Sustainable methodology of conserving historic military vehicles.

Research was conducted to analyse corros ion and tribological failures in The Tank Museum Bovington military tanks . Due to the age of the exhibits corrosion of vital components has become a significant issue, it is vitally important to preserve these artefa cts for future generations and so to do this effectively we need to monitor and reduce this corrosion as far as realistically possible. A case study of the historic military tanks followed by experimental research analyses is presented. Structural degradat ion through corrosion and engine wear has been i dentified and analysed . Materials were processed/manufactured during 2 nd Wor ld War, their composition was unknown. Therefore state - of - the - art characterisation techniques were performed on samples collected fr om the M10, Sherman, Centaur and Tiger 1 to obtain material compositions and to identify nearest standards . A bench mark of material loss due to corrosion so far, has been achieved in the M10, Sherman, Centaur, BT – R 60 and King Tiger t h rough ultrasonic c orrosion mapping . Material loss because of corrosion was high in the Centaur in comparison to the Sherman, M10, BT R – 60 and King Tiger s amples. C orrosion analyses techniques were conducted on samples from three tanks the M10, Sherman and Centaur to investigate corrosion m orphology on the tanks surfaces and corrosion propagation from surface to sub - surface level . During this experimental work various corrosion contaminants, sub - surf ace crack s and defects were identified. Corrosion layer/ residues we re relatively thick (approximately 250 μ m) on the surfaces of the M10, wherea s the phenomenon of corrosion pits was wide spread in the Centaur. C orrosion was influenced by the presence of surface contaminants and sub - surface defects such as slags, sulphide inclusions and corrosive pits. These factors alone and/o r in combination were observed to be a serious issue in limiting vehicles‟ longevity. Study of the environments both inside and outside the museum has been conducted to relate corrosion activity wit hin the conte xt. Based upon the data gathered simulated environmental corrosion tests were conducted to quantify corrosion accumulation under a controlled museum environment suitable for the museum visitors. Some degree of corrosion build - up was observed o n the samples under cont rolled environments. Prohesion test was conducted to evaluate viability of the material s , coating and primer. M aterial ability to resist adverse environmental conditions was negligible. These results are of particular interest for t he vehicles which are exposed in uncontrolled environment. Exposure of the primer an d coating to prohesion test showed, that the primer was able to resist failures during the entire test duration . However breakdown of th e coating was observed during the te st . Wear analyses of the o riginal piston which was designed before/during the 2 nd World War showed enhanced material composition and tribological pro perties than the new replacement piston . F ailures in the replacement piston and cylinder - liner could be att ributed to inadequate material selection and design. A sustainable model to extend longevity and to retard structural aging of the military tanks in The Tank Museum has been proposed

Accelerated Corrosion tests of Waste-gated Turbocharger’s Adjustable and Fixed End Links

A turbocharger which has been mounted to a heavy duty automotive diesel engine can be subjected to various aggressive environments and a range of temperatures varying from ambient to 670°C. Extreme operating environments and temperatures can initiate corrosion leading to the degradation of the components. The present research evaluates corrosion resistance of the Zinc coated and Stainless Steel waste-gate end-links based on accelerated corrosion and dust particles test, using an Environmental Test Rig. Samples were exposed to the tests for 504 hours. Images of the specimens were captured to record corrosion build-up and its progression on the surfaces during the exposure time. These results were then used to evaluate the corrosion resistance ability of both, Zinc coated Fixed and Stainless Steel Adjustable End-Links. Accumulation of corrosion and the build-up of salt deposits were observed on both End-Links during/after the experiments

A Novel Non-Destructive Sensing Technology for On-Site Corrosion Failure Evaluation of Coatings

The quality of coating and the resulting rate of corrosion of the underlying metal substrate can be measured by a variety of corrosion measurements (Tafel, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy) by using standard laboratory electrochemical cells. However there is always a need of low cost, portable and non-destructive electrochemical cells which can be used on-site field for condition monitoring of large structures for example bridges and large infrastructures, complex operating systems as aircrafts, precision machines, petrochemical processes, automotive and locomotives. This research has developed state of the art cells and has commissioned for deploying this novel sensing technology for micro-defects detection, corrosion rate measurement and condition assessment of the defected coatings. Tafel measurement facilitated by these non-destructive cells is used to detect micro-defects and corrosion rate measurement while Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy measurement is facilitated to measure the coating condition. This technology has been successfully tested and commissioned on automotive, hazardous compartments with polymeric coatings and bridges to assess their coating condition in terms of their structural integrity. Post design testing involved the installation of these cells, running diagnostics, data acquisition and macrographs to predict structural defects and the resulting corrosion rate. This technology enables the design process to incorporate operational conditions and fully realize more durable and reliable solutions to be applied to high value large structures and complex interacting systems. Current developments in corrosion condition monitoring especially cost effective, non-destructive techniques to assess structural integrity beneath nonconductive and polymeric coating were long awaited. This reported development will revolutionise durability and reliability assessment techniques to enhance safety and mitigate catastrophic failures for cost savings and avoiding fatal accidents

An Optimised Approach of Protecting and Sustaining Large Vehicle System

This article is a synopsis of our research and highlights the outcomes and its impact. It was conducted for the development of a sustainable approach to protect and sustain large vehicles in sheltered environment for their enhanced longevity. In this research various modes of failures linked directly or indirectly to the structural ageing of large vehicles were identified, measured, and analysed. Based upon the research conducted; A frame-work to retard structural failures and in-situ condition monitoring has been proposed with an objective to prolong the structural longevity cost effectively

De novo descending aorta thrombus in a patient with metastatic colorectal cancer: A case report

Thromboembolic events in patients with cancer are frequently reported in literature and usually involve the venous circulation. De novo thrombus formation in the arterial system without any underlying atherosclerosis, dissection or aneurysm is extremely rare. We report the case of a patient with metastatic colorectal carcinoma who developed a thrombus in the descending aorta without any intervention or risk factors. The patient presented with non-specific gastrointestinal symptoms. A CT scan revealed an aortic thrombus obstructing 70% of the lumen. She opted for no treatment of her thrombus and was later complicated by extensive lower limb emboli. Patients with aortic thrombosis usually present with subtle symptoms which may be underestimated by both the patient and the physician. A high index of suspicion is required for early recognition and prevention of complications

Development of Nanocomposite Coatings

Special Issue in the Development of Nanocomposite Coatings in nanomaterials was setup with the aim to provide an opportunity to showcase the latest developments within the theme of this special issue. It therefore welcomed research articles and reviews papers, by invitation only, within the context of nanocom-posite coatings for possible publications. There are wide ranging major applications of nanocomposite coat-ings for example corrosion, tribology, machine elements, components, complex interacting systems, and flu-id flow especially within the context of cavitation. We have been witnessing increased application needs to address key global and industrial challenges including energy efficiency, reliability, sustainability and dura-bility of systems and machines. These components and systems are often deployed in harsh operating envi-ronments and conditions, for example, very high and subzero temperatures, extreme pressures, very high loading, exposure to corrosive environment, and starved lubrication. To solve these issues, novel and inno-vative approaches are needed. These solutions include optimisation of surfaces and interfaces through surface modifications and coatings. Development and applications of nanocoatings and nanocomposite coatings are relatively new and developments in this area are underway

Estimating the Surplus of the Tourist Consumer that the Visitors of the Chibayish Marshes Get in the City of Nasiriyah

The marshes of Iraq are among the beautiful and rare water bodies in the world and the richest in their biodiversity, which made them a magnet for local and foreign tourists. To enjoy the quiet tourist atmosphere, bird hunting and fish, and water and land trips organized by residents for inbound tourists. This paper seeks to estimate consumer surplus for tourists arriving in the Chibayish Marshlands by using the CVM model that is based on surveys. To extract users evaluation of their resource activities including but not limited to (visit The Marshes of Chibayish), To collect demographic information or information related to activities that can be used as a predictor of these assessments. As a group of questions were directed to users, with the options of dichotomous double-border offers, this study helps in the possibility of the local administration of the Chibayish region managing the volume of tourists' arrival to the area through the price mechanism. The assessment is based on estimates of tourists ’willingness to pay through a sample survey of inbound tourists, from which estimates of consumer surplus are derived

Biodiesel Performance within Internal Combustion Engine Fuel System: A Review

This review paper highlights the tribological performance of biodiesel at contacting surfaces in the fuel delivery system of compression ignition (diesel) engines. The focus is on the injection components that include low and high pressure injection pumps, diesel fuel injectors, electro-hydraulic valves, diesel fuel lubricity measurements and effects of biodiesel on the running conditions in a diesel fuel injection system. The common rail system and the distributor pump injection systems with electronic diesel control are among the modern trends that are specifically highlighted. Boundary, mixed and hydrodynamic lubrication regimes together with lubricant oil film thickness, pressure and engine performance are also considere