59 research outputs found
The Effect of Annealing Heat Treatment Affecting to Corrosion Resistance of Copper and Copper Alloy
Copper is a well known alloying element that is used to improve the resistance to general corrosion of stainless steel as well as copper alloy. And Cu cation have the anti-fouling effect to inhibit adhesion of marine algae and shellfish to the surface of heat exchanger cooling pipe or outside wall of the ship. Therefore there are some anti-fouling methods using the copper such as anti-fouling paint mixed with copper oxide or MGPS(Marine Growth Preventing System) by using Cu cation dissolved to the sea water solution.
However, although a copper have the anti-fouling effect, it cannot be avoided that copper and copper alloy materials were inevitably corroded in sea water solution with dissolved oxygen or chloride ion when a heat exchanger was constructed with copper and copper alloy for anti-fouling. Therefore in order to get the synergic effect of the anti-fouling as well as corrosion resistance it is necessary to improve corrosion resistance of copper and copper alloy by some optimum methods.
In this study, the annealing heat treatment to promote the corrosion resistance in sea water solution was investigated with a electrochemical point of view.
Annealing heat treatment was carried out with parameters of heating temperature such as 100β, 200β, 700β, 800β, 900β and 1000β for 1 hr. The corrosion resistance was evaluated with electrochemical methods such as variation of corrosion potential, anodic and cathodic polarization curves, cyclic voltammogram, AC impedance, SEM photograph and vickers hardness measurement etc.
Chapter 3.1 shows the effect of annealing heat treatment to the corrosion resistance of pure copper.
The grain size of the surface at 700β annealing temperature was the smallest than that of other annealing temperatures, and the corrosion potential showed more positive potential than that of other annealing temperatures.
The galvanic current between Ti and Cu with annealing temperature at 700β was the largest value in case of non-flow condition, however in case of flow condition its value was the smallest than that of the other temperatures. Therefore in order to increase anti-fouling effect by Cu cation, in non-flow condition of sea water, the optimum annealing temperature was 700β for one hour, however in case of flow condition non heat treatment might be desirable.
In chapter 3.2, the corrosion resistance with annealing heat treatment was investigated about Cu-10%Ni alloy.
Vickers hardness value was decreased with increasing of heating temperature. However corrosion resistance showed the increasing tendency with increasing of heating temperature. Especially it was shown that corrosion resistance was clearly promoted by annealing temperature at 1000β more than other temperatures.
Annealing temperature at 200β, vickers hardness increased than other temperatures and corrosion resistance was slightly improved compared to the no heat treatment. So in case of considering the mechanical property as well as corrosion resistance, it is considered that the desirable heating temperature may be 200β .
Chapter 3.3 was examined about Cu-30%Ni alloy in sea water solution with a electrochemical point of view.
Vickers hardness was decreased with increasing heating temperature the same as Cu-10%Ni alloy. However in annealing temperature at 200β, vickers hardness contrary increased than both no heat treatment and other heating temperature. The improvement of corrosion resistance was also observed with annealing heat treatment the same as Cu-10%Ni alloy. Especially in case of Cu-30%Ni alloy, corrosion resistance was apparently improved in annealing heat treatment at 1000β. Thus to improve the corrosion resistances in sea water as well as anti-fouling effect, the annealing heat treatment may be important for Cu-30%Ni alloy . Eventually, it is necessary to perform the annealing heat treatment for corrosion resistance improvement of Cu-Ni alloy material which is being used as a heat exchanger having the anti-fouling effect.λͺ© μ°¨ = β
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2.1.2. μκ·Ήκ³Ό μκ·Ήμ μ μ = 10
2.1.3. λΆμμ λ°μ = 11
2.1.4. κΈ°μ λ ₯ κ³μ΄κ³Ό κ°λ°λ κ³μ΄ = 13
2.1.5. λΆμμ μ§μ μ’
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2.1.6. λΆμμ μ’
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2.1.7. μ μ(potential) = 23
2.1.8. μ μ-pHλ = 27
2.1.9. λΆκ·Ή(polarization) = 29
2.1.10. μνΌλμ€(impedance) = 34
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2.2.1. ꡬ리(ι
copper)μ λΆμνΉμ± = 45
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3.1.1. μ°κ΅¬λͺ©μ λ° λ°°κ²½ = 55
3.1.2. μ€νλ°©λ² = 55
3.1.3. μ€νκ²°κ³Ό λ° κ³ μ°° = 56
3.1.4. κ²°λ‘ = 77
3.2. Cu-10%Ni ν©κΈμ λ΄μμ±μ λ―ΈμΉλ μ΄μ²λ¦¬μ μν₯ = 78
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3.2.2. μ€νλ°©λ² = 79
3.2.3. μ€νκ²°κ³Ό λ° κ³ μ°° = 80
3.2.4. κ²°λ‘ = 132
3.3. Cu-30%Ni ν©κΈμ λ΄μμ±μ λ―ΈμΉλ μ΄μ²λ¦¬μ μν₯ = 133
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3.3.2. μ€νλ°©λ² = 134
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3.3.4. κ²°λ‘ = 189
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Automatic Registration between Maxillofacial Cone-Beam CT and Dental Impression via Deep-Pose Estimation and Local Alignment Similarities
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Όλ¬Έ(μμ¬)--μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ :곡과λν μ»΄ν¨ν°κ³΅νλΆ,2020. 2. μ μκΈΈ.μ»΄ν¨ν° λ¨μΈ΅ 촬μ(Computed Tomography, CT) ꡬκ°μ
μλ©΄ μμκ³Ό κ΅¬κ° μΈμ λͺ¨λΈ μ¬μ΄μ μμ μ ν©μ μνλνΈ, κ΅μ , μΉκ³Όμμ μνλλ μΈκ³Όμ μμ λ±μ κ³νμ μ립νλλ° νμμ μΈ μν μ νκ³ μλ€.
κ·Έλ¬λ μ ν©μ μννλ λ° νμν 곡ν΅λ λΆλΆμ ν΄λΉνλ μΉμ μμμ λΆν μ΄ μ΄λ ΅κ³ , CT μμμ μ‘΄μ¬νλ κΈμλ¬Ό νμ(Metal Artifact)μ μ‘΄μ¬λ‘ μΈν΄ μΌλ°μ μΌλ‘ μ¬μ©μμ κ°μ
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Όλ¬Έμμλ CT μμκ³Ό κ΅¬κ° μΈμ λͺ¨λΈ μ¬μ΄μμ μμ μλ μμ μ ν©μ μννλ λ°©λ²μ μ μνλ€. νΉμ§μ κ³Ό κ°μ κ²½νμ μΈ μ 보λ₯Ό μ¬μ©νμ§ μκ³ , μ 체 무μΉμ
νμμ λ°μ΄ν°μλ μ¬μ© κ°λ₯ν μ΄κΈ° μ ν©μ μν΄ μ°¨μ μΆμλ 2μ°¨μ μ΄λ―Έμ§μ μ½λ³Όλ£¨μ
μΈκ³΅ μ κ²½λ§(Convolutional Neural Network, CNN)μ μ μ©ν ν, μ 체 μμμ΄ μλ μ§μμ μΌλ‘ μ μλ μμλ€μ κ°λ³ μ ν©μ μ΄μ ν¬ν κ³Όμ μ ν΅ν΄ μ΅μ μ μμμ μ°Ύμ ν μ μμ μΈ μ ν© κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ»λλ€.
μ΄ λ
Όλ¬Έμμ μ μν λ°©λ²μ κΈ°μ‘΄μ λ°©λ²μ λΉκ΅ν κ²°κ³Ό μ΅μ 30.77% μμ μ΅λ 70% ν₯μλ μ νλλ₯Ό μ»μ μ μμλ€.Computerized image registration between maxillofacial cone-beam computed tomography (CT) images and dental impression model is a key element in surgical planning for dental implants, maxillofacial surgery, and orthodontic treatment. However, there are two main challenges to fully automate registration procedure: corresponding area segmentation in a multi-modal environment and robust initial registration. This paper proposes domain reduced deep-pose estimation that aligns 3d pose of images in a projected 2d domain and optimal area selection using local alignment similarity to overcome the aforementioned challenges. Experimental results show that: 1) proposed initial registration is robust to complete- and partial-arch impression 2) proposed procedure improves registration accuracy up to 70% in an image suffering from metal artifacts compare to existing iterative closest point (ICP) based approaches.μ 1μ₯ μλ‘ 1
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5.2 μλ μ ν© μ€ν λ° κ²°κ³Ό λΆμ 28
μ 6μ₯ κ²°λ‘ 36
μ 7μ₯ μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν 37Maste
Research on consumer preference for vehicle AVN product features and extraction of key technologies
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Όλ¬Έ (μμ¬) -- μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ : 곡νμ λ¬Έλνμ μμ©κ³΅νκ³Ό, 2021. 2. ꡬμ€λͺ¨.μλΉμμ μ 보 ν΅μ κΈ°μ νμ© λ₯λ ₯μ΄ ν₯μλκ³ , μλμ°¨μ μ 보 ν΅μ κΈ°μ μ μ©μ΄ μΌλ°νλκ³ μλ μν©μμ, μλΉμμ κΈ°λ₯μ λν λμ μꡬμ¬νμ΄ λ°μλ μ°¨λ μΈν¬ν
μΈλ¨ΌνΈ κ°λ°μ΄ νμνκ² λμλ€.
λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬μμλ μ°¨λ AVN(Audio Video Navigation)μ νμ λν΄ μλΉμκ° μ νΈνλ κΈ°λ₯μ μ°μ μμλ₯Ό μ‘°μ¬νκ³ , μ΄λ₯Ό λ°νμΌλ‘ μ§μ€ μ‘μ±ν΄μΌ ν ν΅μ¬ κΈ°μ λΆμΌλ₯Ό λμΆνλ λ°©μμ μ μνλ€.
μλΉμκ° μ€μνλ€κ³ μκ°νλ AVN μ ν κΈ°λ₯ νμ
μ μν΄ μλ§μ‘΄ μνμ λν μλΉμ 리뷰λ₯Ό λΉ
λ°μ΄ν°λ‘ νμ©νμ¬, μ μ¬ λ리ν΄λ ν λΉ(LDA: latent dirichlet allocation) μκ³ λ¦¬μ¦μ κΈ°λ°μΌλ‘ ν ν ν½ λͺ¨λΈλ§ λΆμμ ν΅ν΄ ν€μλ λ³ ν ν½μ μΆμΆνμκ³ , κ°μ₯ λμ ν ν½ λΉμ€(19.8%)μ Operationμ νλλ‘, Android-auto, Carplay, Radio&Audio, Install, Navigation, Wireless, Upgrade, Camera, Connectivityμ ν ν½λ€μ΄ λΆλ₯λμλ€. μ΄ ν ν½λ€μ κ³ κ°μ λͺ©μλ¦¬λ‘ νμ©ν νμ§ κΈ°λ₯ μ κ°(QFD: quality function deployment)λ₯Ό ν΅ν΄ μλΉμ μꡬ κΈ°λ₯μ μ€νν μ μλ ν΅μ¬ κΈ°μ λΆμΌλ₯Ό λμΆνμμΌλ©°, Multi-Screen, Cartridge, Container, Phone Projection, Multi Modal, Wifi, AR, Bluetooth, HUD, SPM μμ μ°μ μμλ₯Ό κ°λ κΈ°μ λΆμΌκ° μΆμΆλμλ€.
λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬λ νμ§ κΈ°λ₯ μ κ°μ κ³ κ°μ λͺ©μ리 μμ§ λ°©λ²μ μμ΄, κΈ°μ‘΄μ μ£Όλ‘ νμ©λλ 컨쑰μΈνΈ μ‘°μ¬ λ°©μ λ±μ μ€λ¬Έ λ°©μ μ΄μΈμ, LDA ν ν½ λͺ¨λΈλ§μ μν λΉ
λ°μ΄ν° λΆμ λ°©λ²μ νμ©νλ€λ μ μμ κ·Έ λ°©λ²λ‘ μ μμκ° μμΌλ©°, κ·Έ μ°κ΅¬ κ²°κ³Όλ μ°¨λ AVN μ ν μ¬μ
μ ν΅μ¬ κΈ°μ λμΆ λ° μ‘μ±μ λν μμ¬κ²°μ μ μ§μν κ²μΌλ‘ κΈ°λλλ€.As consumers ability to utilize information and communi-
cation technologies has been improved and the applications for automobiles have been generalized, it is necessary to develop vehicle infotainment that reflects the high consumer requirements regarding features. It was investigated the priority of the features required by consumers for vehicle AVN(Audio Video Navigation) products in this research and suggested a plan to derive key technical fields to be intensively trained.
Leveraging consumer reviews of Amazon as big data to identify the features of AVN products that consumers consider important, topics by keywords were extracted by topic modeling analysis based on the LDA(Latent Dirichlet Allocation) algorithm, such as Operation, which is the highest portion of topics(19.8%), Android-auto, Carplay, Radio&Audio, Install, Navigation, Wireless, Upgrade, Camera, and Connectivity. Using these topics as the voice of the customer, QFD(Quality Function Development) derived key technology that could realize consumer demand features and priority was followed by Multi-Screen, Cartridge, Container, Phone Projection, Multi Modal, Wifi, AR, Bluetooth, HUD and SPM.
A big data analysis by LDA topic modeling was used as a method of collecting VoC for QFD in this study instead of the existing method such as the Conjoint survey and it is meaningful from the perspective of methodology. In addition, the research results are expected to support decision-making regarding the derivation and development of key technologies in the vehicle AVN product business.μ 1 μ₯ μλ‘ 1
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Abstract 54Maste
Outcome of 3.5-mm Anatomical Locking Plates for the Treatment of Proximal Tibia Fractures Involving the Meta-Diaphyseal Junction
The clinical and radiological outcomes of proximal tibia fractures involving the meta-diaphyseal junction treated with unilateral 3.5-mm locking precontoured anatomical plates are reported. Thirty-nine patients (41 proximal tibia fractures) who had proximal tibia fractures with complete meta-diaphyseal dissociation were enrolled in the study. For all patients, immediate postoperative and final follow-up simple radiographs were evaluated to determine the quality of the reduction by assessing coronal and sagittal alignment. In cases of intra-articular involvement, articular reduction quality and condylar width were additionally assessed. Clinical outcomes were assessed by knee range of motion and Lysholm knee score at final follow-up. Immediate postoperative radiographs showed satisfactory results: medial proximal tibial angle within 87 degrees +/- 5 degrees in 87.8% (36 of 41), posterior tibia slope within 9 degrees +/- 5 degrees in 85.4% (35 of 41), less than 2-mm articular step or gap in 79.3% (23 of 29), and a condylar width difference within 5 mm compared with the femoral condyles in 93.1% (27 of 29). All reductions but 1 were found to have satisfactory maintenance of the initial reduction. At final follow-up, the mean knee range of motion and Lysholm knee score were 122.5 degrees (range, 100 degrees 135 degrees) and 75.8 (range, 50-100), respectively. A single lateral 3.5-mm plate fixation for proximal tibia fractures involving the meta-diaphyseal junction offers mechanically stable fixation with satisfactory clinical and radiological outcomes
The determinants of quality of life of back pain patients
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κ·Έλ¬λ, μ΄ μ°κ΅¬μ λ¬Έμ μ μ 곡νμ μΈ λͺ©μ μΌλ‘ μ¬μ©λ κ²½μ°, κ° κ°μ²΄κ° 곡ν΅λ κ°ν μ΄λμ μμμΌ νκ³ , μ΄λ μ ν΄μ§ μ±κ³Ό κΈ°μ€μ λ§μ‘±νκΈ° μνμ¬ μ μμ μΈ μ 보λ₯Ό μꡬνλ€λ κ²μ΄λ€. μ΄ λ¬Έμ λ μ μ μ μ΄ μ°κ΅¬μ ``κΉλκΈ° μ μ΄'' κΈ°λ²μ μ±νν¨μΌλ‘μ ν΄κ²°λλ€. μ΄μ κ°μ΄ μ μλ ``κΉλκΈ° 컀νλ§''μ μ°λ¦¬μ μꡬλ₯Ό λ§μ‘±νλ©°, 미리 μ ν΄μ§ μ±κ³Ό κΈ°μ€λ§μΌλ‘ λκΈ°νλ₯Ό μ»μΌλ©°, κ³ΌλκΈ°μ μ±λ₯ λν 보μ₯νλ€. ν₯λ―Έλ‘κ²λ λ€νΈμν¬λ μ΄μ 곡ν΅λ λ΄λΆ λͺ¨λΈ μμ΄λ μ κ·Όμ λκΈ°νλ₯Ό μ»μ μ μλ€.The behavior of heterogeneous multi-agent systems is studied when the coupling matrices are possibly all different and/or singular (that is, its rank is less than the system dimension). Rank-deficient coupling allows the exchange of limited state information, which is suitable for the study of output coupling in multi-agent systems. In the thesis, a coordinate change that transforms the heterogeneous multi-agent system into a singularly perturbed form is presented. The slow dynamics is still a reduced-order multi-agent system consisting of a weighted average of the vector fields of all agents, and some sub-dynamics of agents. The weighted average is an emergent dynamics, which we call a blended dynamics. By analyzing or synthesizing the blended dynamics, one can predict or design the behavior of a heterogeneous multi-agent system when the coupling gain is sufficiently large. For this result, the stability of the blended dynamics is required. Since the stability of the individual agent is not asked, the stability of the blended dynamics is the outcome of trading stability among the agents. It can be seen that, under the stability of the blended dynamics, the initial conditions of individual agents are forgotten as time goes on, and thus, the behavior of the synthesized multi-agent system are initialization-free and suitable for plug-and-play operation.
As a showcase, the proposed tool is applied to problems of analysis and synthesis. To participate in the understanding of a biological system, synchronous and oscillatory behavior of coupled Lienard systems is analyzed and a biological phenomenon that collective behavior is preserved even when there are some malfunctioning elements is illustrated. More detailed results are also given, for the network of heterogeneous Van der Pol oscillators. On the other hand, the tool is also used to synthesize algorithms for distributed state estimation under circumstances, for instance, when there exist a non-vanishing and time-varying measurement noise, or when there exists a malicious sensor attack.
However, the problem in this research is that for an engineering purpose, the common strong gain should be known for each individual, which for some pre-defined performance criteria, requires global knowledge of the network. This problem is resolved by adopting a technique from adaptive control study, the ``funnel control.'' Thus defined ``funnel coupling'' suits our need, and only with pre-defined performance criteria, synchronization is achieved even with guaranteed transient performance. Interestingly, the network can now achieve asymptotic synchronization, even without a common internal model1 Introduction 1
1.1 Research Background 1
1.1.1 Overview of Researches on Synchronization 1
1.1.2 Motivating Questions on Network of Heterogeneous Agents 3
1.2 Contributions and Outline of Dissertation 5
2 Behavior of a Network of Heterogeneous Scalar Systems under Strong Coupling 9
2.1 Problem Formulation 9
2.2 Robustness of Synchronization due to Strong Coupling and a Large Number of Agents 11
2.2.1 Robustness due to Strong Coupling 11
2.2.2 Robustness due to a Large Number of Agents 13
2.3 Utility of the Blended Dynamics Theory 17
2.3.1 Distributed Estimation of the Number of Agents in the Network 17
2.3.2 Distributed Optimization 19
2.4 New Insight into the Blended Dynamics: Quasi-steady-state Subsystem of the Whole Network 20
3 Behavior of a Network of Heterogeneous Systems under Rankdeficient Coupling 23
3.1 Problem Formulation 23
3.2 Coordinate Change for Singularly Perturbed Form 27
3.3 Limiting Behavior of a Network of Heterogeneous Systems under Rank-deficient Coupling and its Robustness 33
3.3.1 Special Cases for Utility 38
3.4 Generalization of Singular Perturbation Theory 41
3.4.1 Singular Perturbation Theory with Contraction Assumption 42
3.4.2 Singular Perturbation Theory with Compact Attractor Assumption 44
4 Analysis of the Synchronous and Oscillatory Behavior of a Biological System 49
4.1 Network of Heterogeneous Nonlinear Oscillators as a Biological Model 49
4.2 Synchronous and Oscillatory Behavior of a Network of Heterogeneous Linard Systems 51
4.2.1 Behaviors of the Blended Dynamics 54
4.2.2 Collective Behaviors of a Network of Heterogeneous Linard Systems 58
4.2.3 Simulation Results 62
4.3 Synchronous and Oscillatory Behavior of a Network of Heterogeneous Van der Pol Oscillators 63
4.3.1 Problem Formulation 63
4.3.2 Behaviors of the Blended Dynamics 69
4.3.3 Collective Behaviors of a Network of Heterogeneous Van der Pol Oscillators 78
5 Synthesis of Distributed State Observer 81
5.1 Problem Formulation 81
5.2 Rank-deficient Distributed State Observer 81
5.3 Distributed State Observer under Measurement Noise: Utilization of Distributed Least-squares Solver 83
5.3.1 Distributed Least-squares Solver 85
5.3.2 Distributed State Observer under Measurement Noise 91
5.3.3 Proofs 95
5.4 Distributed State Observer under Sensor Attacks: Utilization of
Distributed Median Solver 98
5.4.1 Distributed Median Solver 101
5.4.2 Applicable Class of Systems 104
5.4.3 Distributed State Observer under Sensor Attacks 108
6 Limitation and its Possible Solution 119
6.1 Limitation: Common Knowledge on Coupling Gain 119
6.2 Possible Solution: Edge-wise Funnel Coupling Law 121
6.2.1 Synchronization of a Network of Heterogeneous Scalar Systems by Edge-wise Funnel Coupling 122
6.2.2 Recovery of the Blended Dynamics Behavior 134
6.2.3 Simulation Results 138
7 Conclusion of Dissertation 143
APPENDIX 147
A.1 Basic Graph Theory 147
A.2 Simple Proof on Tykhonovs Theorem 152
A.3 Converse Lyapunov Theorem for a Compact Set 155
A.4 Boundedness for Solution of (4.3.7) 158
A.5 Proof on Detectability Decomposition 160
BIBLIOGRAPHY 165
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Όλ¬Έ (μμ¬)-- μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ : 곡과λν ννμ물곡νλΆ, 2018. 2. κΉλν.Homeostasis state regulation is the major role of human nerve and endocrine systems. Several factors such as blood glucose, cortisol hormone levels, electrolyte levels, and body temperature are detected and controlled by these systems. However, failure of human endocrine system causes many chronic diseases such as diabetes, depression, and high fever. Here, bio-inspired wireless platform integrated with wearable biosensor, smartphone networking, and wearable microneedle patch was proposed for artificial homeostasis regulation. Direct electron transfer (DET) electrode have been developed for wearable biosensor using vertically aligned carbon nanotube (VACNT)-graphene (GP)-Au mesh structure for accurate biomarker detection from sweat. In addition, the drug-loaded microneedle is attached with wearable heater patch, enabling transdermal drug delivery with the sensor detection for closed-loop feedback. Finally, all these components are controlled by user-friendly smartphone application that mimic the human nerve system. Artificial regulation platform of human homeostasis provides a helpful tool for preventing chronic disease.1. Introduction . 11
2. Wearable electrochemical biosensors based on DET electrode. 15
2.1 Fabrication of wearable biosensors and characterization of DET electrode 15
2.2 Glucose, cortisol, potassium, temperature sensor based on DET electrode. 19
2.3 User-friendly data sharing with smartphone application. 27
3. Wirelessly-interconnected wearable microneedle patch. 31
3.1 Design and characterization of wearable microneedle patch actuator. 31
3.2 Characterization of wearable microneedle patch. 33
3.3 In vitro drug release test using actuator. 36
3.4 In vivo drug delivery to various type mice 41
4. Experimental section. 44
4.1 Fabrication process of wearable electrochemical biosensors. 44
4.2 Material analysis of DET electrode 44
4.3 Preparation of the electrochemical sensors. 45
4.4 Fabrication process of wearable heater. 47
4.5 Fabrication process of drug-loaded microneedle 47
5. Conclusion. 49
6. References 50Maste
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