Historical Causes of Militancy and Its Impacts on Educational Institutions in the World

The study was carried out since May, 2019.The major objective was that to find out historical  causes of militancy and its impacts on education in the world. Total 40 studies were downloaded from the net and was reviewed again and again and analyzed the situation about the historical causes of militancy and its impacts on education in the world. The study indicates that It is the historical game of the world which are used for gaining the power over the world. All the world developed and under developing countries are involved in this game. Similarly the poor community and illiterate people are deceived by this game and give money for gaining their objectives and purpose. In this game schools, hospitals , road and bridges  are destroyed  while sometime people  are killed for pressurized the government for weakening the economy of the country. Since 1979 the Russia attacked on  Afghanistan and this time US allied forces defeated to Russia and this time Asama Bin ladin was the part of US allied forces while latter on in 9/11 he was wanted  to USA in this case. Such type accidents were also observed in Iraq, Turkey, Sirilanka, Bangladesh, India, Labia, Egpt. Sham, Pakistan, Malishiya and Syria etc. The militants also there attacked on the administration machinery and want that to downfall the system of the country. The record shows that million people were killed and number of school, colleges and hospitals were destroyed by bomb blasting and number of students was dropped out due to terror from the schools and colleges. Review of related literature shows that militancy is causing aggression in society in terms of cause and interest. In every society the militants are the production of socio-economical imbalanced systems. It also explores that poverty prevailed in society is mainly causing militancy. Thus militancy is not only affecting economy (in terms of spending money on war of terror) but can also have impacts on the physical shape of the society. Insecurity in educational sectors increases illiteracy (dropout rate). While terrorist attacks are directly creating fear and psychological diseases like anxiety etc. among both the parents and students and even in teachers as well. Especially those students whose institutions are once targeted or still under influence of terrorism are avoiding education and they are suffering directly and facing bad consequences in future. The militancy raised due to poverty and illiteracy in the world which further used by some leader for gaining the power. They activate the poor illiterate community which has no knowledge about the game while they are deceived and unite them against the government which latter on became militants which have weapons which are used against the government and destroyed to schools and colleges and make the environment unfavorable and create terror in the world for pressurizing the government. On the basis of problems the study recommended that to generate employment for reduction of poverty and established school and colleges for the improvement of their skill to find job easily anywhere in the world for pushing their economy. All countries of the world boundary walls should be constructed for protection of for foreign militant attack. Strict rules and regulation by government should be imposed. Passport and Identity Card system should be developed in the country for arresting the militants who goes against the country. Keywords:-Historical Review, Causes, Militancy, Impact, Education, World DOI: 10.7176/JAAS/58-04 Publication date:September 30th 201

The role of work volition and organizational commitment in the relationship between total rewards and employee retention

In the last few decades, retention of employees has become a real issue in public and private organisations because of the openness and liberalisation of global economy. These organisations have implemented various reward oriented schemes to improve employees? work effectiveness and efficiencies. The key purpose of these schemes is to retain valuable human capital and make employees more committed at the work place. A number of empirical studies and anecdotal evidences indicated employee retention is becoming a dilemma in private and public organisations particularly in the higher education sector. The study explored the phenomena of employee retention and total rewards by examining the mediating role of organisational commitment and job satisfaction. In addition, the moderating role of work volition between total rewards and job satisfaction was examined. This study employed quantitative methods for data collection and analysis. Based on multistage random sampling technique, a survey was conducted among faculty members of higher educational institutions in Pakistan. Approximately 289 completed questionnaires were received from the targeted population. Data checking, preparation, screening, normality, descriptive statistics, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and hypotheses were tested using Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS- 21). The key findings indicated that total reward has a significant impact on job satisfaction, organisational commitment and employee retention. These findings also showed that work volition significantly moderated the relationship between total reward and faculty member?s job satisfaction in the higher educational institutions. Theoretically, the research has implications in the existing state of knowledge by proposing a noble policy and practice for the higher education sector of Pakistan

Effect Of Edible Gum Coating,Glycerin And Calcium Lactate Treatment On The Post Harvest Quality Of Peach Fruit

Effect of edible gum and calcium lactate treatment on the post-harvest quality of whole peach fruits stored for 32 days at 100C were investigated. Different concentrations of additives were prepared e.g. peaches in treatments AS1 and AS2 were dipped in (1%) and (2%) calcium lactate solution respectively for 20 minutes and coated with xanthan gum (1%) + glycerin  (2.5%), whereas peaches in treatments AS3 and AS4 were dipped in (1%) and (2%) calcium lactate solution respectively for 20 minutes and coated with gum arabic (1%) + glycerin (2.5%) respectively. Treatment AS0 was left as control. The fruits were packed in corrugated soft board cartons and stored for the whole period of one month at ambient temperature and analyzed physicochemically i.e. total soluble solid, pH, ascorbic acid, titratable acidity, sugar acid ratio, % weight loss, % decay index, firmness and sensory (color, flavor, texture and overall acceptability) at every 4 days of storage interval. Statistical analysis showed that storage intervals and treatments had significant (P<0.05) effect on the quality characteristics of the whole peach fruits throughout storage. Physicochemical analysis of peach fruits disclosed that (1%) and (2%) calcium lactate solution and edible coating of  xanthan gum (1%) +  glycerin (2.5%) treated fruits had little improvement on shelf life extension of peach fruit while (1%) and (2%) calcium lactate solution and edible coating of gum arabic (1%) + glycerin (2.5%) treated fruits had shown better improvement. There was an increasing trend in TSS (8.37 - 10.93obrix),  pH (3.83-4.32), sugar acid ratio (9.32-14.85), weight loss (0- 4.66 %), decay index (0 - 42.73%) and a decreasing trend in firmness (1.8-0.31 kg), acidity % (0.90 -  73%), ascorbic acid content (7.0 - 4.25 mg/100g). There was a gradual decrease in color (8.1- 4.0), texture (8.4-5.5), flavor (8.3 - 4.7) overall acceptability (8.3 - 4.7). The maximum mean value for TSS was observed in treatment AS0 (10.02), pH AS0 (4.198), acidity % AS4 (0.86), sugar acid ratio AS0 (13.18), ascorbic acid AS4 (5.85), weight loss % AS0 (4.08), firmness AS4 (1.31), decay index % AS0 (22.91), color AS4 (7.17), texture AS4 (7.51), flavor AS4 (7.34) and overall acceptability AS4 (7.34). Key Words: Peach frui

The Effect of Epidural Steroids on Postoperative Pain and Hospital Stay in Patients Having a Single-Level Lumbar Discectomy

OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of Epidural steroids on postoperative pain and hospital stay in patients having a single-level lumbar discectomy. METHODOLOGY A quasi-experimental study was conducted at the Neurosurgery department, Qazi Hussain Ahmad Medical Complex, Nowshera.  Sixty patients with a mean age of 40.3±9.21 years were enrolled. The enrolled patients were divided into two groups: Group A patients were given intraoperative epidural methylprednisolone 80 mg, while Group B patients were given only normal saline. Pre- and post-operative pain was assessed after 6 hours, 12 hours and at the discharge time from the hospital. The duration of hospital stay was also noted. RESULTSOut of 60 patients, 55.0% were male, and 45.0% were female, with an overall mean age of 40.3±9.21 years. The VAS score in Group A was 0.82±0.26 compared to 2.30±0.71 in group B (P <0.000). And at first follow-up, the VAS score was 0.13±0.05 and 1.25±0.33 in groups A and B, respectively.   The length of hospital stay was 1.39±0.44 and 1.98±2.50 in groups A and B, respectively. CONCLUSION Intra-operative epidural steroid is beneficial in reducing post-operative pain and hospital stay

Blending Old and New Teaching Methods and Tools in Medical Education

OBJECTIVES To identify a preference for current teaching methods and use new teaching aids through feedback by medical students and teachers of first and second-year MBBS. METHODOLOGY This cross-sectional study was conducted on 91 MBBS students and teachers of Nowshera Medical College (NMC), Nowshera. Both male and female students and teachers of NMC of class first and second-year MBBS participated in the study. A feedback proforma-based questionnaire was filled out by all the participants online using Google forms. Participants were given the option to select more than one option in the case of the mode of teaching and tool of teaching. The data was collected, analyzed and presented in tabular and graphical forms using SPSS version 23. RESULTS Out of the 91 participants who responded to our research, 45 (49.5%) were males, and 46(50.5%) were female. The majority, 74 (81.3%), were MBBS students, while 17(18.7%) were MBBS teachers. Most of the participants selected more than one option. Most 48(52.7%) of the participants preferred lectures as the mode of delivery while 35(38.4%) opted for SGD, for demonstrations 14(15.3%), PBL 33(36.2%), assignments 13(14.2%0 and notes opted by 4(4.39%). 60.4% (55) were selected to use whiteboards and markers. Only 15.3% (14) were in favour of Powerpoint use, dissection 25(27.4%), models 29(31.86%), and figures 11(12%). CONCLUSION Lectures remain the most preferred teaching method in basic medical sciences among teachers and students, along with other teaching methods. Multiple teaching tools must be used during the class instead of solely depending on Powerpoint presentations

Natural Antioxidants: An Update

Antioxidants are the body\u27s defensive mechanism against reactive oxygen species damage, which is typically caused by the different physiological activities that take place within the body. These antioxidants can be obtained from a variety of sources, including the body\u27s own endogenous antioxidants and exogenous dietary sources. Generally, food items and several types of medicinal plants are considered as the sources of natural antioxidants. Natural antioxidants possess wide variety of bioassay properties like anti-cancer, anti-aging, anti-inflammatory etc. The substitution of artificial dietary antioxidants with natural ones in recent decades has increased interest in low-cost raw materials, particularly agricultural-based products, for the discovery of new antioxidants. For both natural and synthetic antioxidants, reports of biological features such as anti-allergic, anti-mutation, anti-cancer and anti-aging activity have been reported. The most significant natural antioxidants come from regularly eating fruits and vegetables, although other plant materials and agricultural waste are also major sources of antioxidants

A new ceramide along with eight known compounds from the roots of Artemisia incisa pamp

A new compound (1) (named as artemceramide-B) together with eight known compounds (taraxerol (2), taraxerol acetate (3), β-sitosterol (4), stigmasterol (5), trans-ethyl caffeate, dracunculin (7), scoparone (8) and isoscopoletin (9) were isolated from an ethanolic extract of the roots of Artemisia incisa Pamp (Asteracae). The structures of the compounds were determined through IR, 1D NMR (1H NMR, 13C NMR) and 2D NMR (COSY, NOESY, HSQC and HMBC) analyses. Accurate mass analyses were done with EI-MS, ESI-MS and acid methanolysis of compound 1 followed by GS-MS studies. The relative stereochemistry of artemceramide-B was determined by comparing its specific rotation and spectroscopic data with the literature. Compounds 1-9 were tested for their anti-bacterial potential against five bacteria strains; Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. Compound 1 (new) (MIC: 0.0157, 0.0313 mg/mL) and 7 (MIC: 0.0815 , 1.000 mg/mL) showed excellent activities against S. epidermidis and S. aureus while compound 9 showed excellent activities (MIC: 0.0700 , 1.234, 1.890 and 2.286 mg/mL) against S. epidermidis,S. aureus, K. pneumoniae and E. coli, respectively. Compound 6 (MIC: 2.000 mg/mL) was found to be active against E. coli while neither of the compounds showed potential activity against B. subtilis

Chemical insights into the synthetic chemistry of five-membered saturated heterocycles—a transition metal–catalyzed approach

Drug design and delivery is primarily based on the hunt for new potent drug candidates and novel synthetic techniques. Recently, saturated heterocycles have gained enormous attention in medicinal chemistry as evidenced by the medicinal drugs listed in the FDA Orange Book. Therefore, the demand for novel saturated heterocyclic syntheses has increased tremendously. Transition metal (TM)–catalyzed reactions have remained the prime priority in heterocyclic syntheses for the last three decades. Nowadays, TM catalysis is well adorned by combining it with other techniques such as bio- and/or enzyme-catalyzed reactions, organocatalysis, or using two different metals in a single catalysis. This review highlights the recent developments of the transition metal–catalyzed synthesis of five-membered saturated heterocycles

The role of hospital service quality in developing the satisfaction of the patients and hospital performance

This paper aimed to examine a conceptual model for the relationships between hospital service quality, patient satisfaction, hospital utilization, and hospital financial performance. A total of 176 hospitals was selected from California State for this study. The standardized performance measures were used together with precisely defined specifications and standardized data collection protocols. First, an exploratory factor analysis with Varimax rotation was performed. The measurement prop-erties were then assessed in a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The analysis results show that quality had a significant effect on satisfaction, which, in turn, affected the financial performance. The results provide support for the previous findings indicated that service quality was positively associated with patient satisfaction and that satisfaction and utilization had a significant positive effect on financial performance. The analysis results provide support for the previous findings that hospital service quality is positively related to patient satisfaction. The findings also show that patient satisfaction and hospital utilization have a significant positive effect on hospital financial performance

SPTBN5, Encoding the βV-Spectrin Protein, Leads to a Syndrome of Intellectual Disability, Developmental Delay, and Seizures

Whole exome sequencing has provided significant opportunities to discover novel candidate genes for intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorders. Variants in the spectrin genes SPTAN1, SPTBN1, SPTBN2, and SPTBN4 have been associated with neurological disorders; however, SPTBN5 gene-variants have not been associated with any human disorder. This is the first report that associates SPTBN5 gene variants (ENSG00000137877: c.266A>C; p.His89Pro, c.9784G>A; p.Glu3262Lys, c.933C>G; p.Tyr311Ter, and c.8809A>T; p.Asn2937Tyr) causing neurodevelopmental phenotypes in four different families. The SPTBN5-associated clinical traits in our patients include intellectual disability (mild to severe), aggressive tendencies, accompanied by variable features such as craniofacial and physical dysmorphisms, autistic behavior, and gastroesophageal reflux. We also provide a review of the existing literature related to other spectrin genes, which highlights clinical features partially overlapping with SPTBN5