Agile management and interoperability testing of SDN/NFV-enriched 5G core networks

In the fifth generation (5G) era, the radio internet protocol capacity is expected to reach 20Gb/s per sector, and ultralarge content traffic will travel across a faster wireless/wireline access network and packet core network. Moreover, the massive and mission-critical Internet of Things is the main differentiator of 5G services. These types of real-time and large-bandwidth-consuming services require a radio latency of less than 1 ms and an end-to-end latency of less than a few milliseconds. By distributing 5G core nodes closer to cell sites, the backhaul traffic volume and latency can be significantly reduced by having mobile devices download content immediately from a closer content server. In this paper, we propose a novel solution based on software-defined network and network function virtualization technologies in order to achieve agile management of 5G core network functionalities with a proof-of-concept implementation targeted for the PyeongChang Winter Olympics and describe the results of interoperability testing experiences between two core networks

Analysis of LLM-models in optimizing and designing VHDL code

In the evolving world of software and hardware co-design, VHDL has emerged as a pivotal lan-guage for hardware description. The objective of this research was to harness the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLM) to optimize and streamline VHDL code design. The underlying premise was rooted in the belief that feeding vast amounts of raw VHDL data to these models would enable them to autonomously learn and generate efficient VHDL code snippets. This study adopted a systematic approach involving the fine-tuning of pre-existing LLMs, specifi-cally focusing on model adaptations for VHDL code generation. The methodology encompassed iterative processes, characterized by several adjustments to parameters, data parallelism lever-aging, and base model load configurations. Additionally, considerations like unsupervised versus supervised learning approaches were evaluated, underscoring the pivotal role of labeled data for targeted outcomes. The empirical findings shed light on the significance of data quality over quantity. While the ini-tial approach embraced a 'feed and learn' attitude, it became evident that for fine-tuning purpos-es, curated and labeled data was paramount. Testing of the refined models, against a set of basic to advanced VHDL challenges, showcased the potential of the LLMs, with ChatGPT mod-els outperforming others considerably. In conclusion, while the journey unveiled the intricacies of training and fine-tuning LLMs for VHDL, it also highlighted the invaluable role of data. Future endeavors in this domain can delve deeper into supervised training methods, base model variations, and the intricate interplay of quantization during training. The research accentuates the promise of LLMs in the domain of VHDL design, steering a path for more refined and nuanced implementations in the future

Agile management of 5G core network based on SDN/NFV technology

In the 5G era, radio IP capacity is expected to reach 20 Gbit/s per sector, and ultra-large content traffic will travel across the faster wireless/wireline access network and packet core network. Also massive and mission-critical IoT is the main differentiator of 5G services. These types of real-time and large-bandwidth consuming services require radio latency of less than 1ms, and end-to-end latency of less than a few ms. By distributing 5G core nodes closer to cell sites, backhaul traffic volume and latency can be significantly reduced by having mobile devices downloading content immediately from a closer content server. In this paper, we propose a novel solution based on SDN (Software Defined Network) and NFV (Network Function Virtualization) technology in order to achieve an agile management of distributed 5G core network functionalities and services with PoC implementation targeted for Pyungchang Winter Olympics

Design and measurement of a 5G mmW mobile backhaul transceiver at 28 GHz

Abstract High throughput and ultra low latency are the main requirements for fifth generation (5G) mobile broadband communications. Densely populated urban environments require utilization of previously underutilized millimeter wave frequency spectrum for higher data rates. The Ka-band, previously used in satellite applications, is of particular interest to terrestrial 5G mobile networks. New radio solutions are required for these frequencies, such as multiple wireless base stations organized in small cells and highly directional antennas to compensate for higher path loss. Wireless backhaul is predicted to be the most cost-effective and versatile solution to connect 5G base stations to the core network. Wireless backhaul enables flexible and easy installation of 5G base stations in ad hoc networks, supporting large crowd gatherings such as concerts and sports events. In this article, we present an architecture of a wireless backhaul transceiver, which operates on the 26.5–29.5-GHz band. The architecture described in this paper was implemented, and the performance of the receiver (Rx) array has been measured. We also present over-the-air antenna array measurement results using the Rx. The measurement results show that unequal Rx channel gains and antenna gains do not have a significant effect on the shape of the main lobe of the radiation pattern. We have measured a coherence gain of 2.7 dB from two Rx channels that is close to the theoretical value of 3.0 dB. We have achieved a conducted Rx EVM of better than 2% using a 100-MHz 16-QAM modulated signal at 26.5 GHz

Design and measurement of a 5G mmW mobile backhaul transceiver at 28 GHz

Abstract High throughput and ultra low latency are the main requirements for fifth generation (5G) mobile broadband communications. Densely populated urban environments require utilization of previously underutilized millimeter wave frequency spectrum for higher data rates. The Ka-band, previously used in satellite applications, is of particular interest to terrestrial 5G mobile networks. New radio solutions are required for these frequencies, such as multiple wireless base stations organized in small cells and highly directional antennas to compensate for higher path loss. Wireless backhaul is predicted to be the most cost-effective and versatile solution to connect 5G base stations to the core network. Wireless backhaul enables flexible and easy installation of 5G base stations in ad hoc networks, supporting large crowd gatherings such as concerts and sports events. In this article, we present an architecture of a wireless backhaul transceiver, which operates on the 26.5–29.5-GHz band. The architecture described in this paper was implemented, and the performance of the receiver (Rx) array has been measured. We also present over-the-air antenna array measurement results using the Rx. The measurement results show that unequal Rx channel gains and antenna gains do not have a significant effect on the shape of the main lobe of the radiation pattern. We have measured a coherence gain of 2.7 dB from two Rx channels that is close to the theoretical value of 3.0 dB. We have achieved a conducted Rx EVM of better than 2% using a 100-MHz 16-QAM modulated signal at 26.5 GHz

System analysis and design of mmW mobile backhaul transceiver at 28 GHz

Abstract In the next generation of mobile network, 5G, mm-wave (mmW) communication is considered one of the main disruptive technologies to increase data rates and improve spectrum efficiency. Wireless backhaul with stationary or moving nodes is one of the best candidate use-cases. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis on the architecture and design of mmW transceiver with automatic gain control (AGC) for mobility management. The focus is on the RF component requirements, especially, power amplifiers, low-noise amplifier and antennas as well as on their impact on the link-budget. Results are provided based on real figures of commercial components

Proof of concept of mmWave high capacity backhaul:RF and antenna components

Abstract In the next generation of mobile network, 5G, mmwave (mmW) communication is considered one of the main disruptive technologies to increase data rates, improve spectrum efficiency and provide new frequency bands for wireless communication. New frequency bands require new radio frequency components and design of radio circuits operating at mmW frequencies is a challenging task. This paper provides simulation and measurement results of a commercial power amplifier, a Wilkinson divider and a distributed element 22 GHz high pass filter used in a proof of concept 5G mmW radio

Development of 5G CHAMPION testbeds for 5G services at the 2018 Winter Olympic Games

Abstract This paper describes the first available 5G testbeds as designed by 5G CHAMPION, a collaborative research project undertaken by over twenty consortium members and targeting the provision of 5G services at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Korea. In order to provide 5G services such as augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), high quality, interactive multi-player video games, the testbeds shall fulfill the challenging requirements such as ultra-high data rates, ultra-reliable low latency, and mass connectivity. To meet such requirements, revolutionary testbed architectures are proposed, designed to be flexible, cost- and energy-efficient, through adopting state-of-art multi-radio access technologies (RAT) in client devices and in the network. The testbeds will also provide mmWave wireless backhaul, an interoperable and seamless connection between two different access networks located in Europe and on the site of the Korean Winter Olympic Games

5GCHAMPION – disruptive 5G technologies for roll‐out in 2018

Abstract The 5GCHAMPION Europe–Korea collaborative project provides the first fully‐integrated and operational 5G prototype in 2018, in conjunction with the 2018 PyeongChang Winter Olympic Games. The corresponding technological advances comprise both an evolution and optimization of existing technological solutions and disruptive new features, which substantially outpace previous generations of technology. In this article, we focus on a subset of three disruptive technological solutions developed and experimented on by 5GCHAMPION during the 2018 PyeongChang Olympic Games: high speed communications, direct satellite‐user equipment communications, and post‐sale evolution of wireless equipment through software reconfiguration. Evaluating effectiveness and performing trials for these key 5G features permit us to learn about the actual maturity of 5G technology prototyping and the potential of new 5G services for vertical markets and end user enhanced experience two years before the launch of large‐scale 5G services