9 research outputs found

    ํฐ์ฅ์—์„œ ์•ˆ์™€ํ•˜์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ ์ ˆ๋‹จํ•œํ›„ ์‚ผ์ฐจ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ ˆ์—์„œ์˜ Neuropeptide Y ๋ฉด์—ญ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์น˜์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™์ „๊ณต,1997.Maste

    (The)Expression of NCAM and PGP 9.5 in rat taste buds after irradiation

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์น˜์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™ ์ „๊ณต,2003.Docto

    Correlations between serum lipids and psychiatric symptoms

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ์ •์‹ ์  ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ์ฝœ๋ ˆ์Šคํ…Œ๋กค ๋†๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’์—ฌ ๊ด€์ƒ๋™๋งฅ์งˆํ™˜์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง„ ์ฝœ๋ ˆ์Šคํ…Œ๋กค ๋†๋„์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‚ฌ๊ณ , ์ž์‚ด, ํญ๋ ฅ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ์ฝœ๋ ˆ์Šคํ…Œ๋กค๊ณผ ์ •์‹ ๊ณผ์  ์ฆ์ƒ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ผ์น˜๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ง€๋ฐฉ, ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„์ง€๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์ฝœ๋ ˆ์Šคํ…Œ๋กค๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋”์šฑ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ์ ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ์ฝœ๋ ˆ์Šคํ…Œ๋กค, ์ค‘์„ฑ์ง€๋ฐฉ, ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„์ง€๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์ฝœ๋ ˆ์Šคํ…Œ๋กค ๋†๋„์™€ ์–ด๋–ค ์ •์‹ ๊ณผ์  ์ฆ์ƒ์ด ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ICD-10์˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ฆ์„ฑ, ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์‹ ์ฒดํ˜• ์žฅ์• (๋ถˆ์•ˆ์žฅ์• , ๊ฐ•๋ฐ•์žฅ์• , ์‹ฌํ•œ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ๋ฐ ์ ์‘์žฅ์• , ์‹ ์ฒดํ˜• ์žฅ์• ), ์ •์‹ ๋ณ‘์  ์ฆ์ƒ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ ์—ํ”ผ์†Œ๋“œ, ์ง€์†์  ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์žฅ์• ์˜ ์ง„๋‹จ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ •์‹ ๊ณผ ์™ธ๋ž˜์— ๋‚ด์›ํ•œ 61๋ช…์˜ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ž๊ฐ€๋ณด๊ณ ํ˜• ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์ธ SCL-90-R๊ณผ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์ด ํ”ํžˆ ํ˜ธ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ์ฆ์ƒํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ์ง€์งˆ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •์‹ ๊ณผ์  ์ฆ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ง€์งˆ๊ณผ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ์ฝœ๋ ˆ์Šคํ…Œ๋กค ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๊ฐ ์ฆ์ƒ์ฐจ์›์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ์ฝœ๋ ˆ์Šคํ…Œ๋กค, ์ค‘์„ฑ์ง€๋ฐฉ, ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„์ง€๋‹จ๋ฐฑ๋ฅผ๋ ˆ์Šคํ…Œ๋กค ๋†๋„์™€ SCL-90-R์˜ ์ด์ ๊ณผ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ์ฝœ๋ ˆ์Šคํ…Œ๋กค๊ณผ ์‹ ์ฒด์™€ ์ฆ์ƒ์€ ์–‘์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ๋‚˜์ด์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜์—ฌ๋„ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฆ์ƒ์ฐจ์›๊ณผ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ์ฝœ๋ ˆ์Šคํ…Œ๋กค ๋†๋„์™€๋Š” ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ง€๋ฐฉ, ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„์ง€๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์ฝœ๋ ˆ์Šคํ…Œ๋กค ๋†๋„์™€ ์˜๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ฆ์ƒ์ฐจ์›์€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ์ฝœ๋ ˆ์Šคํ…Œ๋กค ๋†๋„์™€ ์–‘์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์ฆ์ƒํ•ญ๋ชฉ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด (1)๋ชธ์— ํž˜์ด ์—†๋‹ค (2)๋ชธ์— ํ™”๋ˆ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์—ด์ด ๋‚  ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค (3)๋ˆˆ์ด ์นจ์นจํ•˜๊ณ  ํ”ผ๋กœํ•˜๋‹ค (4)์ž…๋ง›์ด ์—†๋‹ค (5)ํŒ”๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„ํ”„๋‹ค (6)์ˆจ์‰ฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ๋ถํ•˜๋‹ค (7)์–ด์ง€๋Ÿฝ๋‹ค ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹ ์ฒด์ฆ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์žฅ์• ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ด๋ฉด์ ์ธ ๋ถ„๋…ธ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ฆ์ƒ์€ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ์ฝœ๋ ˆ์Šคํ…Œ๋กค ๋†๋„์™€ ์Œ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ์ฝœ๋ ˆ์Šคํ…Œ๋กค ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด์„œ ์ฆ์ƒ์ฐจ์›์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์‹ ์ฒด์™€ ์ฆ์ƒ์—์„œ๋งŒ ๋‘ ๊ตฐ๊ฐ„ ์˜๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ •์‹ ๊ณผ์  ์ฆ์ƒ์ค‘ ์‹ ์ฒด์™€ ์ฆ์ƒ์ด ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ์ฝœ๋ ˆ์Šคํ…Œ๋กค๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] Many studies have found that psychological stress produced significant increases in cholesterol in the blood. However recent studies have suggested that lowering cholesterol increased non-illness mortality. Suicide, depression, violence were related with a low cholesterol level, The purpose of this study was to determine which symptoms are correlated with serum concentrations of total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low density lipoprotein(LDL-C). The subjects were 61 Patients with depression, dysthymia, anxiety disorder, and somatoform disorder according to ICD-10 criteria. Their psychiatric symptoms were assessed with SCL-90-R and an additional symptoms check. Their fasting serum concentration of cholesterol, triglyceride and HDL-C were obtained. The corrrelation between seam concentration of lipids and psychiatric symptoms were analyzed using Pearson's correlation test. The results showed a significant positive correlation between somatization symptom ์•ผmension and serum cholesterol concentration, although there were no correlation between total SCL-90-R score and serum cholesterol. Also serum cholesterol concentrations were also negatively correlated with suppressed anger. Serum concentrations of triglyceride and HDL-C were not correlated with any symptom dimensions of SCL-90-R. These results suggest that somatization symptoms have some relationship with serum cholesterol. The future study may be necessary between somatization or suppressed anger and sew cholesterol levels.restrictio

    ์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ๋ณ‘์˜ ์ง„๋‹จ ํ‘œ์ง€์ž ๋ฐœ๊ตด ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ๋ณ‘์ธ๊ณผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) --์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ์ƒํ™”ํ•™,2008.2.Maste

    Cortical information transmission during tic suppression in boys with Tourette's syndrome

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/๋ฐ•์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€]์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉ์ : ๋šœ๋ › ์žฅ์• ๋Š” ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์šด๋™ ํ‹ฑ๊ณผ ์Œ์„ฑ ํ‹ฑ์„ ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋งŒ์„ฑ์ ์ธ ์‹ ๊ฒฝํ•™์ ์ธ ์งˆํ™˜์ด๋‹ค. ๋šœ๋ › ์žฅ์• ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌ๋Š”, ๊ธฐ์ €ํ•ต์˜ ์ด์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ทธ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ํ”ผ์งˆ-๊ธฐ์ €ํ•ต-์‹œ์ƒ ํ”ผ์งˆ ํšŒ๋กœ(Cortico-Striatal-Thalamocortical Circuit, CSTC)์˜ ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ํ”ผ์งˆ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ๋šœ๋ › ์žฅ์•  ์•„๋™์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋‡ŒํŒŒ์˜ ๋น„์„ ํ˜• ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋šœ๋ › ์žฅ์•  ์•„๋™์—์„œ ํ‹ฑ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ํ”ผ์งˆ ๋‚ด ์ •๋ณด ์ „๋‹ฌ์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ์•Œ์•„ ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•: ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์€ DSM-IV์˜ ํˆฌ๋ › ์žฅ์• ์˜ ์ง„๋‹จ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ๋งŒ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” 8์„ธ-12์„ธ ์•„๋™ 11๋ช…๊ณผ ์ •์ƒ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ 10๋ช…์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ƒ๊ตฐ์—๊ฒŒ ์ •์‹ ๊ณผ์  ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ์ž„์ƒ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ํœด์‹์‹œ์™€ ํ‹ฑ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ๋‡ŒํŒŒ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋น„์„ ํ˜• ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋น„์„ ํ˜• ๋ถ„์„์€ ๊ฐ ์˜์—ญ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ •๋ณด ์ „๋‹ฌ์˜ ์ •๋„์™€ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ ์ „๋‹ฌ(Trasfer Entropy:TE)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํœด์‹์‹œ ๋šœ๋ › ์žฅ์• ์™€ ์ •์ƒ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ ์ „๋‹ฌ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ  ๋šœ๋ › ์žฅ์• ์—์„œ ํ‹ฑ ์–ต์ œ์‹œ ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ ์ „๋‹ฌ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค.๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํœด์‹์‹œ ๋šœ๋ › ์žฅ์•  ํ™˜์ž๊ตฐ์€ ์ •์ƒ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋‡ŒํŒŒ ์ „๊ทน์—์„œ ์˜๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ ์ „๋‹ฌ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋šœ๋ › ์žฅ์•  ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ์ •๋ณด์ „๋‹ฌ์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์€ ์ขŒ์šฐ ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ์ ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ „๋‘์—ฝ๊ณผ ์ธก๋‘์—ฝ์—์„œ ์ „๋‘์—ฝ(Fz, F8)๊ณผ ์ธก๋‘์—ฝ(T3,T4)์œผ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋šœ๋ › ์žฅ์• ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ํ‹ฑ ์–ต์ œ์‹œ์—๋Š” ํœด์‹์ƒํƒœ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ๋ถ€์œ„์—์„œ ์ขŒ์šฐ ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ์ ์ธ ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ ์ „๋‹ฌ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๋‘์—ฝ(Fp1,F7,F3,F8),์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜์—ญ(Cz,Fz), ์ธก๋‘์—ฝ(T3,T4)์—์„œ ์ „๋‘์—ฝ(Fz,F7,F3), ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜์—ญ(C3,Cz,C4), ์ธก๋‘์—ฝ์œผ๋กœ(T3,T4) ํ–ฅํ•˜๋Š” ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ ์ „๋‹ฌ๊ฐ’์€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ „๋‘์—ฝ(Fp2,F3,F3), ์ธก๋‘์—ฝ(T5), ์ค‘์‹ฌ ์˜์—ญ(Cz), ๋‘์ •์—ฝ(P3,P4)์—์„œ ์ขŒ์ธก ์ธก๋‘์—ฝ(T5), ์ขŒ์ธก ํ›„๋‘์—ฝ(O1), ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜์—ญ(Cz)์œผ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•˜๋Š” ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ ์ „๋‹ฌ๊ฐ’์€ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค.๊ฒฐ ๋ก  ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋šœ๋ › ์žฅ์•  ์•„๋™์—์„œ ๋‡ŒํŒŒ์˜ ๋น„์„ ํ˜• ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ‹ฑ ์–ต์ œ์‹œ ๋Œ€๋‡Œํ”ผ์งˆ ์ •๋ณด์ „๋‹ฌ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ์ฒซ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ด๋‹ค. ํ‹ฑ ์–ต์ œ์‹œ์—๋Š” ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ํ”ผ์งˆ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ์ •๋ณด์ „๋‹ฌ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํŠนํžˆ ์ „๋‘์—ฝ๊ณผ ์ธก๋‘์—ฝ์—์„œ ํ”ผ์งˆ ์ •๋ณด ์ „๋‹ฌ์ด ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์กŒ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]Background : Tourette Syndrome(TS) is a chronic neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by multiple motor and vocal tics with onset in childhood. Substantial evidences suggest TS as a disorder of Cortico-Striatal-Thalamocortical Circuit(CSTC).Objective : The aim of this study was to investigate the cortical mechanism underlying tic suppression in drug na๏ผŸve boys with TS using new nonlinear analysis of EEGs, be called ๏ผŸransfer Entropy(TE)๏ผŸ which can detect the directed exchange of information between two systems.Method : Subjects were 11 drug na๏ผŸve boys with DSM-IV diagnosis of TS(mean age๏ผŸ.D=9.64๏ผŸ1.51) and 10 control boys(mean age๏ผŸ S.D=9.5๏ผŸ1.21 years). Clinical assessment included Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorder and Schizophrenia-Present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL), the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale, Korean Child Behavior Checklist (K-CBCL) and IQ tests(KEDI-WISC-III).EEGs were recorded from 19 scalp loci of the international 10-20 systems. We recorded EEGs of TS patients in resting state for 5 minutes and tic suppressed state for 5 minutes. We also recorded EEG of control subject in resting state for 5 minutes. The mean values of TE in each channels were estimated for this EEG time-series data. Mann Whitney U test and Non-parametrical two-related-samples test were implemented to investigate differences of mean TE values between TS and control in resting state and difference between tic suppression and resting state in TS patients using SPSSWIN13.0.Result : Elevated TE was found from multiple channels to superior temporal area (T3, T4) and frontal area(Fz,F8) in resting state of TS compared with normal control. Elevated TE was found from multiple channels including frontal area to frontal, temporal and central areas( Fz, F7,T3, C3,Cz,C4 and T4), and decreased TE was found from multiple area to left temporal, left occipital and central areas(Cz, T5,O1) during the voluntary suppression of tics in TS.Conclusion : Significant asymmetrical cortical information transmission was observed between multiple EEG channels during tic suppression in TS as well as resting state of TS compared with normal control. This findings suggests that the pathogenesis of tics involved an impaired modulation of neuronal activity in subcortical neural circuit. EEG analysis using TE can be a useful tool to investigation of cortical mechanism of tic suppression.ope

    A Review on the Characteristics of Working Memory of Students with Disabilities in Elementary School

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