The difference between residual monomer dentin bonding HEMA and UDMA with acetone and ethanol solvent after binding to type I collagen

Background: In caries and non-caries lesions involving dentine, it is necessary to provide dentine-bonding material to help improve retention between the composite resin and the tooth surface. Composite resin attachment to dentine is influenced by bonding polymerization reactions. In several studies, researchers found that polymerized monomers will experience volume shrinkage because not all will fully polymerize but, rather, become residual monomers that can cause post-operative pain. Purpose: This study aimed to identify the difference in the amount of residual monomers between HEMA- and UDMA-based dentin bonding materials with acetone and ethanol solvents after binding to type I collagen. Methods: Four groups featured in this study: HEMA with acetone solvent and type I collagen , HEMA with ethanol solvent and type I collagen , UDMA with acetone solvent and type I collagen and UDMA with ethanol solvent and type I collagen . All groups were checked by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to quantify the remaining amount of monomers. Results: The percentage of residual monomers of dentine bonding HEMA with acetone solvent and type I collagen was 10.69%, HEMA with ethanol solvent and type I collagen was 13.93%, UDMA with acetone solvent and type I collagen was 2.89% and UDMA with ethanol solvent and type I collagen was 7.48%. Conclusion: HEMA with ethanol solvent has the highest number of residual monomers, while UDMA with acetone solvent has the lowest. Keywords: acetone; ethanol; HEMA; residual monomer; UDM

Management of Peg Shaped Maxillary Lateral Incisor during orthodontic treatment by esthetical approach: a case report

Background: Peg shaped is one of dental anomalies, in which the tooth has smaller size from the normal one. This mostly found on maxillary lateral incisor and this condition raises aesthetic problems for the patient. Veneer Indirect is one of the treatment solutions for lateral peg shaped teeth. Purpose : Veener Indirect management treatment for the patient with peg shaped on maxillary lateral incisor . Case Management: 20 years old female patient came to the Dental Hospital Faculty of Dentistry Airlangga University on the reference from PPDGS Orthodontic Clinic of Airlangga University to repair her tooth which is smaller than her other teeth. The patient had been doing orthodontic for 1.5 years and her treatment had reached retention phase. The patient was referred to get her tooth better in shape and size. Conclusion : Indirect porcelen veneer can be used to repair non caries damage like peg shaped. It can be one of solutions because it is better from the aesthetic point of view, more resistant to the abrasion, and the color changing. Moreover, it has good biocompability to the gum

Chemical Bond Strength Difference between 4-Meta Bonding Agents with Ethanol and Acetone Solvent on Type I Collagen

Bonding material is a coupling agent required in performing composite restoration on caries and dentine erosion. 4-META is one of the materials often used as bonding material. Bonding material contains solvent agent which promotes monomer infiltration to collagen. The most commonly used solvents are acetone and ethanol. The aim of this studies was to determine the chemical bond strength difference between 4-META with ethanol and with acetone on type I collagen. Materials and methods: The sample of this study was divided into three groups: mixture of 4-META and collagen as control group (C); mixture of 4-META, ethanol and collagen (T1); and mixture of 4-META, acetone, and collagen (T2) as treatment groups. The samples from all groups pelleted using KBr before being analyzed by means of FTIR. One Way ANOVA and Tukey HSD test were used to analyze the results data (p<0.05). Results: Carbonyl absorbance bands peak (P) value of C group was 75.15, while T1 was 47.91 and T2 was 28,18. The smaller P value, the greater the bonding strength of the chemical. The chemical bond strength of the 4-META and acetone bonding material is greater than soluble ethanol on type I collagen

Effect of Topical Epigallocatechin-Gallate on Lipopolysaccharide-induced Pulpal Inflammation in Rat Models

Introduction: Pulpal inflammation can be marked by an increase in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF- α), malondialdehyde (MDA) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) level. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) demonstrates the ability to reduce cytokine expression, influence immune receptors, reduce inflammation, neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS) and to inhibit pain conduction. The present research aimed to determine the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and pain conduction inhibition of topical EGCG hydrogels in Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pulpal inflammation in rats. Methods and Materials: A total of 28 male Wistar rats were divided equally into four groups. The negative control group (N) received no treatment, while the positive control group (C) and the other two treatment groups (T1, T2) were induced with LPS for 6 h, followed by the application of topical polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogels for C group, 25 ppm EGCG hydrogels for T1 group and 75 ppm EGCG hydrogels for T2 group, before being filled with glass ionomer cement (GIC). After 24 h, PEG and EGCG were reapplied and refilled with GIC for 24 h. The pulp tissue samples were examined by means of immunohistochemistry (IHC) to identify TNF-α, MDA and CGRP expression. All the data obtained was analyzed with one-way analyses of variance (ANOVA) test. Results: The T1 and T2 groups showed a significant decrease in TNF-α and CGRP expression compared to the control group, but there was no significant decrease in MDA in either group (P&lt;0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, topical application of 75 ppm EGCG hydrogels to the tooth cavities with six hours of pulpal inflammation has the optimal result in reducing the expression of TNF-α and CGRP, but not of MDA.Keywords: Calcitonin Gene-related Peptide; Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate; Malondialdehyde; Pulpal Inflammation; Tumor Necrosis Factor-

Difference of Chemical Bonds Between UDMA Bonding Agents with Ethanol Solvent and Acetone Solvent on Dentin Collagen

Objective: To investigate the difference of chemical bonds between urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) bonding agents with ethanol solvent and acetone solvent on dentin collagen. Material and Methods: This experimental comparison study used three groups: G1 (Control): UDMA and collagen; G2: UDMA, collagen and ethanol; and G3: UDMA, collagen and acetone. The groups were then pelleted and analysed with FTIR, then the peak value of carbonyl absorption band from each study group was calculated. The result of FTIR analysis and the peak of carbonyl absorption band (P) was calculated using the formula: P = (BC / AB) X 100; AB. BC is measured in centimeters. The study of chemical bond differences between ethanol-solvent UDMA agents compared with acetone-solvent on dentin collagen resulted in a graph of peak of carbonyl absorption bands of UDMA and dentin collagen groups. To determine the chemical bonds of UDMA from the top of the carbonyl ester absorption bands with wavenumber absorption in range 1700-1750 cm-1, the decreasing peak of the carbonyl absorption bands is assumed as more chemical bonds that formed. Data were analysed using Anova one way and Tukey HSD test. Results: There were significant differences between the three study groups (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: UDMA bonding agents' chemical bonds with acetone solvent are much higher than the chemical bonds between UDMA bonding agents with ethanol solvent on dentin collagen

Cytotoxicity Test of 4-Methacryloxyethyl Trimellitic Anhydride–based Dentine Bonding Material Using Acetone Solution in Dental Pulp Fibroblast

Aims and Objectives: Both carious and non-carious lesions covering large dentine areas are indisputable indications of the need to use dentine bonding. Clinically, dental preparation, which is subsequently subjected to dentine bonding application often results in post-restorative pain. Various studies suggest that post-restorative pain is caused by the presence of residual monomers from the imperfect polymerization of a bonding material. The residual monomer can be a free radical that will induce oxidative stress conditions producing a toxic effect on 4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitic anhydride (4-META) monomer as the base material of dentine bonding. The aim of the study was to determine the toxic concentration of 4-META dentine bonding material using acetone as a solvent that destroys 50% of the dental pulp fibroblast cells. Materials and Methods: Human pulp fibroblast cells contained in each well were treated with 4-META-acetone solution at concentrations of 5000, 2500, 1250, 625, 312.5, 156.25, 78.12, 39.06, 19.53, and 9.76 μg/mL. Two wells were left untreated to form the control group. A cytotoxicity test was performed by means of an 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT)-assay test. The optical density of each well was measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) reader and the percentage of human pulp fibroblast cell destroyed was calculated using the appropriate formula. Results: The concentration of 4-META-based dentine bonding with acetone solvent capable of causing 50% human pulp fibroblast cell death(LC50) was 1250 μg/mL. Conclusion: Toxic concentrations are those greater than or equal to 1250 μg/mL

Effect of Topical Epigallocatechin-Gallate on Lipopolysaccharide-induced Pulpal Inflammation in Rat Models

Introduction: Pulpal inflammation can be marked by an increase in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF- α), malondialdehyde (MDA) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) level. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) demonstrates the ability to reduce cytokine expression, influence immune receptors, reduce inflammation, neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS) and to inhibit pain conduction. The present research aimed to determine the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and pain conduction inhibition of topical EGCG hydrogels in Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pulpal inflammation in rats. Methods and Materials: A total of 28 male Wistar rats were divided equally into four groups. The negative control group (N) received no treatment, while the positive control group (C) and the other two treatment groups (T1, T2) were induced with LPS for 6 h, followed by the application of topical polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogels for C group, 25 ppm EGCG hydrogels for T1 group and 75 ppm EGCG hydrogels for T2 group, before being filled with glass ionomer cement (GIC). After 24 h, PEG and EGCG were reapplied and refilled with GIC for 24 h. The pulp tissue samples were examined by means of immunohistochemistry (IHC) to identify TNF-α, MDA and CGRP expression. All the data obtained was analyzed with one-way analyses of variance (ANOVA) test. Results: The T1 and T2 groups showed a significant decrease in TNF-α and CGRP expression compared to the control group, but there was no significant decrease in MDA in either group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, topical application of 75 ppm EGCG hydrogels to the tooth cavities with six hours of pulpal inflammation has the optimal result in reducing the expression of TNF-α and CGRP, but not of MDA

Comparison of the Effect of Calcium Hydroxide Combination with Cocoa Pod Husk Extract and Green Tea Extract On C-Fos and Dmp-1 Expression in Exposed Dental Pulp

Dental caries is still a worldwide problem including in Indonesia. Untreated caries may progress into deep lesion cause abnormalities in the pulp that can be reversible or irreversible. Direct pulp capping is one of the treatments of an exposed vital pulp due to caries, caries removal, and trauma. Calcium hydroxide has been the gold standard as pulp capping materials in pulp protection but it does have some disadvantages. To overcome these disadvantages the research was carried out with other alternative materials for direct pulp capping using natural material. To analyze the effect of calcium hydroxide mixed with cocoa pod husk extract and calcium hydroxide mixed with green tea extract on c-FOS and DMP-1 expression in mice perforation dental pulp. Sixty upper molars in Wistar rats were perforated mechanically and applied the combination material of pulp capping then divided into three groups. The control group were treated with calcium hydroxide and distilled water The treatment groups were treated with calcium hydroxide with cocoa pod husk extract and calcium hydroxide mixed with green tea extract. The treatment group of calcium hydroxide with green tea extract increased the expression of cFOS and DMP-1 more than the treatment group of calcium hydroxide with cocoa pod husk extract, there were no statistically significant differences between groups. Both cocoa and green tea mixed with calcium hydroxide have relatively the same antiinflammatory and antioxidant properties so their active substances have the effect same effect to increase the number of c-FOS dan DMP- 1 expressions in mice perforation dental pulp

Topical Epigallocatechin-3-gallate Hydrogels Regulated Inflammation and Pain

The aim of this study is to determine in vivo response of topical Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) hydrogels to pain and inflammation through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), Superoxide dismutase (SOD1), Prostaglandin E2 (PG-E2) and Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) in pulpal inflammation. Rats (n=35) were divided into a normal group (N), a positive control group induced with LPS for 6 hours (C1), a group induced with LPS for 24 hours (C2), a treatment group induced with LPS and topical EGCG 120 μg/ml (T1) for 6 hours and a group induced with LPS and topical EGCG 120 μg/ml for 24 hours (T2). Tissues were collected and observed by means of immunohistochemistry (IHC) to detect the expression of TLR4, SOD1, PG-E2 and TRPV1. Data were analyzed using a One-Way ANOVA test for TLR4, PG-E2 and TRPV1, while SOD1 was analyzed using a Brown-Forsythe test and Games Howell test. Application of topical 120 μg/ml EGCG hydrogels in tooth cavities at 6 hours and 24 hours pulpal inflammation significantly increased the expression of SOD1, while significantly decreasing the expressions of TLR4, PG-E2 and TRPV1 (P< 0.001). EGCG can be used as a pain inhibitor, anti-inflammatory agent and antioxidant agent against pulpal inflammation in rat models

Therapeutic Efficacy of Topical Epigallocatechin-Gallate as a New Therapeutic Strategy for Inhibition of Pain Conduction on Rat Models with Acute Pulpal Inflammation

The pulpal inflammation can lead to elicit pain in trigeminal nociceptor, produces prostaglandin (PG-E2), activating transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV1), causing substance P (SP) release. Here, we investigated the potential of epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG) for topical medication to inhibit pain conduction in pulpal inflammation. This research on 28 male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) as rat models with pulpal inflammation. Topical 0.01% or 0.1% EGCG was applied to the tooth cavity of pulpal inflammation. The treated pulp tissues were then observed using immunohistochemistry (IHC), and calculation of the amount of PG-E2, TRPV1 and SP. Results show the treatment with topical 0.1% EGCG in 24 hours pulpal inflammation showed a significant inhibit the expression of PG-E2, TRPV1, and SP compared with 0.01% EGCG, and untreated controls (P< 0.001). In conclusion, the results suggest a potential to inhibiting pain conduction of 0.1% topical EGCG in pulpal inflammation