Assessment of genetic divergence for quantitative traits in thermo tolerant tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) genotypes

In the present study, 21 thermo tolerant tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) genotypes were evaluated to delineate the extent of genetic diversity through 10 quantitative traits. The genotypes were categorized into 4 distinct clusters using D2 statistics. Cluster IV had the maximum number (10) of genotypes, where all heat tolerant genotypes grouped together, followed by cluster I (5). Intra cluster analysis revealed that the cluster IV had highest distance, while the inter cluster distance was maximum between cluster III and cluster IV (6.53) indicating the presence of wide range of variability among genotypes of the cluster. Cluster IV recorded maximum cluster mean for yield (579.0), average fruit weight (33.33) and fruit set per cent (54.8) and the cluster III recorded highest mean value for days to 50 percent flowering (67.33). Principal component analysis showed that the first two principal components (PC’s) accounting for 77.6 per cent of total variation. On the basis of inter cluster distance, cluster mean and principal component analysis observed in the present study, a crossing programme involving genotypes from cluster IV will be promising one for developing heat tolerant tomato hybrids

Physiochemical response of papaya genotypes exposed to low temperature regimes

Susceptibility to low temperature stress is the major threat to papaya cultivation. Here, we studied a low temperature stress tolerance in papaya plant. We have investigated the effect of different low temperature regimes, 28°/18°C (day/night) to 16°/06°C (day/night) with a gradual decrease of 2°C on every two days and one set with direct exposure to the low temperature of 18°/08°C (day/night), called the acclimatized plant, in five diverse papaya genotypes (Pusa Nanha, Red Lady P-7-2, P-7-9, and P-7-14) and cold tolerant wild relative of cultivated papaya genotype (Vasconcellea cundinamarcensis V.M. Badillo) under controlled regulated conditions. It was observed that there were significant variations in the physiological and biochemical parameters like photosynthetic gas exchange parameters, chlorophyll content, fluorescence parameters, relative water content (RWC), membrane stability index (MSI), total sugars content, total soluble proteins content, lipid peroxidation, and proline accumulation in leaf tissues. Maximum stomatal conductance, chlorophyll fluorescence, RWC, MSI, total sugars, total soluble proteins, proline and lowest MDA contents were observed in Vasconcellea cundinamarcensis followed by inbred P-7-9 as compared to other genotypes under low temperature stress. Among all the papaya genotypes, P-7-9 showed more adaptability to low temperature stress and it further give new insights for developing low temperature tolerant papaya genotypes, especially under changing climate situations

Unraveling Origin, History, Genetics, and Strategies for Accelerated Domestication and Diversification of Food Legumes

Domestication is a dynamic and ongoing process of transforming wild species into cultivated species by selecting desirable agricultural plant features to meet human needs such as taste, yield, storage, and cultivation practices. Human plant domestication began in the Fertile Crescent around 12,000 years ago and spread throughout the world, including China, Mesoamerica, the Andes and Near Oceania, Sub-Saharan Africa, and eastern North America. Indus valley civilizations have played a great role in the domestication of grain legumes. Crops, such as pigeon pea, black gram, green gram, lablab bean, moth bean, and horse gram, originated in the Indian subcontinent, and Neolithic archaeological records indicate that these crops were first domesticated by early civilizations in the region. The domestication and evolution of wild ancestors into today’s elite cultivars are important contributors to global food supply and agricultural crop improvement. In addition, food legumes contribute to food security by protecting human health and minimize climate change impacts. During the domestication process, legume crop species have undergone a severe genetic diversity loss, and only a very narrow range of variability is retained in the cultivars. Further reduction in genetic diversity occurred during seed dispersal and movement across the continents. In general, only a few traits, such as shattering resistance, seed dormancy loss, stem growth behavior, flowering–maturity period, and yield traits, have prominence in the domestication process across the species. Thus, identification and knowledge of domestication responsive loci were often useful in accelerating new species’ domestication. The genes and metabolic pathways responsible for the significant alterations that occurred as an outcome of domestication might aid in the quick domestication of novel crops. Further, recent advances in “omics” sciences, gene-editing technologies, and functional analysis will accelerate the domestication and crop improvement of new crop species without losing much genetic diversity. In this review, we have discussed about the origin, center of diversity, and seed movement of major food legumes, which will be useful in the exploration and utilization of genetic diversity in crop improvement. Further, we have discussed about the major genes/QTLs associated with the domestication syndrome in pulse crops and the future strategies to improve the food legume crops

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Not AvailableSoybean is the most important oilseed crop in India. It contains 40-45% quality protein and 18-22% oil besides phyto-chemicals essential for human health. Soymeal, which contains more than 50% protein, is largely exported at lower price to import pulse-protein at higher cost. Popularization of soy-based foods can facilitate eradication of protein-hunger and energy malnutrition prevalent in India. Elimination of anti-nutritional factors and off-flavor from soybean seeds will enhance liking of soy-based food by the consumers. With incorporation of consumer-preferred flavor, vegetable soybean can be a good food for the people. Reduction of phytase from seed will enhance protein and iron nutrition in the consumers. Molecular breeding and genome-editing techniques can be utilized properly to achieve these goals in shorter period of timeNot Availabl

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Not AvailableEfficiency and applicability of a new method of hybridization called ‘pollination without emasculation’ was evaluated in a set of crosses involving Glycine max and Glycine soja genotypes. The genotypes were crossed in various combinations to develop MAGIC (multiparent advanced generation intercross) and NAM (nested association mapping) population as well as to widen the genetic base of soybean through wide hybridization. Success of hybridization ranged from 33 % to 77% during kharif season. Number of false crossed seeds as measured through hybridity testing was negligible (0-15%). Rate of crossing success was more during kharif than rabi (17.33%) season. The PWE appeared to be highly efficient and applicable equally to intra-specific and inter-specific crosses in soybean.Not Availabl

Assessment of genetic divergence for quantitative traits in thermo tolerant tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) genotypes

In the present study, 21 thermo tolerant tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) genotypes were evaluated to delineate the extent of genetic diversity through 10 quantitative traits. The genotypes were categorized into 4 distinct clusters using D2 statistics. Cluster IV had the maximum number (10) of genotypes, where all heat tolerant genotypes grouped together, followed by cluster I (5). Intra cluster analysis revealed that the cluster IV had highest distance, while the inter cluster distance was maximum between cluster III and cluster IV (6.53) indicating the presence of wide range of variability among genotypes of the cluster. Cluster IV recorded maximum cluster mean for yield (579.0), average fruit weight (33.33) and fruit set per cent (54.8) and the cluster III recorded highest mean value for days to 50 percent flowering (67.33). Principal component analysis showed that the first two principal components (PC’s) accounting for 77.6 per cent of total variation. On the basis of inter cluster distance, cluster mean and principal component analysis observed in the present study, a crossing programme involving genotypes from cluster IV will be promising one for developing heat tolerant tomato hybrids

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Not AvailableSoybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is an important source of edible oil and nutri-tious food worldwide. In India, it is the most important oilseed crop occupying an area of about 10.84mha with an average production and productivity of 14.66mt and 1353kg/ha respectively,during 2013–14 (http://www.agricoop.nic.in). However, yield of soybean in India is lower than the global average (2.5t/ha). Low genetic diversity among Indian soybean germplasm, devoid of genetic resources in gene pool-2 (GP-2), various biotic and abiotic stresses, use of limited germplasm lines in breeding pro-grammes, little or no use of wild-type germplasm in breeding, are some of the factors for lower yield in India. Genetic improvement, agronomic management and effective plant protection approaches are keys to increased soybean yield.However, yield is a complex, quantita-tive trait and is governed by quantitative trait loci or QTL. Therefore, for intro-gression of useful QTL from wild spe-cies, crosses were made between G.maxand Glycine soja,and advanced segregat-ing generation (F6) has been developed. The specific objective of this work was to study the genetic relations and level of polymorphism between G.max and G. soja, and identifying polymorphic simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers. The ge-nomic information and polymorphic markers identified in this study would be useful in analysing and apping QTL for yield and other important traits Genomic variation studies in Glycine max and Glycine soja using SSR markers.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableSoybean is the most important oilseed crop in the world due to its high oil (20%) and protein (40%) content. Productivity of soybean in India is low. Poor genetic variability in soybean is an important factor of low yield. Wide hybridization was attempted between cultivated genotype DS9712 and wild type accession DC2008-1. Isolating from the segregating population in F2:6 generation, 206 RILs were developed and tested for two consecutive years i.e. kharif 2014 and 2015. Enormous variability was observed among the RILs for phenotypic traits including yield. Genetic polymorphism was studied with 317 SSR markers, out of which 206 were polymorphic (~65% polymorphism). Distribution of the polymorphic markers was not uniform on the chromosomes. Tri-nucleotide repeat motif SSR markers were more polymorphic than others. About 8 markers showed distorted segregation. Linkage map was constructed with 194 markers. Total length of the map was 1823.71cM with an average marker spacing of 9.21cM. The RILs and the molecular map produced in the study will be suitable for mapping and analyzing QTLs for yield and other related traits in soybeanNot Availabl

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Not AvailableFor genomic study, 262 SSR markers (@13 markers/chromosome) were selected at random from across the soybean genome. Among the markers used, 172 were found to be polymorphic between the two genotypes indicating the level of genomic variations between the two species to be 65.67%.The polymorphic markers identified in this study were used to analyse the molecular genotype of the segregating plants of the inter-specific crosses. As expected, the parental alleles were in 1:1 ratio. However, heterozygosity was also found in some loci indicating the need for more selfing generations to make it a true recombinant inbred line (RIL).Not Availabl

Direct organogenesis in some soybean genotypes using cotyledonary segments

527-531Effect of various parameters on direct shoot organogenesis and plantlet regeneration from mature cotyledonary segments of three soybean [Glycine max (L.)<span style="font-family:TimesNewRomanPS-Italic;mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRomanPS-Italic; mso-bidi-font-style:italic" lang="EN-GB"> Merrill] genotypes, viz., JS 335, Pusa 9814 and Pusa 24, was studied. The seeds of these genotypes were germinated in vitro on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 9.0 μ<span style="font-family:AdvTT2acb703b;mso-bidi-font-family:AdvTT2acb703b; mso-bidi-font-style:italic" lang="EN-GB">M BAP (6-benzylamino purine)+1.1 <span style="font-family:AdvTT2acb703b+03; mso-bidi-font-family:AdvTT2acb703b+03" lang="EN-GB">μ<span style="font-family:AdvTT2acb703b;mso-bidi-font-family:AdvTT2acb703b;mso-bidi-font-style: italic" lang="EN-GB">M<span style="font-family:AdvTT2acb703b;mso-bidi-font-family: AdvTT2acb703b" lang="EN-GB"> NAA (α-naphthalene acetic acid). After 10 d, green cotyledonary segments were excised from the germinating seedlings and used as explant (0.25-0.4 cm). These segments were cultured on B5 medium supplemented with 6.8 <span style="font-family:AdvTT2acb703b+03; mso-bidi-font-family:AdvTT2acb703b+03" lang="EN-GB">μ<span style="font-family:AdvTT2acb703b;mso-bidi-font-family:AdvTT2acb703b;mso-bidi-font-style: italic" lang="EN-GB">M<span style="font-family:AdvTT2acb703b;mso-bidi-font-family: AdvTT2acb703b" lang="EN-GB"> BAP+0.73 μ<span style="font-family:AdvTT2acb703b;mso-bidi-font-family:AdvTT2acb703b; mso-bidi-font-style:italic" lang="EN-GB">M<span style="font-family:AdvTT2acb703b; mso-bidi-font-family:AdvTT2acb703b" lang="EN-GB"> GA3 (gibberellic acid)+0-20 mM MES (2-morpholino ethane sulphonic acid). Genotype Pusa 24 was found most responsive (32.23%) for direct shoot organogenesis, followed by Pusa 9814 (22.57%) and JS 335 (7.93%). The regenerated microshoots were elongated on MS medium supplemented with 2.9 μ<span style="font-family:AdvTT2acb703b;mso-bidi-font-family: AdvTT2acb703b;mso-bidi-font-style:italic" lang="EN-GB">M GA3. Medium comprising MS basal salts supplemented with 5.0 μ<span style="font-family:AdvTT2acb703b;mso-bidi-font-family:AdvTT2acb703b; mso-bidi-font-style:italic" lang="EN-GB">M IBA (indole-3-butyric acid) and 5.4 <span style="font-family:AdvTT2acb703b+03; mso-bidi-font-family:AdvTT2acb703b+03" lang="EN-GB">μ<span style="font-family:AdvTT2acb703b;mso-bidi-font-family:AdvTT2acb703b;mso-bidi-font-style: italic" lang="EN-GB">M<span style="font-family:AdvTT2acb703b;mso-bidi-font-family: AdvTT2acb703b" lang="EN-GB"> NAA was found ideal for root induction on microshoots. Rooted plants were successfully hardened in glass jars with polypropylene cap and established in the greenhouse with 87% survival rate. </span