La visibilización del sincretismo sociocultural de la música afrodescendiente del norte de Chile : una propuesta didáctica para estudiantes de octavo año básico del colegio Jorge Prieto Letelier

Tesis (Profesor de Educación Musical para la Educación Preescolar y Básica, Licenciado en Educación)Este estudio pretende responder a la siguiente pregunta: ¿Cómo incorporar repertorio afro descendiente chileno para su aplicación en el aula, utilizándolo como apoyo en la realización de clases de educación musical teniendo en cuenta los planes y programas planteados por el Ministerio de Educación (MINEDUC)?. Para ello se realizó un viaje a Arica para investigar sobre esta sub cultura poco conocida en Chile con el objetivo de encontrar material innovador sobre los afros descendientes para su aplicación en la sala de clase. En esta investigación se abarcarán teorías sobre la identidad, sincretismo cultural, patrimonio cultural, educación, motivación en los alumnos, entre otros temas, los cuales contribuyen a la mirada global del estudio, dando así un carácter metodológico y folclórico. El estudio se aplicó a los octavos básicos del Colegio Jorge Prieto Letelier, ubicado en la comuna de Peñalolén, Santiago de Chile. La presente investigación tiene un diseño no experimental, su primera etapa contemplada en el viaje y rescate bibliográfico de los tesistas en la ciudad de Arica, y una segunda etapa con diseño pre experimental, ya que se realizó un pre experimento con una actividad de prueba para la formación del librillo contenedor de cuatro actividades, con sus objetivos y planificaciones. El tipo de investigación es exploratorio etnográfico de carácter descriptivo. Esta investigación está sustentada en el paradigma constructivista. Los principales resultados dan como positiva la propuesta de este estudio, se evidencia por medio de un instrumento de medición la aceptación del contenido del librillo, gracias a la óptima ejecución de las actividades por parte de los alumnos en clase

Engineering the Human Immunodeficiency Virus to Infect Drosophila Melanogaster Cells

HIV continues to infect at pandemic levels despite the significant progress in research, treatment and prevention. Advances in anti-HIV retroviral drugs have led to significant reduction in AIDS-related deaths, delayed the progression of the HIV infection to AIDS and diminished the rates of HIV transmission. However, the current antiretroviral treatment frequently encounters drug-resistant viruses due to the high mutation rate of HIV proteins. Therefore, identification of cellular cofactors of HIV infection is critical to identify new targets for anti-HIV drug development. However, the genetic complexity of mammalian cells imposes additional obstacles to the identification of HIV-1 cellular cofactors. To mitigate the effects of the complex mammalian genomes, we propose to use Drosophila melanogaster (Dm) as a model to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the early events of HIV-1 infection. Drosophila is a powerful model organism due to its well-characterized genetics, and the availability of the entire genomic sequence and vast database. More importantly, our preliminary data indicate that Dm cells can recapitulate all steps required for HIV-1 DNA integration and expression of HIV-delivered transgenes.. Currently, we are evaluating the efficiency of these newly engineered HIV-1 vectors to infect Dm cells as compared to the traditional vectors

Совместная работа в виртуальных средах с помощью проблемно-ориентированного обучения

El objetivo es potenciar una competencia crucial como es el trabajo colaborativo y en equipo de los alumnos mediante la utilización de entornos virtuales en el aprendizaje en las enseñanzas universitarias basado en problemas Resulta innegable que el trabajo en equipo y colaborativo fomenta la motivación de los estudiantes y favorece el aprendizaje, debido al propio efecto social que genera la pertenencia a un grupo. Contribuyendo, asimismo, al desarrollo de la capacidad de debate y argumentación, el razonamiento crítico y creativo o la organización de procesos de trabajo complejos, entre otras muchas competencias esenciales. El proyecto pone el foco en el trabajo colaborativo en entornos digitales dentro del aprendizaje basado en problemas y persigue favorecer un modelo de aprendizaje más participativo, mediante el uso de los recursos que nos ofrecen las nuevas tecnologías de la comunicación, aumentando la interacción de los estudiantes, incluso en entornos digitales. El trabajo colaborativo supone la creación de grupos integrados por varios estudiantes con, a priori, el mismo nivel formativo, y con una asunción compartida del liderazgo y la responsabilidad en el proceso de aprendizaje. El trabajo colaborativo se basa, además, en la autonomía de trabajo de sus integrantes que presentan funcionalidades y competencias heterogéneas, y que tienen que desarrollar y fortalecer elementos como la confianza, la comunicación, la gestión de conflictos y solución de problemas y la adopción de decisiones.The aim is to enhance a crucial competence such as collaborative and teamwork of students through the use of virtual environments in problem-based learning in university education. It is undeniable that team and collaborative work fosters students' motivation and favours learning, due to the very social effect that belonging to a group generates. It also contributes to the development of debate and argumentation skills, critical and creative reasoning or the organisation of complex work processes, among many other essential competences. The project focuses on collaborative work in digital environments within problem-based learning and aims to promote a more participatory learning model, through the use of the resources offered by new communication technologies, increasing student interaction, even in digital environments. Collaborative work involves the creation of groups made up of several students with, a priori, the same level of training, and with a shared assumption of leadership and responsibility in the learning process. Collaborative work is also based on the working autonomy of its members, who have heterogeneous functionalities and competences, and who have to develop and strengthen elements such as trust, communication, conflict management and problem solving and decision-making.L'obiettivo è quello di migliorare una competenza cruciale come il lavoro collaborativo e di gruppo degli studenti attraverso l'uso di ambienti virtuali nell'apprendimento basato su problemi nell'istruzione universitaria. È innegabile che il lavoro di gruppo e collaborativo promuova la motivazione degli studenti e favorisca l'apprendimento, proprio per l'effetto sociale che l'appartenenza a un gruppo genera. Contribuisce inoltre allo sviluppo delle capacità di discussione e argomentazione, del ragionamento critico e creativo o dell'organizzazione di processi di lavoro complessi, oltre a molte altre competenze essenziali. Il progetto si concentra sul lavoro collaborativo in ambienti digitali nell'ambito dell'apprendimento basato su problemi e mira a promuovere un modello di apprendimento più partecipativo, attraverso l'uso delle risorse offerte dalle nuove tecnologie di comunicazione, aumentando l'interazione degli studenti, anche in ambienti digitali. Il lavoro collaborativo prevede la creazione di gruppi composti da più studenti con, a priori, lo stesso livello di formazione e con un'assunzione condivisa di leadership e responsabilità nel processo di apprendimento. Il lavoro collaborativo si basa anche sull'autonomia di lavoro dei suoi membri, che hanno funzionalità e competenze eterogenee e devono sviluppare e rafforzare elementi come la fiducia, la comunicazione, la gestione dei conflitti, la risoluzione dei problemi e il processo decisionale.L'objectif est d'améliorer une compétence cruciale telle que le travail collaboratif et d'équipe des étudiants par l'utilisation d'environnements virtuels dans l'apprentissage par problème dans l'enseignement universitaire. Il est indéniable que le travail en équipe et en collaboration stimule la motivation des élèves et favorise l'apprentissage, en raison de l'effet social même que génère l'appartenance à un groupe. Elle contribue également au développement des capacités de débat et d'argumentation, du raisonnement critique et créatif ou de l'organisation de processus de travail complexes, parmi de nombreuses autres compétences essentielles. Le projet se concentre sur le travail collaboratif dans les environnements numériques dans le cadre de l'apprentissage par problèmes et vise à promouvoir un modèle d'apprentissage plus participatif grâce à l'utilisation des ressources offertes par les nouvelles technologies de communication, en augmentant l'interaction des étudiants, même dans les environnements numériques. Le travail collaboratif implique la création de groupes composés de plusieurs étudiants ayant, a priori, le même niveau de formation, et assumant ensemble le leadership et la responsabilité du processus d'apprentissage. Le travail collaboratif repose également sur l'autonomie de travail de ses membres, qui ont des fonctionnalités et des compétences hétérogènes, et qui doivent développer et renforcer des éléments tels que la confiance, la communication, la gestion des conflits, la résolution de problèmes et la prise de décision.Ziel ist es, durch den Einsatz virtueller Umgebungen beim problembasierten Lernen in der Hochschulbildung eine entscheidende Kompetenz wie die Zusammenarbeit und die Teamarbeit von Studierenden zu fördern. Es ist unbestreitbar, dass Team- und Kooperationsarbeit die Motivation der Schüler fördert und das Lernen begünstigt, und zwar aufgrund des sozialen Effekts, den die Zugehörigkeit zu einer Gruppe bewirkt. Sie trägt auch zur Entwicklung von Diskussions- und Argumentationsfähigkeiten, kritischem und kreativem Denken oder der Organisation komplexer Arbeitsprozesse bei, neben vielen anderen wichtigen Kompetenzen. Das Projekt konzentriert sich auf die kollaborative Arbeit in digitalen Umgebungen im Rahmen des problembasierten Lernens und zielt darauf ab, ein partizipativeres Lernmodell zu fördern, indem die von den neuen Kommunikationstechnologien gebotenen Ressourcen genutzt werden und die Interaktion zwischen den Studierenden auch in digitalen Umgebungen verstärkt wird. Bei der Zusammenarbeit werden Gruppen gebildet, die sich aus mehreren Studenten zusammensetzen, die von vornherein das gleiche Ausbildungsniveau haben und die gemeinsam die Leitung und Verantwortung für den Lernprozess übernehmen. Die Zusammenarbeit beruht auch auf der Arbeitsautonomie ihrer Mitglieder, die über heterogene Funktionen und Kompetenzen verfügen und Elemente wie Vertrauen, Kommunikation, Konfliktmanagement, Problemlösung und Entscheidungsfindung entwickeln und stärken müssen.O objectivo é reforçar uma competência crucial como a colaboração e o trabalho de equipa dos estudantes através da utilização de ambientes virtuais na aprendizagem baseada em problemas no ensino universitário. É inegável que o trabalho em equipa e em colaboração promove a motivação dos estudantes e favorece a aprendizagem, devido ao próprio efeito social que a pertença a um grupo gera. Também contribui para o desenvolvimento de capacidades de debate e argumentação, de raciocínio crítico e criativo ou para a organização de processos de trabalho complexos, entre muitas outras competências essenciais. O projecto centra-se no trabalho colaborativo em ambientes digitais no âmbito da aprendizagem baseada em problemas e visa promover um modelo de aprendizagem mais participativo através da utilização dos recursos oferecidos pelas novas tecnologias de comunicação, aumentando a interacção dos estudantes, mesmo em ambientes digitais. O trabalho colaborativo envolve a criação de grupos compostos por vários estudantes com, a priori, o mesmo nível de formação, e com uma assunção partilhada de liderança e responsabilidade no processo de aprendizagem. O trabalho colaborativo baseia-se também na autonomia de trabalho dos seus membros, que têm funcionalidades e competências heterogéneas, e que têm de desenvolver e reforçar elementos tais como confiança, comunicação, gestão de conflitos e resolução de problemas e tomada de decisões.Цель - повысить такую важную компетенцию, как совместная и командная работа студентов посредством использования виртуальных сред в проблемно-ориентированном обучении в университетском образовании. Неоспоримо, что командная и совместная работа повышает мотивацию учащихся и способствует обучению, благодаря тому самому социальному эффекту, который порождает принадлежность к группе. Она также способствует развитию навыков ведения дискуссий и аргументации, критического и творческого мышления или организации сложных рабочих процессов, а также многих других важных компетенций. Проект сосредоточен на совместной работе в цифровой среде в рамках проблемно-ориентированного обучения и направлен на продвижение модели обучения с более широким участием, посредством использования ресурсов, предлагаемых новыми коммуникационными технологиями, увеличивая взаимодействие студентов даже в цифровой среде. Совместная работа предполагает создание групп, состоящих из нескольких студентов, имеющих априори одинаковый уровень подготовки, и совместно принимающих на себя руководство и ответственность в процессе обучения. Совместная работа также основана на рабочей автономии ее членов, которые обладают разнородными функциональными возможностями и компетенциями, и которые должны развивать и укреплять такие элементы, как доверие, коммуникация, управление конфликтами, решение проблем и принятие решений.Depto. de Derecho del Trabajo y Seguridad SocialFac. de DerechoFALSEUniversidad Complutense de Madridsubmitte

Podcasts como ferramenta para aprender sobre Direito

La proliferación de nuevas formas de transmisión del conocimiento, así como de su difusión constituye una oportunidad que la enseñanza del Derecho no puede dejar pasar. La elaboración de podcast o podcasting con fines educativos o de aplicación a la docencia ha sido ya objeto de utilización en el contexto anglosajón y, en un nivel mucho menor, en el contexto español. Como ya alude Piñero-Otero, T. en su investigación “La utilización de los podcasts en la universidad española: entre la institución y la enseñanza”, la incorporación de los podcasts como herramienta docente en las universidades españolas fue tardía respecto a otras universidades, como las norteamericanas. Y, no sólo eso, sino que su aplicación en la práctica es escasa. Los podcasts muestran relevantes potencialidades para la formación universitaria y, en específico, para la formación en Derecho. El formato de fragmentos o episodios de audio que desarrollan conocimiento, online, público, gratuito y accesible en cualquier momento se evidencia pertinente para captar el interés del estudiantado. Evidencia que queda patente en los estudios que ya han aplicado esta herramienta. El presente proyecto busca fomentar la extensión de este instrumento en el entorno universitario como recurso formativo complementario y de apoyo a la clase magistral y práctica establecida en la regulación de las enseñanzas superiores. Tal y como se ha apuntado en numerosas ocasiones por docentes que ya han aplicado los podcasts en la educación, se trata de una fuente más que, en ningún caso, se propone como sustitutoria de las clases ordinarias. Ello supondría el desencadenamiento de efectos negativos como una insuficiencia de formación, falta de intercambio de pensamiento y debate y riesgo de asistencia y participación en el aula, entre otros. Respecto de este último aspecto, estudios como el de Parson, V., Reddy, P., Wood, J. y Senior, C. (2009), “Educating and iPod generation: undergraduate attitudes, experiences and understanding of vodcast and podcast use”, reflejan que los estudiantes consideran como un aspecto muy positivo el hecho de que los podcasts permitan aprender y revisar el contenido de la asignatura; aspecto que quedaría desvirtuado si la docencia tradicional quedará completamente subsumida al empleo del podcast.El objetivo del Proyecto de Innovación Docente es ofrecer una herramienta para el aprendizaje del Derecho, basada en la digitalización mediante podcast, que permita a los estudiantes disponer de contenidos jurídicos para su proceso formativo.The aim of the Teaching Innovation Project is to offer a tool for learning law, based on digitalisation through podcasts, which allows students to have access to legal content for their learning process.L'obiettivo del Progetto di Innovazione Didattica è quello di offrire uno strumento per l'apprendimento del diritto, basato sulla digitalizzazione attraverso i podcast, che permetta agli studenti di avere accesso a contenuti giuridici per il loro processo di formazione.O objetivo do Projeto de Inovação Didática é oferecer uma ferramenta de aprendizagem do direito, baseada na digitalização através de podcasts, que permita aos estudantes ter acesso a conteúdos jurídicos para o seu processo de formação.Depto. de Derecho del Trabajo y Seguridad SocialFac. de DerechoFALSEsubmitte

Global Survey of Outcomes of Neurocritical Care Patients: Analysis of the PRINCE Study Part 2

BACKGROUND: Neurocritical care is devoted to the care of critically ill patients with acute neurological or neurosurgical emergencies. There is limited information regarding epidemiological data, disease characteristics, variability of clinical care, and in-hospital mortality of neurocritically ill patients worldwide. We addressed these issues in the Point PRevalence In Neurocritical CarE (PRINCE) study, a prospective, cross-sectional, observational study. METHODS: We recruited patients from various intensive care units (ICUs) admitted on a pre-specified date, and the investigators recorded specific clinical care activities they performed on the subjects during their first 7 days of admission or discharge (whichever came first) from their ICUs and at hospital discharge. In this manuscript, we analyzed the final data set of the study that included patient admission characteristics, disease type and severity, ICU resources, ICU and hospital length of stay, and in-hospital mortality. We present descriptive statistics to summarize data from the case report form. We tested differences between geographically grouped data using parametric and nonparametric testing as appropriate. We used a multivariable logistic regression model to evaluate factors associated with in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: We analyzed data from 1545 patients admitted to 147 participating sites from 31 countries of which most were from North America (69%, N = 1063). Globally, there was variability in patient characteristics, admission diagnosis, ICU treatment team and resource allocation, and in-hospital mortality. Seventy-three percent of the participating centers were academic, and the most common admitting diagnosis was subarachnoid hemorrhage (13%). The majority of patients were male (59%), a half of whom had at least two comorbidities, and median Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) of 13. Factors associated with in-hospital mortality included age (OR 1.03; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.04); lower GCS (OR 1.20; 95% CI, 1.14 to 1.16 for every point reduction in GCS); pupillary reactivity (OR 1.8; 95% CI, 1.09 to 3.23 for bilateral unreactive pupils); admission source (emergency room versus direct admission [OR 2.2; 95% CI, 1.3 to 3.75]; admission from a general ward versus direct admission [OR 5.85; 95% CI, 2.75 to 12.45; and admission from another ICU versus direct admission [OR 3.34; 95% CI, 1.27 to 8.8]); and the absence of a dedicated neurocritical care unit (NCCU) (OR 1.7; 95% CI, 1.04 to 2.47). CONCLUSION: PRINCE is the first study to evaluate care patterns of neurocritical patients worldwide. The data suggest that there is a wide variability in clinical care resources and patient characteristics. Neurological severity of illness and the absence of a dedicated NCCU are independent predictors of in-patient mortality.status: publishe

Effects of pre-operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery: an international prospective cohort study an international prospective cohort study

We aimed to determine the impact of pre-operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery during the global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We performed an international prospective cohort study including patients undergoing elective surgery in October 2020. Isolation was defined as the period before surgery during which patients did not leave their house or receive visitors from outside their household. The primary outcome was postoperative pulmonary complications, adjusted in multivariable models for measured confounders. Pre-defined sub-group analyses were performed for the primary outcome. A total of 96,454 patients from 114 countries were included and overall, 26,948 (27.9%) patients isolated before surgery. Postoperative pulmonary complications were recorded in 1947 (2.0%) patients of which 227 (11.7%) were associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients who isolated pre-operatively were older, had more respiratory comorbidities and were more commonly from areas of high SARS-CoV-2 incidence and high-income countries. Although the overall rates of postoperative pulmonary complications were similar in those that isolated and those that did not (2.1% vs 2.0%, respectively), isolation was associated with higher rates of postoperative pulmonary complications after adjustment (adjusted OR 1.20, 95%CI 1.05–1.36, p = 0.005). Sensitivity analyses revealed no further differences when patients were categorised by: pre-operative testing; use of COVID-19-free pathways; or community SARS-CoV-2 prevalence. The rate of postoperative pulmonary complications increased with periods of isolation longer than 3 days, with an OR (95%CI) at 4–7 days or ≥ 8 days of 1.25 (1.04–1.48), p = 0.015 and 1.31 (1.11–1.55), p = 0.001, respectively. Isolation before elective surgery might be associated with a small but clinically important increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Longer periods of isolation showed no reduction in the risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. These findings have significant implications for global provision of elective surgical care. We aimed to determine the impact of pre-operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery during the global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We performed an international prospective cohort study including patients undergoing elective surgery in October 2020. Isolation was defined as the period before surgery during which patients did not leave their house or receive visitors from outside their household. The primary outcome was postoperative pulmonary complications, adjusted in multivariable models for measured confounders. Pre-defined sub-group analyses were performed for the primary outcome. A total of 96,454 patients from 114 countries were included and overall, 26,948 (27.9%) patients isolated before surgery. Postoperative pulmonary complications were recorded in 1947 (2.0%) patients of which 227 (11.7%) were associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients who isolated pre-operatively were older, had more respiratory comorbidities and were more commonly from areas of high SARS-CoV-2 incidence and high-income countries. Although the overall rates of postoperative pulmonary complications were similar in those that isolated and those that did not (2.1% vs 2.0%, respectively), isolation was associated with higher rates of postoperative pulmonary complications after adjustment (adjusted OR 1.20, 95%CI 1.05–1.36, p = 0.005). Sensitivity analyses revealed no further differences when patients were categorised by: pre-operative testing; use of COVID-19-free pathways; or community SARS-CoV-2 prevalence. The rate of postoperative pulmonary complications increased with periods of isolation longer than 3 days, with an OR (95%CI) at 4–7 days or ≥ 8 days of 1.25 (1.04–1.48), p = 0.015 and 1.31 (1.11–1.55), p = 0.001, respectively. Isolation before elective surgery might be associated with a small but clinically important increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Longer periods of isolation showed no reduction in the risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. These findings have significant implications for global provision of elective surgical care

Evolution over Time of Ventilatory Management and Outcome of Patients with Neurologic Disease∗

OBJECTIVES: To describe the changes in ventilator management over time in patients with neurologic disease at ICU admission and to estimate factors associated with 28-day hospital mortality. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of three prospective, observational, multicenter studies. SETTING: Cohort studies conducted in 2004, 2010, and 2016. PATIENTS: Adult patients who received mechanical ventilation for more than 12 hours. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Among the 20,929 patients enrolled, we included 4,152 (20%) mechanically ventilated patients due to different neurologic diseases. Hemorrhagic stroke and brain trauma were the most common pathologies associated with the need for mechanical ventilation. Although volume-cycled ventilation remained the preferred ventilation mode, there was a significant (p < 0.001) increment in the use of pressure support ventilation. The proportion of patients receiving a protective lung ventilation strategy was increased over time: 47% in 2004, 63% in 2010, and 65% in 2016 (p < 0.001), as well as the duration of protective ventilation strategies: 406 days per 1,000 mechanical ventilation days in 2004, 523 days per 1,000 mechanical ventilation days in 2010, and 585 days per 1,000 mechanical ventilation days in 2016 (p < 0.001). There were no differences in the length of stay in the ICU, mortality in the ICU, and mortality in hospital from 2004 to 2016. Independent risk factors for 28-day mortality were age greater than 75 years, Simplified Acute Physiology Score II greater than 50, the occurrence of organ dysfunction within first 48 hours after brain injury, and specific neurologic diseases such as hemorrhagic stroke, ischemic stroke, and brain trauma. CONCLUSIONS: More lung-protective ventilatory strategies have been implemented over years in neurologic patients with no effect on pulmonary complications or on survival. We found several prognostic factors on mortality such as advanced age, the severity of the disease, organ dysfunctions, and the etiology of neurologic disease