ПРОЕКТ ФЕДЕРАЛЬНЫЕ ТЕРРИТОРИИ КАК ОБЪЕКТ ПРОСТРАНСТВЕННОГО РАЗВИТИЯ СИБИРИ И ДАЛЬНЕГО ВОСТОКА РОССИИ

The study is devoted to the spatial development of Siberia and the Far East of Russia. The role of federal districts as established macro-regions is considered - in optimizing territorial planning and correction of subjects of interregional management, and isolating project federal territories on their basis - as objects of sustainable-safe spatial development. The main focus is on the formation of a promising spatial (infrastructure) framework for the development of macroregions, including the identification of advanced growth nodes (the so-called “second” and “third” cities of macroregional subjects) and the links between them (transport axes and corridors) that are significant in the global economic context. The findings of the study can be used both in strategic planning at the level of federal districts and in further research at the national and interregional levels.El estudio está dedicado al desarrollo espacial de Siberia y el Lejano Oriente de Rusia. El papel de los distritos federales como macrorregiones establecidas se considera, en la optimización de la planificación territorial y la corrección de los temas de la gestión interregional, y el aislamiento de los territorios federales del proyecto, como objetos de desarrollo espacial sostenible y seguro. El enfoque principal es la formación de un marco espacial (infraestructura) prometedor para el desarrollo de macrorregiones, incluida la identificación de nodos de crecimiento avanzados (las llamadas "segunda" y "tercera" ciudades de sujetos macrorregionales) y los vínculos entre ellas (ejes y corredores de transporte) que son significativos en el contexto económico global. Los hallazgos del estudio pueden utilizarse tanto en la planificación estratégica a nivel de distritos federales como en investigaciones adicionales a nivel nacional e interregional.Исследование посвящено пространственному развитию Сибири и Дальнего Востока России. Рассмотрена роль федеральных округов как установленных макрорегионов-в оптимизации территориального планирования и коррекции субъектов межрегионального управления, а также изоляции на их основе проектных федеральных территорий - как объектов устойчивого-безопасного пространственного развития. Основное внимание уделяется формированию перспективной пространственной (инфраструктурной) основы развития макрорегионов, в том числе выявлению опережающих узлов роста (так называемых “вторых” и “третьих” городов макрорегионов) и связей между ними (транспортных осей и коридоров), значимых в глобальном экономическом контексте. Результаты исследования могут быть использованы как в области стратегического планирования на уровне федеральных округов и в дальнейших исследованиях на национальном и межрегиональном уровнях

The Specificity of the Differential Regulation of Economic Integration in the Context of Contemporary Labor Migration

The issues of integration in the modern world become relevant in the rapidly changing geopolitical realities, and the strategic imperative of time for the vast majority of States. Today in accordance with the principle of multi-level and various-speed integration on Eurasian space are successfully developing various integration formats. They complement each other to provide a wide partnership platform. The authors argue that the main participants in labor migration in the post-Soviet space reflect the actual path of social and economic interaction worked out historically. Common historical fate and similar paths of development, similar mental conceptosphere steel trigger mechanism for the implementation of the Eurasian Economic Union. Researches show that labour of migrant workers from different countries is widely distributed in different sectors of Russia's economy, their labour is used almost everywhere. In many industries a mechanism was established where officially Russian workers are registered at enterprises, but foreign migrant workers are actually employed. Russians began to actively move, migration processes have increased substantially, new forms of temporary migration. These processes have become more active throughout Eurasia. The authors analyze the causes and characteristics of migration in the Eurasian economic union at the present stage. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n3p9

Методы восстановления генерального распределения душевых денежных доходов населения на основе выборочных данных большого объема

This paper provides an analysis of popular methods for correcting sample distribution of income per-capita and proposes a methodology for evaluating the parameters of a lognormal income distribution, taking into account unequal response rates between individuals with different income levels, income deciles - a result of survey design and the survey non-response rate. The authors propose the fitting of a lognormal distribution on the basis of comparing mean and boundary income levels for defined population intervals between the sample and general distribution, instead of the more common approach of frequency analysis between the two. The mean income value of a given interval, with enough observations, is less volatile than the individual frequencies on the interval. This is especially important in situations where individual frequencies in the sample distribution significantly differ from the population distribution itself. The authors examine two different criteria for estimating the optimal lognormal distribution parameters. The first method is similar to the methodology used in Russian statistics, and does not require preliminary information on the share of the poor population. The parameters are estimated using the condition of equality between the sample and population mean income, and the right-income boundary of the first income deciles. The second criterion is based on minimizing the squared sum of deviations between the mean income levels for the middle eight income deciles of the sample and population mean values. Neither of the two criteria uses the hypothesis of non-response rates increasing with households’ income growth, which allows one to assess the representative-value of the sample survey. The results of the calculations show that the method achieves the highest parity between sample and population distributions in the middle-part of the lognormal distribution, but suffers from underrepresentation in the lower part of the distribution, i.e. for poor households and individuals.В статье дается анализ популярных методов коррекции выборочного распределения душевых доходов населения и описывается методика оценки параметров логнормального распределения денежных доходов, учитывающая неравномерное представительство респондентов с разным уровнем доходов, в доходных децилях, которое зависит от дизайна выборки и доли отказов респондентов от участия в опросе. Ключевая идея работы состоит в выборе критерия для оценки параметров теоретического распределения, основанного не на сравнении групповых частот, а на сравнении границ и средних значений в теоретических децилях выборочных и искомых распределений. Средние значения в интервалах доходов, при достаточном количестве наблюдений, значительно меньше зависят от частоты представительности респондентов в интервалах. Это особенно важно, когда частотные характеристики выборки существенно отличаются от аналогичных показателей генеральной совокупности. Рассмотрены два критерия оптимального выбора параметров логнормального распределения. Первый близок по методике, используемой в российской статистике, но при этом не требуется предварительная информация о том, какую часть составляет бедное население. Параметры оцениваются исходя из условия выполнения равенства среднего генерального дохода и совпадения выборочных и теоретических границ первого децильного интервала. Во втором случае минимизируется сумма отклонений выборочных и теоретических средних, рассчитанных в теоретических децилях. Оба критерия построены без учета гипотезы о возрастании вероятности отказов населения от участия в опросе в связи с ростом дохода домохозяйства, что позволяет сделать оценки представительности генеральных данных в выборочной совокупности. Результаты конкретных расчетов показывают наибольшее представительство в средней части распределения и недостаточность наблюдений на концах, то есть и в группе бедных домохозяйств

THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF DIFFERENTIATED ECONOMIC INTEGRATION

Some theoretical and practical aspects of integration relations in regional groupings has not been studied and require further analysis. Economists and other practitioners stress that there has not been developed yet a unified theory of integration covering various aspects of this process. Analysis of domestic and foreign scientific literature shows that currently there is no clear definition of the «differentiated economic integration» concept, which is a system of alternative theories of international economic integration.In this study the emphasis is placed: firstly special attention is paid to economic integration, not political. Initially, differentiated integration was positioned as multi-level governance in the field of decision-making that allows us to speak about the political nature of the concept. In this article, we attempt the study of differentiated integration through the prism of economic categories. Secondly, in accordance with the subject of study, special interest triggers not the classical theory and approaches of economic integration, but the system of alternative theories of economic integration

Diasporas as informal tools for regulating migration in the eurasian economic union

The article examines the problems of diasporization and defines the con-cept of “modern diaspora.” The formation of large diasporas from Central Asian countries is the result of prolonged and large-scale migration from that region to Russia. Migration acts as a kind of catalyst for change in the ethnic composition of the population. Social networks are an additional “pull” factor for those who want to leave their country in search of work. Diasporas have significant socioeconomic resources and can influence decision-making in the area of government regulation, as well as socioeconomic processes. There is a direct relationship between the scale of migration and the size of the diaspora, that is, the choice of destination for emigrants is largely determined by the development level and size of the diaspora. On the one hand, diasporas are actors that help migrants to adapt to the new conditions and integrate into the host society, serving as a buffer between the migrants and the local population, and on the other hand, they help to form ethnic enclaves with an ethnic economy in areas with a high concentration of migrants. The article also notes that for the successful integration of migrants in Russia, it is necessary to harmonize industrial relations by improving working conditions and remuneration, to improve the system for the legal protection of migrants, simplify the procedure for acquiring citizenship and make it more transparent. © 2017, CA and CC Press AB. All rights reserved

Diasporas as informal tools for regulating migration in the eurasian economic union

The article examines the problems of diasporization and defines the con-cept of “modern diaspora.” The formation of large diasporas from Central Asian countries is the result of prolonged and large-scale migration from that region to Russia. Migration acts as a kind of catalyst for change in the ethnic composition of the population. Social networks are an additional “pull” factor for those who want to leave their country in search of work. Diasporas have significant socioeconomic resources and can influence decision-making in the area of government regulation, as well as socioeconomic processes. There is a direct relationship between the scale of migration and the size of the diaspora, that is, the choice of destination for emigrants is largely determined by the development level and size of the diaspora. On the one hand, diasporas are actors that help migrants to adapt to the new conditions and integrate into the host society, serving as a buffer between the migrants and the local population, and on the other hand, they help to form ethnic enclaves with an ethnic economy in areas with a high concentration of migrants. The article also notes that for the successful integration of migrants in Russia, it is necessary to harmonize industrial relations by improving working conditions and remuneration, to improve the system for the legal protection of migrants, simplify the procedure for acquiring citizenship and make it more transparent. © 2017, CA and CC Press AB. All rights reserved

Scenarios of migration within the EAEU in conditions of enhancing economic integration

The article presents two scenarios for the development of the migration situation in the Eurasian Economic Union: extensive and intensive. In the extensive scenario of the development of the migration situation in the EAEU, the prospects for the geographical expansion of the Eurasian Economic Union are considered, and the impact of expansion on labor migration flows and socioeconomic consequences for the countries entering the Union is estimated. The prospects and effects are evaluated for the Republic of Tajikistan joining the EAEU. The authors indicate that further expansion of the Eurasian Economic Union must be based on close cooperation with other countries and integration associations. In the intensive scenario, the prospects for widening the economic integration of the participating countries are considered, as well as the prospects for creating a single labor market for highly skilled specialists in the EAEU on the basis of a unified innovation infrastructure and a single educational environment. The transition of integration projects in the post-Soviet space to its broader forms is limited by national and economic interests of the active and potential members of integration associations. Stabilization of the single labor market of the EAEU can occur, given the increasing quality, rather than quantity, of the workforce, the growth of its professional qualifications, and the increase in the transparency of migration flows. The low level of professional training not only narrows the job opportunities of labor migrants in external labor markets, but also leads to the aggravation of socioeconomic problems. It is important to create the necessary comfortable conditions for the immigration of highly qualified specialists within the framework of the EAEU. There is a need to stimulate the development of innovative infrastructure and create a single educational environment, which will result in the formation of a single labor market of highly qualified specialists. The creative economy raises the level of requirements for the qualification of workers in the labor market and, thereby, stimulates the migration of qualified employees. It is important not to allow a “brain drain” from the EAEU member states to third countries. The formation of a knowledge economy in the EAEU is able to solve a number of socioeconomic problems. © 2017, CA and CC Press AB. All rights reserved

Scenarios of migration within the EAEU in conditions of enhancing economic integration

The article presents two scenarios for the development of the migration situation in the Eurasian Economic Union: extensive and intensive. In the extensive scenario of the development of the migration situation in the EAEU, the prospects for the geographical expansion of the Eurasian Economic Union are considered, and the impact of expansion on labor migration flows and socioeconomic consequences for the countries entering the Union is estimated. The prospects and effects are evaluated for the Republic of Tajikistan joining the EAEU. The authors indicate that further expansion of the Eurasian Economic Union must be based on close cooperation with other countries and integration associations. In the intensive scenario, the prospects for widening the economic integration of the participating countries are considered, as well as the prospects for creating a single labor market for highly skilled specialists in the EAEU on the basis of a unified innovation infrastructure and a single educational environment. The transition of integration projects in the post-Soviet space to its broader forms is limited by national and economic interests of the active and potential members of integration associations. Stabilization of the single labor market of the EAEU can occur, given the increasing quality, rather than quantity, of the workforce, the growth of its professional qualifications, and the increase in the transparency of migration flows. The low level of professional training not only narrows the job opportunities of labor migrants in external labor markets, but also leads to the aggravation of socioeconomic problems. It is important to create the necessary comfortable conditions for the immigration of highly qualified specialists within the framework of the EAEU. There is a need to stimulate the development of innovative infrastructure and create a single educational environment, which will result in the formation of a single labor market of highly qualified specialists. The creative economy raises the level of requirements for the qualification of workers in the labor market and, thereby, stimulates the migration of qualified employees. It is important not to allow a “brain drain” from the EAEU member states to third countries. The formation of a knowledge economy in the EAEU is able to solve a number of socioeconomic problems. © 2017, CA and CC Press AB. All rights reserved