9 research outputs found

    RĂŽle du striatum dans la physiopathologie des Ă©pilepsies focales : un modĂšle translationnel de l’Homme au primate non-humain

    No full text
    Background: Although a number of experimental and clinical studies have pointed out participation or an even more prominent role of basal ganglia in focal seizures, the mode of interaction between cortical and striatal signals remains unclear. In the present thesis, we first we took the opportunity of stereoelectroencephalographic recordings in drug-resistant epilepsy patients, to qualitatively and quantitatively analyse the ictal striatum activity. Secondly, we created a primate model of subcortical focal motor seizures induced by GABAergic antagonist striatal injections First study: Patients and method: eleven patients who underwent SEEG evaluation were prospectively included if they fulfilled two inclusion criteria: i) at least one orthogonal intracerebral electrode contact explored the basal ganglia, in their either putaminal or caudate part, ii) at least two SEEG seizures were recorded. Cortical and subcortical regions of interest were defined and different periods of interest were analysed. SEEG was visually inspected and h2 non-linear correlation analysis performed to study functional connectivity between cortical region of interest and striatum. Results: Two main patterns of striatal activation were recorded: the most frequent was characterised by an early alpha/beta activity that started within the first five second after seizure onset. The second one was characterised by a late slower, theta/delta activity. A significant difference in h2 correlation indexes was observed during the preictal and seizure onset period compared to background for global striatal index, mesio-temporal/striatal index, latero-temporal/striatal index, insular/striatal index, prefrontal/striatal index. In addition, a significant difference in h2 correlation indexes was observed during the seizure termination period compared to all the other periods of interest. Second study: Material and method: Experiments were performed on three fascicularis monkeys. Acute GABAergic antagonist (bicuculine) injections were performed within the sensorimotor part of the striatum. Behavioural modifications were recorded and scored according to a modified Racine’s scale. Electromyography, electroencephalography, basal ganglia local field potentials were recorded during each experiment. A backaveraging analysis was performed for each recorded session. Results: over the 39 Bicuculline injections, 29 (74.3%) produced dramatic reproducible behavioural changes characterised by repetitive and pseudo-periodic myoclonic jerks with generalised tonic-clonic seizures. NaCl injections never produced any behavioural changes. Myoclonic jerks were clearly detectable on the EMG signal as short stereotypical EMG burst concomitant from abnormal epileptic spikes recorded on EEG. Back averaging analysis from EMG myoclonia showed that electrophysiological activity started significantly earlier in the striatum (p < 0.0001), the GPe (p < 0.0003) and the GPi (p < 0.0086) than in the cortex. Conclusion: These changes in synchronisation level between cortical and striatal activity might be part of an endogenous mechanism controlling the duration of abnormal oscillations within the striato-thalamo-cortical loop and thereby their termination. GABAergic fast-spiking interneurones might play a crucial role synchronising the cortico-striato-thalamic network and a drastic GABAergic modification of the striatum can induce focal seizures. The role of the basal ganglia role in strengthening mechanisms underlying cessation of ictal propagation should inspire new rationales for deep brain stimulation in patients with intractable focal epilepsy.Contexte : [
], le mode d'interaction entre les signaux corticaux et striataux reste flou. Dans la prĂ©sente thĂšse, nous avons d’abord saisi l’opportunitĂ© d’enregistrements stĂ©rĂ©oĂ©lectroencĂ©phalographiques chez des patients atteints d’épilepsie pharamcorĂ©sistante pour analyser qualitativement et quantitativement l’activitĂ© ictale du striatum. DeuxiĂšmement, nous avons crĂ©Ă© un modĂšle primate de crises motrices focales sous-corticales induites par des injections striatales antagonistes GABAergiques. PremiĂšre Ă©tude : Patients et mĂ©thode : onze patients ayant subi une Ă©valuation SEEG ont Ă©tĂ© inclus prospectivement s'ils remplissaient deux critĂšres d'inclusion: i) au moins un contact explorait le striatum, ii) au moins deux crises avaient Ă©tĂ© enregistrĂ©es. Les rĂ©gions d'intĂ©rĂȘt corticales et sous-corticales ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©finies et diffĂ©rentes pĂ©riodes d'intĂ©rĂȘt ont Ă©tĂ© analysĂ©es. Les signaux SEEG ont Ă©tĂ© inspectĂ©s visuellement et une analyse de corrĂ©lation non linĂ©aire h2 a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e pour Ă©tudier la connectivitĂ© fonctionnelle entre les rĂ©gions corticales d’intĂ©rĂȘt et le striatum. RĂ©sultats : Deux patterns principaux d'activation striatale ont Ă©tĂ© enregistrĂ©s : le plus frĂ©quent Ă©tait caractĂ©risĂ© par une activitĂ© alpha / bĂȘta prĂ©coce dĂ©butant dans les cinq premiĂšres secondes suivant le dĂ©but de la crise. Le second Ă©tait caractĂ©risĂ© par une activitĂ© thĂȘta / delta tardive plus lente. Une diffĂ©rence significative des indices de corrĂ©lation h2 a Ă©tĂ© observĂ©e au cours de la pĂ©riode prĂ©ictale et dĂ©but de crise par rapport au tracĂ© de fond pour l'indice striatal global, l'indice mĂ©sio-temporal / striatal, l'index latĂ©rotemporal / striatal, l'index insulaire / striatal, l'index prĂ©frontal / striatal. En outre, une diffĂ©rence significative des indices de corrĂ©lation h2 a Ă©tĂ© observĂ©e pendant la pĂ©riode de fin de crise par rapport Ă  toutes les autres pĂ©riodes d’intĂ©rĂȘt. DeuxiĂšme Ă©tude : MatĂ©riel et mĂ©thode : Des injections antagonistes aiguĂ«s de GABAergic (bicuculline) ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es sur trois Macaca fascicularis dans la partie sensorimotrice du striatum. Les modifications comportementales ont Ă©tĂ© enregistrĂ©es et scorĂ©es selon une Ă©chelle de Racine modifiĂ©e. L'Ă©lectromyographie, l'Ă©lectroencĂ©phalographie, les potentiels de champ locaux des noyaux gris centraux ont Ă©tĂ© enregistrĂ©s au cours de chaque expĂ©rience. Une analyse de retromoyenage a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©e pour chaque session enregistrĂ©e. RĂ©sultats: sur les 39 injections de bicuculline, 29 (74,3%) ont produit des changements comportementaux reproductibles caractĂ©risĂ©s par des secousses myocloniques rĂ©pĂ©titives et pseudopĂ©riodiques avec des crises tonico-cloniques gĂ©nĂ©ralisĂ©es. Les injections de NaCl n'ont jamais entraĂźnĂ© de changement de comportement. Les secousses myocloniques Ă©taient clairement dĂ©tectables sur le signal EMG sous la forme d'une courte bouffĂ©e stĂ©rĂ©otypĂ©e concomitante de pointes Ă©pileptiques anormales enregistrĂ©es sur l'EEG. Une analyse de rĂ©tromoyennage Ă  partir des myoclonies EMG a montrĂ© que l'activitĂ© Ă©lectrophysiologique commençait significativement plus tĂŽt dans le striatum (p <0,0001), le GPe (p <0,0003) et le GPi (p <0,0086) que dans le cortex. Conclusion : Ces modifications du niveau de synchronisation entre les activitĂ©s corticales et striatales pourraient s’inscrire dans un mĂ©canisme endogĂšne contrĂŽlant la durĂ©e des oscillations anormales au sein de la boucle striato-thalamo-corticale et, de fait leur terminaison. Les interneurones GABAergic de type fast-spiking pourraient jouer un rĂŽle crucial dans la synchronisation du rĂ©seau cortico-striato-thalamique et une modification GABAergique brutale du striatum peut provoquer une crise focale. Le rĂŽle jouĂ© par les noyaux gris centraux dans le renforcement des mĂ©canismes sous-jacents Ă  la cessation de la propagation ictale devrait inspirer de nouveaux schĂ©mas de stimulation cĂ©rĂ©brale profonde chez les patients atteints d'Ă©pilepsies focales pharmacorĂ©sistantes non chirurgicales

    Role of the striatum in the pathophysiology of focal epilepsies : a translational approach from non-human primate to human.

    No full text
    Contexte : [
], le mode d'interaction entre les signaux corticaux et striataux reste flou. Dans la prĂ©sente thĂšse, nous avons d’abord saisi l’opportunitĂ© d’enregistrements stĂ©rĂ©oĂ©lectroencĂ©phalographiques chez des patients atteints d’épilepsie pharamcorĂ©sistante pour analyser qualitativement et quantitativement l’activitĂ© ictale du striatum. DeuxiĂšmement, nous avons crĂ©Ă© un modĂšle primate de crises motrices focales sous-corticales induites par des injections striatales antagonistes GABAergiques. PremiĂšre Ă©tude : Patients et mĂ©thode : onze patients ayant subi une Ă©valuation SEEG ont Ă©tĂ© inclus prospectivement s'ils remplissaient deux critĂšres d'inclusion: i) au moins un contact explorait le striatum, ii) au moins deux crises avaient Ă©tĂ© enregistrĂ©es. Les rĂ©gions d'intĂ©rĂȘt corticales et sous-corticales ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©finies et diffĂ©rentes pĂ©riodes d'intĂ©rĂȘt ont Ă©tĂ© analysĂ©es. Les signaux SEEG ont Ă©tĂ© inspectĂ©s visuellement et une analyse de corrĂ©lation non linĂ©aire h2 a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e pour Ă©tudier la connectivitĂ© fonctionnelle entre les rĂ©gions corticales d’intĂ©rĂȘt et le striatum. RĂ©sultats : Deux patterns principaux d'activation striatale ont Ă©tĂ© enregistrĂ©s : le plus frĂ©quent Ă©tait caractĂ©risĂ© par une activitĂ© alpha / bĂȘta prĂ©coce dĂ©butant dans les cinq premiĂšres secondes suivant le dĂ©but de la crise. Le second Ă©tait caractĂ©risĂ© par une activitĂ© thĂȘta / delta tardive plus lente. Une diffĂ©rence significative des indices de corrĂ©lation h2 a Ă©tĂ© observĂ©e au cours de la pĂ©riode prĂ©ictale et dĂ©but de crise par rapport au tracĂ© de fond pour l'indice striatal global, l'indice mĂ©sio-temporal / striatal, l'index latĂ©rotemporal / striatal, l'index insulaire / striatal, l'index prĂ©frontal / striatal. En outre, une diffĂ©rence significative des indices de corrĂ©lation h2 a Ă©tĂ© observĂ©e pendant la pĂ©riode de fin de crise par rapport Ă  toutes les autres pĂ©riodes d’intĂ©rĂȘt. DeuxiĂšme Ă©tude : MatĂ©riel et mĂ©thode : Des injections antagonistes aiguĂ«s de GABAergic (bicuculline) ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es sur trois Macaca fascicularis dans la partie sensorimotrice du striatum. Les modifications comportementales ont Ă©tĂ© enregistrĂ©es et scorĂ©es selon une Ă©chelle de Racine modifiĂ©e. L'Ă©lectromyographie, l'Ă©lectroencĂ©phalographie, les potentiels de champ locaux des noyaux gris centraux ont Ă©tĂ© enregistrĂ©s au cours de chaque expĂ©rience. Une analyse de retromoyenage a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©e pour chaque session enregistrĂ©e. RĂ©sultats: sur les 39 injections de bicuculline, 29 (74,3%) ont produit des changements comportementaux reproductibles caractĂ©risĂ©s par des secousses myocloniques rĂ©pĂ©titives et pseudopĂ©riodiques avec des crises tonico-cloniques gĂ©nĂ©ralisĂ©es. Les injections de NaCl n'ont jamais entraĂźnĂ© de changement de comportement. Les secousses myocloniques Ă©taient clairement dĂ©tectables sur le signal EMG sous la forme d'une courte bouffĂ©e stĂ©rĂ©otypĂ©e concomitante de pointes Ă©pileptiques anormales enregistrĂ©es sur l'EEG. Une analyse de rĂ©tromoyennage Ă  partir des myoclonies EMG a montrĂ© que l'activitĂ© Ă©lectrophysiologique commençait significativement plus tĂŽt dans le striatum (p <0,0001), le GPe (p <0,0003) et le GPi (p <0,0086) que dans le cortex. Conclusion : Ces modifications du niveau de synchronisation entre les activitĂ©s corticales et striatales pourraient s’inscrire dans un mĂ©canisme endogĂšne contrĂŽlant la durĂ©e des oscillations anormales au sein de la boucle striato-thalamo-corticale et, de fait leur terminaison. Les interneurones GABAergic de type fast-spiking pourraient jouer un rĂŽle crucial dans la synchronisation du rĂ©seau cortico-striato-thalamique et une modification GABAergique brutale du striatum peut provoquer une crise focale. Le rĂŽle jouĂ© par les noyaux gris centraux dans le renforcement des mĂ©canismes sous-jacents Ă  la cessation de la propagation ictale devrait inspirer de nouveaux schĂ©mas de stimulation cĂ©rĂ©brale profonde chez les patients atteints d'Ă©pilepsies focales pharmacorĂ©sistantes non chirurgicales.Background: Although a number of experimental and clinical studies have pointed out participation or an even more prominent role of basal ganglia in focal seizures, the mode of interaction between cortical and striatal signals remains unclear. In the present thesis, we first we took the opportunity of stereoelectroencephalographic recordings in drug-resistant epilepsy patients, to qualitatively and quantitatively analyse the ictal striatum activity. Secondly, we created a primate model of subcortical focal motor seizures induced by GABAergic antagonist striatal injections First study: Patients and method: eleven patients who underwent SEEG evaluation were prospectively included if they fulfilled two inclusion criteria: i) at least one orthogonal intracerebral electrode contact explored the basal ganglia, in their either putaminal or caudate part, ii) at least two SEEG seizures were recorded. Cortical and subcortical regions of interest were defined and different periods of interest were analysed. SEEG was visually inspected and h2 non-linear correlation analysis performed to study functional connectivity between cortical region of interest and striatum. Results: Two main patterns of striatal activation were recorded: the most frequent was characterised by an early alpha/beta activity that started within the first five second after seizure onset. The second one was characterised by a late slower, theta/delta activity. A significant difference in h2 correlation indexes was observed during the preictal and seizure onset period compared to background for global striatal index, mesio-temporal/striatal index, latero-temporal/striatal index, insular/striatal index, prefrontal/striatal index. In addition, a significant difference in h2 correlation indexes was observed during the seizure termination period compared to all the other periods of interest. Second study: Material and method: Experiments were performed on three fascicularis monkeys. Acute GABAergic antagonist (bicuculine) injections were performed within the sensorimotor part of the striatum. Behavioural modifications were recorded and scored according to a modified Racine’s scale. Electromyography, electroencephalography, basal ganglia local field potentials were recorded during each experiment. A backaveraging analysis was performed for each recorded session. Results: over the 39 Bicuculline injections, 29 (74.3%) produced dramatic reproducible behavioural changes characterised by repetitive and pseudo-periodic myoclonic jerks with generalised tonic-clonic seizures. NaCl injections never produced any behavioural changes. Myoclonic jerks were clearly detectable on the EMG signal as short stereotypical EMG burst concomitant from abnormal epileptic spikes recorded on EEG. Back averaging analysis from EMG myoclonia showed that electrophysiological activity started significantly earlier in the striatum (p < 0.0001), the GPe (p < 0.0003) and the GPi (p < 0.0086) than in the cortex. Conclusion: These changes in synchronisation level between cortical and striatal activity might be part of an endogenous mechanism controlling the duration of abnormal oscillations within the striato-thalamo-cortical loop and thereby their termination. GABAergic fast-spiking interneurones might play a crucial role synchronising the cortico-striato-thalamic network and a drastic GABAergic modification of the striatum can induce focal seizures. The role of the basal ganglia role in strengthening mechanisms underlying cessation of ictal propagation should inspire new rationales for deep brain stimulation in patients with intractable focal epilepsy

    Role of the striatum in the pathophysiology of focal epilepsies : a translational approach from non-human primate to human.

    No full text
    Contexte : [
], le mode d'interaction entre les signaux corticaux et striataux reste flou. Dans la prĂ©sente thĂšse, nous avons d’abord saisi l’opportunitĂ© d’enregistrements stĂ©rĂ©oĂ©lectroencĂ©phalographiques chez des patients atteints d’épilepsie pharamcorĂ©sistante pour analyser qualitativement et quantitativement l’activitĂ© ictale du striatum. DeuxiĂšmement, nous avons crĂ©Ă© un modĂšle primate de crises motrices focales sous-corticales induites par des injections striatales antagonistes GABAergiques. PremiĂšre Ă©tude : Patients et mĂ©thode : onze patients ayant subi une Ă©valuation SEEG ont Ă©tĂ© inclus prospectivement s'ils remplissaient deux critĂšres d'inclusion: i) au moins un contact explorait le striatum, ii) au moins deux crises avaient Ă©tĂ© enregistrĂ©es. Les rĂ©gions d'intĂ©rĂȘt corticales et sous-corticales ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©finies et diffĂ©rentes pĂ©riodes d'intĂ©rĂȘt ont Ă©tĂ© analysĂ©es. Les signaux SEEG ont Ă©tĂ© inspectĂ©s visuellement et une analyse de corrĂ©lation non linĂ©aire h2 a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e pour Ă©tudier la connectivitĂ© fonctionnelle entre les rĂ©gions corticales d’intĂ©rĂȘt et le striatum. RĂ©sultats : Deux patterns principaux d'activation striatale ont Ă©tĂ© enregistrĂ©s : le plus frĂ©quent Ă©tait caractĂ©risĂ© par une activitĂ© alpha / bĂȘta prĂ©coce dĂ©butant dans les cinq premiĂšres secondes suivant le dĂ©but de la crise. Le second Ă©tait caractĂ©risĂ© par une activitĂ© thĂȘta / delta tardive plus lente. Une diffĂ©rence significative des indices de corrĂ©lation h2 a Ă©tĂ© observĂ©e au cours de la pĂ©riode prĂ©ictale et dĂ©but de crise par rapport au tracĂ© de fond pour l'indice striatal global, l'indice mĂ©sio-temporal / striatal, l'index latĂ©rotemporal / striatal, l'index insulaire / striatal, l'index prĂ©frontal / striatal. En outre, une diffĂ©rence significative des indices de corrĂ©lation h2 a Ă©tĂ© observĂ©e pendant la pĂ©riode de fin de crise par rapport Ă  toutes les autres pĂ©riodes d’intĂ©rĂȘt. DeuxiĂšme Ă©tude : MatĂ©riel et mĂ©thode : Des injections antagonistes aiguĂ«s de GABAergic (bicuculline) ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es sur trois Macaca fascicularis dans la partie sensorimotrice du striatum. Les modifications comportementales ont Ă©tĂ© enregistrĂ©es et scorĂ©es selon une Ă©chelle de Racine modifiĂ©e. L'Ă©lectromyographie, l'Ă©lectroencĂ©phalographie, les potentiels de champ locaux des noyaux gris centraux ont Ă©tĂ© enregistrĂ©s au cours de chaque expĂ©rience. Une analyse de retromoyenage a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©e pour chaque session enregistrĂ©e. RĂ©sultats: sur les 39 injections de bicuculline, 29 (74,3%) ont produit des changements comportementaux reproductibles caractĂ©risĂ©s par des secousses myocloniques rĂ©pĂ©titives et pseudopĂ©riodiques avec des crises tonico-cloniques gĂ©nĂ©ralisĂ©es. Les injections de NaCl n'ont jamais entraĂźnĂ© de changement de comportement. Les secousses myocloniques Ă©taient clairement dĂ©tectables sur le signal EMG sous la forme d'une courte bouffĂ©e stĂ©rĂ©otypĂ©e concomitante de pointes Ă©pileptiques anormales enregistrĂ©es sur l'EEG. Une analyse de rĂ©tromoyennage Ă  partir des myoclonies EMG a montrĂ© que l'activitĂ© Ă©lectrophysiologique commençait significativement plus tĂŽt dans le striatum (p <0,0001), le GPe (p <0,0003) et le GPi (p <0,0086) que dans le cortex. Conclusion : Ces modifications du niveau de synchronisation entre les activitĂ©s corticales et striatales pourraient s’inscrire dans un mĂ©canisme endogĂšne contrĂŽlant la durĂ©e des oscillations anormales au sein de la boucle striato-thalamo-corticale et, de fait leur terminaison. Les interneurones GABAergic de type fast-spiking pourraient jouer un rĂŽle crucial dans la synchronisation du rĂ©seau cortico-striato-thalamique et une modification GABAergique brutale du striatum peut provoquer une crise focale. Le rĂŽle jouĂ© par les noyaux gris centraux dans le renforcement des mĂ©canismes sous-jacents Ă  la cessation de la propagation ictale devrait inspirer de nouveaux schĂ©mas de stimulation cĂ©rĂ©brale profonde chez les patients atteints d'Ă©pilepsies focales pharmacorĂ©sistantes non chirurgicales.Background: Although a number of experimental and clinical studies have pointed out participation or an even more prominent role of basal ganglia in focal seizures, the mode of interaction between cortical and striatal signals remains unclear. In the present thesis, we first we took the opportunity of stereoelectroencephalographic recordings in drug-resistant epilepsy patients, to qualitatively and quantitatively analyse the ictal striatum activity. Secondly, we created a primate model of subcortical focal motor seizures induced by GABAergic antagonist striatal injections First study: Patients and method: eleven patients who underwent SEEG evaluation were prospectively included if they fulfilled two inclusion criteria: i) at least one orthogonal intracerebral electrode contact explored the basal ganglia, in their either putaminal or caudate part, ii) at least two SEEG seizures were recorded. Cortical and subcortical regions of interest were defined and different periods of interest were analysed. SEEG was visually inspected and h2 non-linear correlation analysis performed to study functional connectivity between cortical region of interest and striatum. Results: Two main patterns of striatal activation were recorded: the most frequent was characterised by an early alpha/beta activity that started within the first five second after seizure onset. The second one was characterised by a late slower, theta/delta activity. A significant difference in h2 correlation indexes was observed during the preictal and seizure onset period compared to background for global striatal index, mesio-temporal/striatal index, latero-temporal/striatal index, insular/striatal index, prefrontal/striatal index. In addition, a significant difference in h2 correlation indexes was observed during the seizure termination period compared to all the other periods of interest. Second study: Material and method: Experiments were performed on three fascicularis monkeys. Acute GABAergic antagonist (bicuculine) injections were performed within the sensorimotor part of the striatum. Behavioural modifications were recorded and scored according to a modified Racine’s scale. Electromyography, electroencephalography, basal ganglia local field potentials were recorded during each experiment. A backaveraging analysis was performed for each recorded session. Results: over the 39 Bicuculline injections, 29 (74.3%) produced dramatic reproducible behavioural changes characterised by repetitive and pseudo-periodic myoclonic jerks with generalised tonic-clonic seizures. NaCl injections never produced any behavioural changes. Myoclonic jerks were clearly detectable on the EMG signal as short stereotypical EMG burst concomitant from abnormal epileptic spikes recorded on EEG. Back averaging analysis from EMG myoclonia showed that electrophysiological activity started significantly earlier in the striatum (p < 0.0001), the GPe (p < 0.0003) and the GPi (p < 0.0086) than in the cortex. Conclusion: These changes in synchronisation level between cortical and striatal activity might be part of an endogenous mechanism controlling the duration of abnormal oscillations within the striato-thalamo-cortical loop and thereby their termination. GABAergic fast-spiking interneurones might play a crucial role synchronising the cortico-striato-thalamic network and a drastic GABAergic modification of the striatum can induce focal seizures. The role of the basal ganglia role in strengthening mechanisms underlying cessation of ictal propagation should inspire new rationales for deep brain stimulation in patients with intractable focal epilepsy

    Chronic Bickerstaff's encephalitis with cognitive impairment, a reality?

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    International audienceBACKGROUND: Bickerstaff's encephalitis (BE) is an acute post-infectious demyelinating disease with albuminocytological dissociation. A chronic form has rarely been described previously. CASE PRESENTATION: A 44-year-old man was hospitalized for drowsiness, cognitive complaint limb weakness, ataxia and sensory disturbance after diarrhea. Neuropsychological evaluation showed slowing, memory and executive function impairment, while analysis of the CSF showed albuminocytological dissociation. Immunologic tests showed positive anti-ganglioside antibodies (anti-GM1 IgM, anti-GD1a IgG and anti-GD1b IgM). Brain MRI was normal but SPECT showed bilateral temporal and frontal hypoperfusion. Outcome under immunoglobulin treatment (IVIG) was favorable with an initial improvement but was marked by worsening after a few weeks. Consequently, the patient was treated with IVIG every 2 months due to the recurrence of symptoms after 6 weeks. CONCLUSION: This case raises the question of the existence of a chronic form of BE with cognitive impairment, in the same way as chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy is considered to be a chronic form of Guillain-Barré syndrome

    Transcranial direct current stimulation in post-stroke aphasia rehabilitation: A systematic review

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    BACKGROUND: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive tool that induces neuromodulation in the brain. Several studies have shown the effectiveness of tDCS in improving language recovery in post-stroke aphasia. However, this innovative technique is not currently used in routine speech and language therapy (SLT) practice. OBJECTIVE: This systematic review aimed to summarise the role of tDCS in aphasia rehabilitation. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE via PubMed and Scopus on October 5, 2018 for English articles published from 1996 to 2018. Eligible studies involved post-stroke aphasia rehabilitation with tDCS combined or not with SLT. RESULTS: We retained 5 meta-analyses and 48 studies. Among the 48 studies, 39 were randomised controlled trials (558 patients), 2 prospective studies (56 patients), and 5 case studies (5 patients). Two articles were sub-analyses of a randomised clinical trial. Methods used in these studies were heterogeneous. Only 6 studies did not find a significant effect of tDCS on language performance. As compared with earlier meta-analyses, the 2 latest found significant effects. CONCLUSION: Evidence from published peer reviewed literature is effective for post-stroke aphasia rehabilitation at the chronic stages. tDCS devices are easy to use, safe and inexpensive. They can be used in routine clinical practice by speech therapists for aphasia rehabilitation. However, further studies should investigate the effectiveness in the subacute post-stroke phase and determine the effect of the lesion for precisely identifying the targeted brain areas. We discuss crucial challenges for future studies

    Predictive factors of postoperative outcome in the elderly after resective epilepsy surgery

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    Ce manuscrit est mis à disposition sous la licence d'utilisation Elsevier https://www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/International audienceABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the efficiency of resective epilepsy surgery (RES) in patients over 50 years and determine prognostic factors. Results: Over the 147 patients over 50 years (54.9 ± 3.8 years [50-69]) coming from 8 specialized French centres for epilepsy surgery, 72.1%, patients were seizure-free and 91.2% had a good out- come 12 months after RES. Seizure freedom was not associated with the age at surgery or duration of epilepsy. In multivariate analysis, seizure freedom was associated with MRI and neuropathologi- cal hippocampal sclerosis (HS) (p = 0.009 and p = 0.028 respectively), PET hypometabolism (p = 0.013), temporal epilepsy (p = 0.01). On the contrary, the need for intracranial exploration was as- sociated with a poorer prognosis (p = 0.001). Postoperative number of antiepileptic drugs was sig- nificantly lower in the seizure-free group (p = 0.001). Neurological adverse event rate after surgery was 21.1% and 11.7% of patients had neuropsychological adverse effects overall transient. Conclusions: RES is effective procedure in the elderly. Even safe it remains at higher risk of com- plication and population should be carefully selected. Nevertheless, age should not be considered as a limiting factor, especially when good prognostic factors are identified

    Diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in immune checkpoint inhibitor-related encephalitis: a retrospective cohort studyResearch in context

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    Summary: Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related encephalitis (ICI-encephalitis) is not well characterised and diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers are lacking. We aimed to comprehensively characterise ICI-encephalitis and identify diagnostic biomarkers and outcome predictors. Methods: This retrospective observational study included all patients with ICI-encephalitis studied in the French Reference Centre on Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes (PNS) and Autoimmune Encephalitis (2015–2023). ICI encephalitis was considered definite in case of inflammatory findings at paraclinical tests and/or well-characterised neural antibodies. Predictors of immune-related adverse event (irAE) treatment response, defined as a Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v5.0 grade 273.5 pg/mL, sensitivity 81%, specificity 88%, AUC 0.87, 95% CI [0.76; 0.98]) and irAE treatment responders (n = 10) from non-responders (n = 17, optimal cut-off >645 pg/mL, sensitivity 90%, specificity 65%; AUC 0.75, 95% CI [0.55; 0.94]). Interpretation: ICI-encephalitis corresponds to a set of clinically-recognisable syndromes. Patients with focal encephalitis, PNS-related antibodies, and/or higher serum NfL have low irAE treatment response rates. Research is needed on the underlying immunopathogenesis to foster therapeutic innovations. Funding: Agence Nationale de la Recherche
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