Conception, development and evaluation of polymer-based screen-printed textile electrodes for biopotential monitoring

Wearable technologies represent the new frontier of vital signs monitoring in different applications, from fitness to health. With the progressive miniaturization of the electronic components, enabling the implementation of portable and hand-held acquisition and recording devices, the research focus has shifted toward the development of effective and unobtrusive textile electrodes. This work deals with the study, development and characterization of organic-polymer-based electrodes for biopotentials. After an overview of the main materials and fabrication technologies presented so far in the scientific literature, the possibility to use these electrodes as an alternative to the Ag/AgCl disposable gelled electrodes usually adopted in clinical practice was tested. For this purpose, several textile electrode realization techniques were studied and optimized, in order to create electrodes with adequate features to detect two fundamental physiological signals: the electrocardiogram (ECG) and the electromyogram (EMG). The electrodes were obtained by depositing on the fabric the organic bio-compatible polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) with three deposition procedures: dipcoating, ink-jet printing and screen printing. The physical\u2013chemical properties of the polymer solution were varied for each procedure to obtain an optimal and reproducible result. For what concerns the ECG signal, the research activity focused on screen-printed textile electrodes and their performance was first assessed by benchtop measurements and then by human trials. The first tests demonstrated that, by adding solid or liquid electrolytes the electrodes, the largest part of the characteristics required by the ANSI/AAMI EC12:2000 standard for gelled ECG electrodes can be achieved. Tests performed in different conditions showed that the skin contact impedance and the ECG morphological features are highly similar to those obtainable with disposable gelled Ag/AgCl electrodes (\u3c1 > 0.99). A trial with ten subjects revealed also the capability of the proposed electrodes to accurately capture with clinical instruments an ECG morphology with performance comparable to off-the-shelf disposable electrodes. Furthermore, the proposed textile electrodes preserve their electrical properties and functionality even after several mild washing cycles, while they suffered physical stretching. Similar tests were performed on screen-printed textile electrodes fabricated in two different sizes to test them as EMG sensors, with and without electrolytes. After a series of controlled acquisitions performed by electro-stimulating the muscles in order to analyze the waveform morphologu of the M-wave, the statistical analysis showed a high similarity in terms of rms of the noise and electrode-skin impedance between conventional and textile electrodes with the addition of solid hydrogel and saline solution. Furthermore, the M-wave recorded on the tibialis anterior muscle during the stimulation of the peroneal nerve was comparatively analyzed between conventional and textile electrodes. The comparison provided an R2 value higher than 97% in all measurement conditions. These results opened their use in smart garments for real application scenarios and for this purpose were developed a couple of smart shirts able to detect the EGC and the EMG signal. The results indicated that this approach could be adopted in the future for the development of smart garments able to comfortably detect physiological signals

Chapter Neomodernist trends in Russian and Ukrainian poetry of the second half of the 20th century: theoretical problems and the European context

This article considers the presence of modernist elements in poetry from the second half of the 20th century, focusing in particular on Russian and Ukrainian examples. We argue for the necessity of properly recognizing and analyzing modernist phenomena in a period (1960s-1980s) when these have often been eclipsed by a tendency in literary criticism to overstate the role of Postmodernism. We also examine differences in the Western and Soviet cultural contexts and in the roles that Neomodernist poetics played in the poetry of various authors, groups and texts

Vasyl’ Stus and Russian Culture: A Complex Issue

This article is part of a larger project, aimed at studying the many influences and intertextual connections of Vasyl’ Stus, a key figure for contemporary Ukrainian cultural identity, with writers of both Western, Ukrainian and Russian literature. Scholarship on Stus is growing rapidly, yet on the whole it fails to grasp the breadth of his knowledge of foreign literatures. More specifically, studies on the difficult last twenty years of his life often tend to obviate a truly scientific approach to his literary heritage. For fairly obvious reasons, one of the most neglected aspects of his biography as a poet is the role of Russian language, culture and literature in his artistic development. This article argues that a detailed study of the writer's Russian readings and of the possible influence they might have had on his work would help better understand his literary genealogy, his way of thinking and his poetic work. Discussions of works and authors of Russian literature constitute a significant part of Stus's letters. Russian (Soviet) reviews and translations were often for him the key to various foreign literatures and cultures. Russian writers and thinkers aroused his interest in a particular, “privileged” way. Special attention is also paid to the role of Donbas culture in shaping the identity of the young Stus

Uncovering the sources of DNA found on the Turin Shroud

The Turin Shroud is traditionally considered to be the burial cloth in which the body of Jesus Christ was wrapped after his death approximately 2000 years ago. Here, we report the main findings from the analysis of genomic DNA extracted from dust particles vacuumed from parts of the body image and the lateral edge used for radiocarbon dating. Several plant taxa native to the Mediterranean area were identified as well as species with a primary center of origin in Asia, the Middle East or the Americas but introduced in a historical interval later than the Medieval period. Regarding human mitogenome lineages, our analyses detected sequences from multiple subjects of different ethnic origins, which clustered into a number of Western Eurasian haplogroups, including some known to be typical of Western Europe, the Near East, the Arabian Peninsula and the Indian sub-continent. Such diversity does not exclude a Medieval origin in Europe but it would be also compatible with the historic path followed by the Turin Shroud during its presumed journey from the Near East. Furthermore, the results raise the possibility of an Indian manufacture of the linen cloth

Modification de la microstructure et des propriétés mécaniques d'échafaudages à base de gels de collagène pour la régénération du tissu vasculaire

Le besoin de substituts pour vaisseaux sanguins de petit calibre a attiré une attention considérable sur le développement de constructions artérielles dans des bioréacteurs à partir de systèmes d’échafaudage. Les gels formés à partir de collagène reconstitué représentent des substrats idéaux pour le remodelage du à l’activité cellulaire, mais leur faible résistance et élasticité limitent leur utilisation comme échafaudages pour la régénération du tissu vasculaire. Ces caractéristiques proviennent de la perte d’organisation structurelle liée au processus d’extraction du collagène. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif de ce projet était d’améliorer les propriétés mécaniques des gels de collagène afin de supporter la croissance et la maturation du tissu vasculaire sous contrainte cyclique. En considérant l’importance de l’état d’agrégation du collagène pour les propriétés mécaniques des tissus natifs, la stratégie de ce projet a été de modifier la microstructure des matrices de collagène reconstitué en agissant sur trois aspects : 1) les interactions intermoléculaires et la fibrillogenèse ont été ajustées en variant les paramètres expérimentaux (pH, température, force ionique et concentration du collagène); 2) des liaisons covalentes ont été introduites afin de fixer des fibrilles voisines; 3) les gels ont été compactés et les fibrilles alignées grâce à l’action de remodelage des cellules. Des mesures de spectrophotométrie et des images par MEB ont confirmé les effets des conditions expérimentales et du remodelage sur la microstructure des gels. Notamment, la présence des cellules a permis la formation de matrices plus compactes et orientées, surtout en présence de contraintes mécaniques. Des essais mécaniques ont démontré que les stratégies adoptées ont engendré le renforcement de la structure. En particulier, des essais cycliques ont établi que la variation des conditions expérimentales combinée à la réticulation ont produit des matrices dont l’hystérèse diminue et l’élasticité augmente. En conclusion, l’ensemble de ces études a permis la réalisation à court terme (24-48 h) de structures à base de collagène présentant une résistance mécanique, une rigidité et une élasticité accrues. Ces résultats suggèrent que ces matrices sont de bons candidats comme supports pour la régénération de tissus vasculaires sous conditionnement cyclique.The need for small-caliber vascular replacements has attracted considerable attention on the development of scaffold-based vascular constructs in bioreactors. Reconstituted collagen gels represent ideal substrates for cell-mediated remodeling, but their low strength and low elasticity, limits their application as scaffold for the regeneration of the vascular tissue. These features result from collagen extraction and the consequent loss of structural organization. The objective of this project was to improve the mechanical performances of collagen gels in order to support the growth and the maturation of the vascular tissue under cyclic conditioning. Considering how fundamental collagen assembly is for the mechanical behavior of native tissues, the microstructure of reconstituted collagen lattices was modified by working on three aspects: 1) The intermolecular interactions and the aggregation of collagen monomers were tailored by modulating the experimental conditions, including pH, temperature, ionic strength and collagen concentration; 2) Inter-fibril crosslinking was carried out in order to fix neighboring collagen fibrils through their reactive side chains; 3) Gels were compacted and fibrils were aligned through cell-mediated remodeling. Spectrophotometric analyses and SEM confirmed the effects of changes in experimental conditions and cell-mediated remodeling on collagen gels microstructure. Notably, the presence of SMCs lead to tighter and highly oriented lattices, moreover in the presence of mechanical constraints. Mechanical tests showed that the adopted procedures contributed to the stiffening of collagen lattices. In particular, the modulation of the experimental conditions combined with crosslinking lead to lattices presenting lower hysteresis and higher elasticity as shown by cyclic tests. In conclusion, this study produced, in a short time (24-48 h), collagen gel-based lattices with improved stiffness, strength, and elastic recoil. The results suggest that these lattices are serious candidates for the role of temporary supports during the maturation period under cyclic loading

Vasyl' Stus and Russian Culture: A Complex Issue

This article is part of a larger project, aimed at studying the many influences and intertextual connections of Vasyl’ Stus, a key figure for contemporary Ukrainian cultural identity, with writers of both Western, Ukrainian and Russian literature. Scholarship on Stus is growing rapidly, yet on the whole it fails to grasp the breadth of his knowledge of foreign literatures. More specifically, studies on the difficult last twenty years of his life often tend to obviate a truly scientific approach to his literary heritage. For fairly obvious reasons, one of the most neglected aspects of his biography as a poet is the role of Russian language, culture and literature in his artistic development. This article argues that a detailed study of the writer's Russian readings and of the possible influence they might have had on his work would help better understand his literary genealogy, his way of thinking and his poetic work. Discussions of works and authors of Russian literature constitute a significant part of Stus's letters. Russian (Soviet) reviews and translations were often for him the key to various foreign literatures and cultures. Russian writers and thinkers aroused his interest in a particular, “privileged” way. Special attention is also paid to the role of Donbas culture in shaping the identity of the young Stus

QCD Mini-jet contribution to the total cross section

We present the predictions of a model for proton-proton total cross-section at LHC. It takes into account both hard partonic processes and soft gluon emission effects to describe the proper high energy behavior and to respect the Froissart bound.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures, presented at MPI08, Perugia, October 27-31, 200

Zero momentum gluons and the total pp and pbarp cross-sections

We describe a QCD motivated model for total cross-sections which uses the eikonal representation and incorporates QCD mini-jets to drive the rise with energy of the cross-section, while the impact parameter distribution is obtained through the Fourier transform of the transverse momentum distribution of soft gluons emitted in the parton-parton interactions giving rise to mini-jets in the final state. A singular but integral expression for the running coupling constant in the infrared region is part of this model.Comment: 4 pages, 1 figure, uses slac_one.rtx, 34th ICHEP Conference, Philadelphia 200

Beyond War: Russia, Ukraine and the State of the Field

The dramatic developments devastating Ukraine since February 2022 represent a true watershed not only for social and political dynamics in both countries, but also for Russian and Ukrainian studies. In this article, the authors aim to contribute to a preliminary review of the most relevant issues touched upon by the academic debate emerging in the months following the start of the war of aggression waged by the Russian Federation in Ukraine