Attitudes Towards The Foreign Products From Animosity, Boycott And Ethnocentrism Perspectives: The Case Of Turkish Students

The purposes of this study are to determine Turkish students’ attitudes towards products imported from countries that Turkey has political and economic crisis, and understand their buying behavior from animosity, boycott and ethnocentrism perspectives. Analyzing these concepts and determining their attitudes towards foreign products will provide useful information about Turkish students markets and help international/global marketing manager to develop their marketing mix, especially for promotion mix strategies. The survey was conducted at Pamukkale University, Denizli- Turkey with 394 students. The relationship between attitudes towards importing foreign products and purchase intention are high, and Turkish student animosity and ethnocentrism are considered to have an influence on the perception of foreign products. Crisis and ethnocentrism are found as the most two important determinants to buy international products imported from countries that Turkey has politic/economic problems. Foreign companies that export their products or manufactured in Turkey should use adaptation strategies in order to decrease Turkish students’ ethnocentrism

Utilization of tailings in concrete products: A review

Many properties of concrete with tailings have been examined in the literature, but it is seen that there are not many studies on the environmental properties of these concretes. It is thought that the environmentally risky properties of these concretes limit the use of tailings. Due to the environmental risks of tailings, the concrete with these tailings also has the potential to cause environmental damage. For this reason, in addition to the me-chanical properties of the concrete with tailings, the environmental properties are also discussed as a separate topic, and the methods and studies used in this subject in the literature are presented in detail. Also, this study investigated the use of mining process tailings in concrete production instead of fine aggregate and cement. Thus, it was emphasized that evaluations should not only be made according to the mechanical properties of the concrete with tailings but also concrete's environmental characteristics should be taken into consideration. This study is designed to be used as a literature study for the use of different tailings instead of fine aggregate or cement in concrete and to determine tailings rates. In this context, the results of the mechanical and environ-mental (pH and heavy metals) studies of tailings with concrete products in the literature are given. The rela-tionship between the mechanical results in the study and the tailings rates was evaluated in terms of physical and chemical properties. As a result, the ratio of tailings to optimum use as fine aggregate was found to be substituted at between 10 and 40%. The amount of tailings substituted in cement, however, was estimated to be between 5 and 20%. In addition, in the studies, it was observed that the pH of metallic tailings varied between 5 and 8.3, while the heavy metal ions of the concrete containing the tailings were found below the drinking water and toxicological limits