. The n-hexane fraction showed potent cytotoxic activities against all tested human cancer cell lines (IC50: 11.7–13.4μg/mL), while the dichloromethane fraction was particularly potent against HCT-116 cells (IC50: 5.42μg/mL). On the other hand, the n-hexane and EtOAc fractions demonstrated significant inhibitory activities against the Gram positive bacteria S. pyogenes and C. perfringens; and the Gram negative bacterium S. enteritidis. Our results warrant the therapeutic potential of S. irio as nutritional supplement to reduce the risk of contemporary diseases. Additionally, a validated high performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method was developed for the quantitative analysis of biomarker β-sitosterol glucoside (isolated in high quantity) from the n-hexane fraction. The system was found to furnish a compact, sharp, symmetrical and high resolution band for β-sitosterol glucoside (Rf=0.43±0.002). The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for β-sitosterol glucoside was found to be 21.84 and 66.18ngband−1, respectively. β-sitosterol glucoside was found to be present only in n-hexane fraction (2.10μg/mg of dried fraction) while it was absent in the other fractions of S. irio which validated the high cytotoxic and antibacterial activity of n-hexane fraction of S. irio

A facile one-pot synthesis of novel 2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-oxadiazoles under conventional and microwave conditions and evaluation of their in vitro antimicrobial activities

AbstractA rapid and efficient solvent-free synthesis of 2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-oxadiazoles (3a–l) from fatty acid hydrazides (1a–f) under microwave irradiation is described. The structural elucidation of these compounds is based on their spectral data (IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and MS). All the newly synthesized compounds have been screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activities. The compounds 3f, 3j and 3l were found to be most potent anti-microbial agents

Portulaca oleracea Linn seed extract ameliorates hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death in human liver cells by inhibiting reactive oxygen species generation and oxidative stress

Purpose: To investigate the protective effects of Portulaca oleracea seed extract (POA) against cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in human liver cells (HepG2).Methods: The extract (POA) was obtained by ethanol extraction of P. oleracea seeds. Cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, neutral red uptake (NRU) assay and morphological changes. The cells were pre-exposed to noncytotoxic concentrations (5 - 25 μg/mL) of POA for 24 h, and then cytotoxic (0.25 mM) concentration of H2O2. After 24 h of exposure, MTT and NRU assays were used to evaluate cell viability, while morphological changes were assessed using phase contrast inverted microscopy. The effect of POA on reduced glutathione (GSH) level, lipid peroxidation (LPO), and ROS generation induced by H2O2 was also studied.Results: The results showed that pre-exposure to POA (25 μg/mL) significantly (p <0.01) attenuated the loss of cell viability by up to 38 % against H2O2-induced oxidative stress and ROS generation. In addition, POA (25 μg/mL) significantly (p <0.01) increased GSH level (31 %), but decreased the levels of LPO (37 %) and ROS generation (49 %).Conclusion: This study demonstrates that POA has the capacity to protect HepG2 cells against H2O2- induced cell death by inhibiting oxidative stress and ROS generation.Keywords: Portulaca oleracea, HepG2 cells, Cytotoxicity, Oxidative stress, Reactive oxygen specie

Neoclerodane Diterpenoids from Reehal Fatima, <i>Teucrium yemense</i>

<i>Teucrium yemense</i> (Defl), locally known as Reehal Fatima, is a medicinal plant commonly grown in Saudi Arabia and Yemen. Phytochemical investigation of the aerial parts of <i>T. yemense</i> yielded six new neoclerodane diterpenoids, namely fatimanol A–E (<b>1</b>, <b>2</b>, <b>3</b>, <b>5</b>, and <b>6</b>) and fatimanone (<b>4</b>), and the known teulepicephin (<b>7</b>). As both the <i>Teucrium</i> genus and the related <i>Lamiaceae</i> family have previously been widely reported to possess anthelmintic and antimicrobial activities, the structural and biological characterization of the seven diterpenoids was pursued. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated from their 2D NMR and MS profiles and by comparison to related compounds. The structure of fatimanol D (<b>5</b>) was confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis. The new structures contribute to the breadth of knowledge of secondary metabolites in this genus

The legal regime of international straits : a case study of the legal and political implications for the Strait of Hormuz

This thesis is an analytical study of the legal and political aspects of the Strait of Hormuz. It involves an evaluation of the policies of the Gulf States towards the applicable legal regime of passage through the Strait of Hormuz and their reactions towards both the 1958 and 1982 conventions on the Law of the Sea. Special attention is made to the practice of the States bordering the Strait of Hormuz as contained in their national laws. Our analysis of the applicable legal regime of passage through the Strait of Hormuz is conducted in the light of the prevailing international rules governing passage through international straits. Extensive discussion is devoted to the principal sources of threats to the Gulf’s security and to the safety of navigation through the Gulf Sea lanes, including the Strait of Hormuz.Law, Peter A. Allard School ofGraduat

Novel All Trans-Retinoic Acid Derivatives: Cytotoxicity, Inhibition of Cell Cycle Progression and Induction of Apoptosis in Human Cancer Cell Lines

Owing to the pharmacological potential of ATRA (all trans-retinoic acid), a series of retinamides and a 1-(retinoyl)-1,3-dicyclohexylurea compound were prepared by reacting ATRA with long chain alkyl or alkenyl fatty amines by using a 4-demethylaminopyridine (DMAP)-catalyzed N,N¢-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) coupling. The successful synthesis of the target compounds was demonstrated using a range of spectroscopic techniques. The cytotoxicity of the compounds was measured along with their ability to induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human cancer cell lines MCF-7 (breast cancer) and HepG2 (liver cancer) and normal human cell line HEK293 (embryonic kidney). The results of cytotoxicity and flow cytometry data showed that the compounds had a moderate to strong effect against MCF-7 and HepG2 cells and were less toxic to HEK293 cells. N-oleyl-retinamide was found to be the most potent anticancer agent and was more effective against MCF-7 cells than HepG2 cells

The legal regime of international straits : a case study of the legal and political implications for the Strait of Hormuz

This thesis is an analytical study of the legal and political aspects of the Strait of Hormuz. It involves an evaluation of the policies of the Gulf States towards the applicable legal regime of passage through the Strait of Hormuz and their reactions towards both the 1958 and 1982 conventions on the Law of the Sea. Special attention is made to the practice of the States bordering the Strait of Hormuz as contained in their national laws. Our analysis of the applicable legal regime of passage through the Strait of Hormuz is conducted in the light of the prevailing international rules governing passage through international straits. Extensive discussion is devoted to the principal sources of threats to the Gulf’s security and to the safety of navigation through the Gulf Sea lanes, including the Strait of Hormuz

Central giant cell granuloma of the jaws and giant cell tumor of long bones: A clinicopathological, cytometric and immunohistochemical comparative study

Aim: Central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) of the jaws and giant cell tumor (GCT) of bone share a number of similarities and dissimilarities in respect of their histopathological, cytometric and immunohistochemical features. The aim of this study was to compare CGCG of the jaws and GCT of long bones from clinicopathology, cytometry and immunohistochemistry aspects. Materials and Methods: 18 CGCG and 22 GCT of bones were compared. Clinical data were obtained on the age, gender, diagnosis, clinical course, treatment and follow up. Histopatholgical features of mononuclear cell; stroma and giant cells were assessed. Computer-assisted image analysis was used to measure the mean number of giant cells, mean number of nuclei per giant cell, fractional surface area and relative size index. Expression of cell differentiation markers (vimentin, CD68, CD34, S-100P, alpha-smooth muscle actin [αSMA]) and cell cycle related markers (PCNA, P53, Ki-67, bcl-2) were evaluated. Results: CGCG of the jaw showed an early age of presentation (55.6% <25 years) and the mandible was the more common anatomical location (77.8), whereas the femur and tibia were equally affected by GCT (36.4%). GCT showed higher mean number of giant cells, higher number of nuclei per giant cell, greater fractional surface area and relative size index. Both diseases showed similar cellular phenotype in respect of Vimentin, S100 protein, CD68 and CD34. There was increased immunoreactivity of GCT to Ki-67, P53 and αSMA. Conclusion: The findings suggested that the GCT and the CGCG may be variants of the same disease entity with age and site-specific features