Gait Recognition based on Inverse Fast Fourier Transform Gaussian and Enhancement Histogram Oriented of Gradient

Gait recognition using the energy image representation of the average silhouette image in one complete cycle becomes a baseline in model-free approaches research. Nevertheless, gait is sensitive to any changes. Up to date in the area of feature extraction, image feature representation method based on the spatial gradient is still lacking in efficiency especially for the covariate case like carrying bag and wearing a coat. Although the use of Histogram of orientation Gradient (HOG) in pedestrian detection is the most effective method, its accuracy is still considered low after testing on covariate dataset. Thus this research proposed a combination of frequency and spatial features based on Inverse Fast Fourier Transform and Histogram of Oriented Gradient (IFFTG-HoG) for gait recognition. It consists of three phases, namely image processing phase, feature extraction phase in the production of a new image representation and the classification. The first phase comprises image binarization process and energy image generation using gait average image in one cycle. In the second phase, the IFFTG-HoG method is used as a features gait extraction after generating energy image. Here, the IFFTG-HoG method has also been improved by using Chebyshev distance to calculate the magnitude of the gradient to increase the rate of recognition accuracy. Lastly, K-Nearest Neighbour (k=NN) classifier with K=1 is employed for individual classification in the third phase. A total of 124 people from CASIA B dataset were tested using the proposed IFTG-HoG method. It performed better in gait individual classification as the value of average accuracy for the standard dataset 96.7%, 93.1% and 99.6%compared to HoG method by 94.1%, 85.9% and 96.2% in order. With similar motivation, we tested on Rempit datasets to recognize motorcycle rider anomaly event and our proposed method also outperforms Dalal Method

Salinity effects on germination of forage sorghumes

Abstract: To investigate the effects of osmotic stress on forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) varieties at critical stage of seed germination, i.e., at which salinization is initiated. A study was conducted at the Seed Technology Laboratory at University of Putra Malaysia (UPM- lab.) from October to November 2007. Two forage sorghum varieties (Speedfeed and KFS4) were evaluated in the salinity levels of 0, 5, 10, 15 dS m-1. The experimental design was Completely Random Design (CRD), which was based on factorial with 3 replications. In the experiment, seeds were germinated in covered, sterilized, disposable Petri dishes. Three parameters, namely germination percentage, germination rate, germination index and coefficient velocity of germination were estimated. The results of this study showed that different levels of salinity had significantly affected the germination percentage, germination rate germination index. In addition, a significant difference (1%) was also found in the germination percentage between the two varieties. Meanwhile, the mean comparison of the treatments showed that the germination percentage in distilled water (S1) was the highest (92.5%) and salinity dS m-1 (S4) had the lowest germination percentage. The maximum germination rate (35.58) and germination index (391.67) were retrieved from EC 0 and with the increasing salinity, these parameters were decreased. The evaluation of the two varieties showed that KFS4 (V1) had a higher germination percentage (82.91%) than the speed feed (72.5%). Consequently, the seed germination of KFS4 was better than the speed feed (in salty water and non-stress conditions). In other words, salt stress had been found to delay germination of both varieties

Effect of belimbing buluh (Averrhoa bilimbi) juice extract on oxidative stability and microbiological quality of spent chicken meat

This study evaluated the effects of Averrhoa bilimbi juice extract and storage temperature on lipid oxidation and microbial spoilage of spent chicken meat. Ten, 80 weeks old spent chickens were slaughtered, eviscerated and aged for 24 h at 4°C. Thereafter, the Pectoralis major muscles and right thighs were excised and marinated in either A. bilimbi juice extract, pure distilled water, or no marination (control) for either 4 or 9 h at room temperature or 9 or 24 h at 4°C. Lipid oxidation was monitored on the Pectoralis major muscles while the right thighs were assessed for Enterobacteriacea counts. Lipid oxidation was not significantly affected by the type or duration of marination. Marination showed a temperature dependent effect on Enterobacteriacea counts. At room temperature, samples that were marinated by distilled water showed significantly higher Enterobacteriacea counts than the control while those that were marinated with A. bilimbi juice extract showed no growth at both 4 and 9 h of marination. At chilled temperature, marination had no significant effects on the growth of Enterobacteriacea during the 9 or 24 h storage. These results indicated that A. bilimbi juice extract marinade has some antibacterial activities but works better when combined with refrigerated storage

Enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated kenaf using a recombinant xylanase: effects of reaction conditions for optimum hemicellulose hydrolysis

An efficient hemicellulose hydrolysis has now become a crucial step for xylooligosaccharides production for food additives and nutraceuticals industries. In this study, xylanase hydrolysis of pretreated hemicellulosic kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) for substantial hemicellulose hydrolysis was demonstrated. Experiments were performed primarily to investigate the effect of several critical reaction conditions towards the enzymatic hydrolysis of the pre-treated kenaf. The effects of various ranges of reaction conditions (substrate loading, xylanase loading, pH, temperature and time) were systematically and thoroughly studied. The study of hemicellulosic kenaf conversion using single enzyme was proven to effectively yield up to 59% of conversion after 48 h incubation using 3% (w/v) of substrate loading and 400 U of xylanase loading at 50°C in pH 4.0 buffer systems. The use of a single xylanase on the pre-treated kenaf was a key parameter in understanding the action of the main hemicellulose degrading enzyme towards hydrolysing the hemicellulose backbone of the pre-treated kenaf. Enzyme feeding strategy was also conducted and the results revealed that a batch feeding strategy of 400 U xylanase loading yielded the highest hemicellulose hydrolysis compared to the other fed batch enzyme feeding strategy. It was concluded that each reaction conditions and enzyme feeding strategy gave a significant impact towards the enzymatic hydrolysis and the use of optimum reaction conditions resulted in a high product yield at the end of the reaction. With the discovery of the importance of each reaction conditions involved in a hydrolysis, this study highlights the need for a comprehensive investigation on the reaction conditions using a mixture of enzymes towards achieving a complete hydrolysis with a higher product yield

Simplified feeding strategies for the fed-batch cultivation of Kluyveromyces lactis GG799 for enhanced recombinant xylanase production

A xylanase gene (xyn2) from Trichoderma reesei ATCC 58350 was previously cloned and expressed in Kluyveromyces lactis GG799. The production of the recombinant xylanase was conducted in a developed medium with an optimised batch and with fed-batches that were processed with glucose. The glucose served as a carbon source for cell growth and as an inducer for xylanase production. In a 1-L batch system, a glucose concentration of 20 g L-1 and 80 % dissolved oxygen were found to provide the best conditions for the tested ranges. A xylanase activity of 75.53 U mL-1 was obtained. However, in the batch mode, glucose depletions reduced the synthesis of recombinant xylanase by K. lactis GG799. To maximise the production of xylanase, further optimisation was performed using exponential feeding. We investigated the effects of various nitrogen sources combined with the carbon to nitrogen (C/N) molar ratio on the production of xylanase. Of the various nitrogen sources, yeast extract was found to be the most useful for recombinant xylanase production. The highest xylanase production (110.13 U mL-1) was measured at a C/N ratio of 50.08. These conditions led to a 45.8 % increase in xylanase activity compared with the batch cultures. Interestingly, the further addition of 500 g L-1 glucose led to a 6.2-fold increase (465.07 U mL-1) in recombinant xylanase activity. These findings, together with those of the exponential feeding strategy, indicate that the composition of the C/N molar ratio has a substantial impact on recombinant protein production in K. lactis

Immobilization of recombinant Escherichia coli on multi-walled carbon nanotubes for xylitol production

E. coli has been engineered to produce xylitol, but the production faces bottlenecks in terms of production yield and cell viability. In this study, recombinant E. coli (rE. coli) was immobilized on untreated and treated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) for xylitol production. The immobilized rE. coli on untreated MWCNTs gave the highest xylitol production (5.47 g L−1) and a productivity of 0.22 g L−1 h−1. The doubling time for the immobilized cells increased up to 20.40 h and was higher than that of free cells (3.67 h). Cell lysis of the immobilized cells was reduced by up to 73 %, and plasmid stability improved by up to 17 % compared to those of free cells. Xylitol production using the optimum parameters (pH 7.4, 0.005 mM and 29 °C) achieved a xylitol production and productivity of 6.33 g L−1 and 0.26 g L−1 h−1, respectively. A seven-cycle repeated batch fermentation was carried out for up to 168 h, which showed maximum xylitol production of 7.36 g L−1 during the third cycle. Hence, this new adsorption immobilization system using MWCNTs is an alternative to improve the production of xylitol

High xylooligosaccharides (XOS) production from pretreated kenaf stem by enzyme mixture hydrolysis

Advancement in industrial biotechnology offers potential opportunities for economic utilization of agro-industrial biomass such as kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) for the production of value-added products. This work was conducted to evaluate an enzymatic hydrolysis of kenaf stem (that has been pretreated) for xylooligosaccharides (XOS) production. Pretreated kenaf stems were subjected to two enzymatic hydrolysis approaches which are single xylanase (Xyn2) and a mixture of xylanase:arabinofuranosidase (Xyn2:AnabfA). Central Composite Design was used to optimize the enzymatic hydrolysis conditions on the pretreated kenaf stem to achieve maximum hemicellulose conversion. Under the optimized hydrolysis conditions, hemicellulose conversion (95.03%) with the highest XOS yield of 351.46 mg/g was achieved at 40 °C (pH 4.0) after 48 h incubation with Xyn2:AnabfA ratio of 400 U:10 U. Xylobiose (135.42 mg/g) is the main XOS product with xylotriose (102.04 mg/g) being the second highest. The high production of XOS yield from the pretreated kenaf stem demonstrated the biotechnological potential of the kenaf in the future

Development and validation of a medium for recombinant endo-β-1,4- xylanase production by kluyveromyces lactis using a statistical experimental design

Kluyveromyces lactis is an excellent host for a high cell density culture, which allows high expression levels of recombinant enzymes. Nutrient composition and culture conditions affect the secretion, production level and stability of the recombinant host. Therefore, it is technologically important to formulate a medium that stimulates high cell density and enhances the desired enzyme production using K. lactis GG799. In this study, six media were initially compared, and a Plackett-Burman experimental design was employed to screen for important components and trace elements. Nitrogen sources such as ammonium sulfate and free amino acid (casamino acid) as well as compounds like MgSO4∙7H2O, Na2SO4, ZnSO4∙6H2O, MnSO4∙4H2O and KH2PO4 affected biomass concentrations (5.67 g/l) and recombinant endo-β-1,4-xylanase (Xyn2) production (49.73 U/ml). Optimum productivity was obtained at shorter incubation times (i.e., 6 h), making the medium suitable for use when seeking efficient production. Expression of recombinant Xyn2 by K. lactis GG799 in the designed medium resulted in satisfactory recombinant Xyn2 volumetric productivity (vp) at 8.29 U/ml/h. When compared to the rich, non-selective YPD medium, the designed medium improved biomass output and recombinant Xyn2 production in K. lactis GG799 by approximately 9 and 22%, respectively

Development and validation of a medium for recombinant endo-ß-1,4-xylanase production by Kluyveromyces lactis using a statistical experimental design

Kluyveromyces lactis is an excellent host for a high cell density culture, which allows high expression levels of recombinant enzymes. Nutrient composition and culture conditions affect the secretion, production level and stability of the recombinant host. Therefore, it is technologically important to formulate a medium that stimulates high cell density and enhances the desired enzyme production using K. lactis GG799. In this study, six media were initially compared, and a Plackett-Burman experimental design was employed to screen for important components and trace elements. Nitrogen sources such as ammonium sulfate and free amino acid (casamino acid) as well as compounds like MgSO4·7H2O, Na2SO4, ZnSO4·6H2O, MnSO4·4H2O and KH2PO4 affected biomass concentrations (5.67 g/l) and recombinant endo-ß-1,4-xylanase (Xyn2) production (49.73 U/ml). Optimum productivity was obtained at shorter incubation times (i.e., 6 h), making the medium suitable for use when seeking efficient production. Expression of recombinant Xyn2 by K. lactis GG799 in the designed medium resulted in satisfactory recombinant Xyn2 volumetric productivity (vp) at 8.29 U/ml/h. When compared to the rich, non-selective YPD medium, the designed medium improved biomass output and recombinant Xyn2 production in K. lactis GG799 by approximately 9 and 22%, respectively