Signal-To-Noise-Ratio of Signal Acquisition In Global Navigation Satellite System Receiver

This paper presents a measurement of signal-to noise ratio (SNR) for some global navigation systems, and making a comparison between such ratios. This ratio is an important measure to the quality of the signal as SNR increases the quality increases and vice versa. A new ratio is developed here, that is (noise to signal ration)NSR, it is found that as the value of NSR increases the quality decreases. The effects of both bit time and bit error rate on both SNR and NSR  is studied.  Both bit time and bit error rate effects on SNR, as such quantities increases SNR decreases. Keywords: signal-to-noise ratio, global navigation system, signal acquisition

Completing a genomic characterisation of microscopic tumour samples with copy number

Background: Genomic insights in settings where tumour sample sizes are limited to just hundreds or even tens of cells hold great clinical potential, but also present significant technical challenges. We previously developed the DigiPico sequencing platform to accurately identify somatic mutations from such samples. Results: Here, we complete this genomic characterisation with copy number. We present a novel protocol, PicoCNV, to call allele-specific somatic copy number alterations from picogram quantities of tumour DNA. We find that PicoCNV provides exactly accurate copy number in 84% of the genome for even the smallest samples, and demonstrate its clinical potential in maintenance therapy. Conclusions: PicoCNV complements our existing platform, allowing for accurate and comprehensive genomic characterisations of cancers in settings where only microscopic samples are available

Ensuring telecommunication network security through cryptology: a case of 4G and 5G LTE cellular network providers

This paper aims to present the details regarding telecommunication network security through cryptology protocols. The data was based on scientific data collection and the quantitative method was adopted. The questionnaire was developed and the primary respondents were approached who were working in 4 telecommunication networking companies namely Huawei, Ericsson, SK Telecom and Telefonica. The sample size of the research was 60 participants and the statistical analysis was used to analyze research. The finding shows that cryptology protocol such as SSH, SSL, Kerberos PGP and SET are implemented within the companies in order to secure network

Laparoscopic splenectomy using bipolar vessel sealing system

Background: Newly developed vessels sealing device built upon bipolar diathermy technology had a great impact on facilitating advances laparoscopic surgery. Laparoscopic splenectomy is well established procedure but in this study the procedure is totally based on bipolar vessel sealing system in devascularization of the spleen. Objective: To evaluate the safety of laparoscopic splenectomy with vessels sealing device and its outcome. Patient and method: Prospective study conducted in Baghdad Teaching Hospital and Dijlah private hospital from October 2009 to October 2013. Thirty patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura(ITP) were included and had laparoscopic splenectomy . The adapted procedure was stapleless laproscopic splenectomy, without clips using vessels sealing device only. Result: A total of 30 patients were recruited. The mean of their ages was 25.2 years. Eleven of them were males and 19 were females. The mean operative time was 84.3 min. The mean estimated blood loss was 105 ml. Twenty seven spleens were extracted through small Pfannenstiel incision and 3 spleens were retrieved by retrieval bag. No conversion had occurred; the mean hospital stay was 2.3 days. Neither bleeding nor any other serious complication related to this technique were observed, only one patient complicated by collection which was treated by aspiration under ultrasound guide. No mortalities were recorded. Conclusion: Laparoscopic splenectomy of normal size and mildly enlarged spleen with use of vessels  sealing device without staple or clips is safe and effective

Review of Erbium-doped fiber amplifier

Data communication systems are increasingly employing optical fiber communication systems (OFCS) as the transmission paths for information. Various types of optical amplifiers have been developed in OFCS to amplify optical signals. In particular, the Erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) is one example of an optical fiber amplifier that is widely known for use in amplifying optical signals. The most significant points in any optical amplifier design are gain and noise figure (NF). They are closely related to each other. Low NF and high gain are the main features for optimum amplifier (Desurvire, 1987). On the other hand, the gain and NF have very strong impact with EDFA’s configurations. Therefore, changes in EDFA’s configuration play very important role during the designing of optical amplifier. The literature shows that there is no study that has been done to review the EDF configuration. Therefore, in this paper we are presenting an overview of most of the EDFA’s configurations that have been proposed in order to provide the researchers with a clear view of what has been done in this field

Investigation of Different Pre-Treatment Techniques and 3D Printed Turbulence Promoter to Mitigate Membrane Fouling in Dairy Wastewater Module

This study investigates the enhancement of dairy wastewater treatment using chemical and physical pre-treatments coupled with membrane separation techniques to reduce membrane fouling. Two mathematical models, namely the Hermia and resistance-in-series module, were utilized to comprehend the mechanisms of ultrafiltration (UF) membrane fouling. The predominant fouling mechanism was identified by fitting experimental data into four models. The study calculated and compared permeate flux, membrane rejection, and membrane reversible and irreversible resistance values. The gas formation was also evaluated as a post-treatment. The results showed that the pre-treatments improved UF efficiency for flux, retention, and resistance values compared to the control. Chemical pre-treatment was identified as the most effective approach to improve filtration efficiency. Physical treatments after microfiltration (MF) and UF showed better fluxes, retention, and resistance results than ultrasonic pre-treatment followed by UF. The efficacy of a three-dimensionally printed (3DP) turbulence promoter was also examined to mitigate membrane fouling. The integration of the 3DP turbulence promoter enhanced hydrodynamic conditions and increased the shear rate on the membrane surface, shortening filtration time and increasing permeate flux values. This study provides valuable insights into optimizing dairy wastewater treatment and membrane separation techniques, which can have significant implications for sustainable water resource management. The present outcomes clearly recommend the application of hybrid pre-, main- and post-treatments coupled with module-integrated turbulence promoters in dairy wastewater ultrafiltration membrane modules to increase membrane separation efficiencies

Modeling of Organic Fouling in an Ultrafiltration Cell Using Different Three-Dimensional Printed Turbulence Promoters

Designing turbulence promoters with optimal geometry and using them for ultrafiltration systems has been a key challenge in mitigating membrane fouling. In this study, six different turbulence promoters were created using three-dimensional printing technology and applied in dead-end ultrafiltration. Three-dimensional-printed (3DP) turbulence promoter configurations were integrated into a classical batch ultrafiltration cell. The effects of these configurations and the stirring speeds on the permeate filtration flux, organic rejections, and membrane resistances were investigated. The fouling control efficiency of the 3DP promoters was evaluated using two polyethersulfone membranes in a stirred ultrafiltration cell with model dairy wastewater. The Hermia and resistance-in-series models were studied to further investigate the membrane fouling mechanism. Of the Hermia models, the cake layer model best described the fouling in this membrane filtration system. It can be concluded that the 3DP turbulence promoters, combined with intense mechanical stirring, show great promise in terms of permeate flux enhancement and membrane fouling mitigation. Using a well-designed 3DP turbulence promoter improves the hydrodynamic flow conditions on the surface of the stirred membrane separation cells based on computational fluid dynamics modeling. Therefore, the factors effecting the fabrication of 3DP turbulence promoters are important, and further research should be devoted to revealing them

Two-intervention social distancing strategy to control COVID-19 in Mosul city; A Comparative study

Background: Novel coronavirus what known now as COVID-19 pandemic represents worldwide health problem. It presented as an upper respiratory infection, acute respiratory distress syndrome, micro thrombosis, sepsis, septic shock, and multi-organ failure and death. Early recognition of suspected cases allows health staff and local gover-   Nment the sufficient time to initiate the appropriate international and national protocols to control the transmission of infection. Aim:  Evaluate the effectiveness of two- intervention social distancing strategy that was applied to control COVID-19 in Mosul city. Method: Using mathematical simulation model for COVID-19 spread implemented in Santa Clara City in US to estimate the expected burden of the pandemic in Mosul City. This model give a numerical data about the number of the infected cases and time interval of applying the appropriate intervention control strategies by comparing single-strategy (social distancing) to two-intervention strategy (social distancing & light switch approach). Results: The two interventions strategy shows that on average, the baseline epidemic scenario affected 12.3% of the population in comparison to 11.6% with single-strategy at 70% contact rate. While at the rate of 20% of social contact, only 0.11 % of the population will be infected in the two-intervention strategy in comparison to 0.165% when the single strategy applied. This means a significant reduction in the spread of the infection and the peak time incidence in all hypotheses will be significantly delayed. Conclusion: The two- intervention social distancing strategy is an efficient tool to control COVID-19 in Mosul city and this represents a big success for Crisis Cell in controlling the pandemic in Mosul city

Board structure and corporate R&D intensity: evidence from Forbes global 2000

Purpose: This study aims to examine the impact of board structure on risk-taking measured by research and development (R&D) intensity in OECD countries. Design/methodology/approach: The study uses a panel data of 200 companies on Forbes global 2000 over the 2010-2014 period. It uses the ordinary least square multiple regression analysis techniques to examine the hypotheses. Findings: The results show that the frequency of board meetings and board size are significantly and negatively related to risk-taking measured by R&D intensity, with a greater significance among Anglo American countries than among Continental European countries. The rationale for this is that the legal and accounting systems in the Anglo American countries have greater protection through greater emphasis on compliance and disclosure, and therefore, allowing for less risk-taking. Research limitations/implications: Future research could investigate risk-taking using different arrangements, conducting face-to-face meetings with the firm’s directors and shareholders. Practical implications: The results suggest that better-governed firms at the firm- or national-level have a high expectancy of less risk-taking. These results offer regulators a resilient incentive to pursue corporate governance (CG) and disclosure reforms officially and mutually with national-level governance. Thus, these results show the monitoring and legitimacy benefits of governance, resulting in less risk-taking. Finally, the findings offer investors the opportunity to build specific expectations about risk-taking behaviour in terms of R&D intensity in OECD countries. Originality/value:This study extends and contributes to the extant CG literature, by offering new evidence on the effect of board structure on risk-taking. The findings will help policymakers in different countries in estimating the sufficiency of the available CG reforms to prevent management mishandle and disgrace