140 research outputs found
๋ง์ดํฌ๋ก ๋ฐ๊ด ๋ค์ด์ค๋๋ฅผ ์ํ ์ฌํ์ด์ด ๋๋ ธ ๋ฉค๋ธ๋ ์ธ ์ GaN ์ด์ข ์ฑ์ฅ ์ฐ๊ตฌ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ์ฌ) -- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋ํ ์ฌ๋ฃ๊ณตํ๋ถ, 2021. 2. ์ฅํธ์.III-nitride based semiconductors have advantages such as high quality, high efficiency, and long lifespan, and thus have attracted considerable interest in optoelectronic device applications such as light-emitting diodes, lasers, and solar cells over the past decades. The GaN epitaxial layer is mainly grown on heterogeneous substrates such as Si, SiC, and sapphire because epitaxial growth using the GaN substrate is not possible for economic and technical reasons. Among them, the sapphire substrate is widely used due to its high quality, transparency, and high temperature stability, but many problems arise due to the difference in lattice constant from the epilayer and the difference in thermal expansion coefficient. Due to the difference in lattice constant, high density of threading dislocation that directly affect the efficiency of the optical device are generated in the epilayer, and due to the difference in thermal expansion coefficient, a large compressive stress on the GaN thin film and wafer bow occurs during cooling at room temperature after the epilayer growth at high temperature. These problems hinder the realization of high-efficiency GaN-based optical devices.
Compared to existing display technologies such as liquid crystal displays or organic light emitting diodes, micro light-emitting diodes (micro-LEDs) are in the spotlight as a next-generation display technology because they have excellent characteristics such as high brightness, fast response speed, ultra-high resolution, and low power consumption. In particular, in fields such as virtual reality and augmented reality, which are expected to be highly demanded in the future, displays become closer to the human eye, and ultra-high-definition micro-displays are required. However, low external quantum efficiency (EQE), high level of leakage current, and immature micro-LED transfer technology are obstacles to commercialization. The fabrication of conventional micro-LED uses a plasma etching process to form individual micro-LEDs after growing a LED epilayer on a substrate. Non-radiative recombination is increased by exposure of the multi-quantum wells (MQWs) serving as an active layer, thereby causing high level of leakage current and low external quantum efficiency.
In this study, a substrate with sapphire nano-membrane structures was proposed to obtain a high quality GaN epitaxial layer and to solve the problems of micro-LEDs. The growth of GaN on the sapphire nano-membrane was studied using an metalorganic chemical vapor deposition.
The GaN epitaxial layer grows in various shapes depending on the growth orientation and growth conditions, and various growth facets appear. In order to grow the desired micro-GaN epilayer on the sapphire nanomembrane, the study on growth behavior of GaN was first conducted to understand the growth aspect of the GaN on the sapphire nano-membrane. The fabrication of sapphire nano-membrane was carried out by photolithography, amorphous alumina deposition using atomic layer deposition (ALD), photoresist (PR) removal, and crystallization through a subsequent heat treatment process. The amorphous alumina layer is crystallized into a single crystal -phase alumina (sapphire) through solid phase epitaxy in the heat treatment process. In order to understand the growth behavior according to the growth direction, the growth of GaN was observed by varying the angle of the stripe pattern. The fastest lateral growth rate was seen in the stripe-shaped sapphire nano-membrane along with the sapphire [112 ฬ
0] direction, and it was confirmed that the lateral growth rate repeats the maximum and the minimum every 30ยบ rotation. By measuring the growth rate of facets formed differently depending on the direction, it could be understood that the growth shape of GaN was different according to the orientation. In addition, GaN grown in the bottom region between the membrane patterns was also observed. The Ga diffusion to the bottom region was inhibited by the GaN layer grown laterally on the membrane, showing the possibility that the GaN layer could be removed from the substrate by breaking the sapphire nano-membrane.
Secondly, a discrete micro-sized GaN layers were grown by designing a pattern, based on an understanding of the growth behavior on the sapphire nano-membrane. Since the sapphire nano-membrane was a closed structure, ashing method using an oxygen plasma was proposed to remove the PR. By controlling the thickness and density of the membrane, the PR removal rate was observed, and as a result, sapphire nano-membrane of various sizes could be successfully manufactured using suitable conditions. The direction and size of the pattern were appropriately designed using the direction with the fastest and slowest lateral growth rates, and the GaN layers were merged only in the desired area, so that the micro-GaN separated from each other was grown. The micro-GaN layer had a 40% decrease in threading dislocation density (TDD) and a 36.5% increase in photoluminescence (PL) intensity compared to GaN grown on a planar sapphire substrate.
Finally, a discrete core-shell-like micro-LED array was grown on the 100 nm-thick sapphire nano-membrane without a harmful plasma etching process. It was confirmed that the sidewalls of MQWs were protected by p-GaN, and self-passivation by p-GaN is expected to prevent the decrease in EQE caused by the plasma etching process. TDD in the micro-LED formed on sapphire nano-membrane was reduced by 59.6% due to the sapphire nano-membranes, which serve as compliant substrates, compared to GaN formed on a planar substrate. In addition, Enhancements in internal quantum efficiency by 44% and 3.3 times higher PL intensity were also observed from it. Cathodic emission of 435 nm was measured in the c-plane multi-quantum well, while negligible levels of emission were observed in the lateral semipolar plane. Cathodoluminescence emission at 435 nm was measured from c-plane multiple quantum wells (MQWs), whereas negligible emissions were detected from semi-polar sidewall facets. A core-shell-like MQWs were formed on all facets, hopefully lowering concentration of non-radiative surface recombination centers and reducing leakage current paths. This study provides an groundbreaking platform for micro-LEDs by using sapphire nano-membrane.3์กฑ ์งํ๋ฌผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด๋ ๊ณ ํ์ง, ๋์ ํจ์จ, ๊ธด ์๋ช
๋ฑ์ ์ฅ์ ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์์ด ์ง๋ ์์ญ ๋
๋์ ๋ฐ๊ด ๋ค์ด์ค, ๋ ์ด์ , ํ์์ ์ง ๋ฑ ๊ด์ ์ ์์ ์์ฉ ๋ถ์ผ์์ ์๋นํ ๊ด์ฌ์ ๋ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์งํ๊ฐ๋ฅจ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ์ํผ์ธต์ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ , ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ธ ์ด์ ๋ก ๋์ข
๊ธฐํ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ ์ํผ ์ฑ์ฅ์ด ๋ถ๊ฐ๋ฅํ์ฌ ์ฃผ๋ก Si, SiC ๋ฐ Sapphire์ ๊ฐ์ ์ด์ข
๊ธฐํ์์ ์ฑ์ฅํ๋ค. ๊ทธ ์ค์์ ์ฌํ์ด์ด ๊ธฐํ์ ๊ณ ํ์ง, ํฌ๋ช
์ฑ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์จ ์์ ์ฑ์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ๊ด๋ฒ์ํ๊ฒ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋๋ฐ ์ํผ์ธต๊ณผ์ ๊ฒฉ์ ์์ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์ดํฝ์ฐฝ ๊ณ์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ก ์ธํด ๋ง์ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ๋ค์ด ๋ฐ์ํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ๊ฒฉ์์์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ก ์ธํ์ฌ ๊ด์์ ํจ์จ์ ์ง์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ๊ณ ๋ฐ๋์ ์ ์ ๊ฒฐํจ์ด ์ํผ์ธต ๋ด์ ์์ฑ๋๊ณ ์ดํฝ์ฐฝ ๊ณ์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ก ์ธํ์ฌ ๊ณ ์จ์์์ ์ํผ์ธต ์ฑ์ฅ ํ ์์จ ๋๊ฐ ์์ ๊ธฐํ ํจ ํ์๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ๋ฐ๋ง์ ํฐ ์์ถ ์๋ ฅ์ด ์์ฉํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ์ด๋ ์งํ๊ฐ๋ฅจ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ๊ด์์์ ๊ตฌํ์ ๋ฐฉํดํ๋ค.
๋ง์ดํฌ๋ก ๋ฐ๊ด ๋ค์ด์ค๋๋ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋์คํ๋ ์ด ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์ก์ ํ์ ์ฅ์น๋ ์ ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ๊ด ๋ค์ด์ค๋์ ๋นํด ๊ณ ํ๋, ๋น ๋ฅธ ์๋ต ์๋, ์ด๊ณ ํด์๋ ๊ตฌํ ๊ฐ๋ฅ, ๋ฎ์ ์ ๋ ฅ ์๋ชจ ๋ฑ ์ฐ์ํ ํน์ฑ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์์ด ์ฐจ์ธ๋ ๋์คํ๋ ์ด ๊ธฐ์ ๋ก ๊ฐ๊ด๋ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค. ํนํ, ์์ผ๋ก ๋ง์ ์์๊ฐ ๊ธฐ๋๋๋ ๊ฐ์ ํ์ค๊ณผ ์ฆ๊ฐ ํ์ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๋ถ์ผ์์๋ ๋์คํ๋ ์ด๊ฐ ์ฌ๋์ ๋์ ๊ฐ๊น์์ง๋ฉฐ, ์ด๊ณ ํ์ง์ ๋ง์ดํฌ๋ก ๋์คํ๋ ์ด๋ฅผ ์๊ตฌํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง, ๋ฎ์ ์ธ๋ถ์์ํจ์จ, ๋์ ์์ค์ ๋์ค ์ ๋ฅ ๋ฐ ๋ฏธ์ํ ๋ง์ดํฌ๋ก ๋ฐ๊ด ๋ค์ด์ค๋ ์ ์ฌ ๊ธฐ์ ๋ฑ์ด ์์ฉํ์ ๊ฑธ๋ฆผ๋์ด ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ง์ดํฌ๋ก ๋ฐ๊ด ๋ค์ด์ค๋ ์ ์์ ๊ธฐํ ์์ ๋ฐ๊ด ๋ค์ด์ค๋ ์ํผ์ธต์ ์ฑ์ฅํ ํ, ๊ฐ๋ณ ๋ง์ดํฌ๋ก ๋ฐ๊ด ๋ค์ด์ค๋๋ฅผ ํ์ฑํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ ํ๋ผ์ฆ๋ง ์๊ฐ ๊ณต์ ์ ์ด์ฉํ๋ค. ์ด๋ ํ์ฑ์ธต ์ญํ ์ ํ๋ ๋ค์ค์์์ฐ๋ฌผ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ธ๋ถ์ ๋๋ฌ๋๊ฒ ํ์ฌ ๋น๋ฐ๊ด ์ฌ๊ฒฐํฉ์ ์ฆ๊ฐ์ํค๊ณ ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๋ฎ์ ์ธ๋ถ์์ํจ์จ๊ณผ ๋์ ์์ค์ ๋์ค ์ ๋ฅ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ํ๊ฒ ํ๋ค.
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ์ฌํ์ด์ด ๋๋
ธ๋ฉค๋ธ๋ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ ํ์ฑ๋ ๊ธฐํ์ ์ ์ํ์ฌ ๊ณ ํ์ง์ ์งํ๊ฐ๋ฅจ ์ํผ์ธต์ ์ป๊ณ ๋ง์ดํฌ๋ก ๋ฐ๊ด ๋ค์ด์ค๋์ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ๋ค์ ํด๊ฒฐํ๊ณ ์ ํ์๋ค. ์ฌํ์ด์ด ๋๋
ธ๋ฉค๋ธ๋ ์ธ ์์ ์งํ๊ฐ๋ฅจ ์ฑ์ฅ์ ์ ๊ธฐ๊ธ์ํํ์ฆ์ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ์ฐ๊ตฌํ์๋ค.
์งํ๊ฐ๋ฅจ ์ํผ์ธต์ ์ฑ์ฅ์ ์ฑ์ฅ ๋ฐฉํฅ๊ณผ ์ฑ์ฅ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ค์ํ ๋ชจ์ต์ผ๋ก ์ฑ์ฅํ๋ฉฐ, ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ ๋ฉด๋ค์ด ๋ํ๋๋ค. ์ฌํ์ด์ด ๋๋
ธ๋ฉค๋ธ๋ ์ธ ์์ ์ํ๋ ํํ์ ๋ง์ดํฌ๋ก ์งํ๊ฐ๋ฅจ ์ํผ์ธต์ ์ฑ์ฅํ๊ธฐ ์ํด, ๋จผ์ ์ฌํ์ด์ด ๋๋
ธ๋ฉค๋ธ๋ ์ธ ์ ์งํ๊ฐ๋ฅจ์ ์ฑ์ฅ ์์์ ์ดํดํ๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์งํํ์๋ค. ์ฌํ์ด์ด ๋๋
ธ๋ฉค๋ธ๋ ์ธ ์ ์์ ํฌํ ๋ฆฌ์๊ทธ๋ํผ, ์์์ธต ์ฆ์ฐฉ ์ฅ๋น๋ฅผ ํ์ฉํ ๋น์ ์ง ์๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋ ์ฆ์ฐฉ, ํฌํ ๋ฆฌ์ง์คํธ ์ ๊ฑฐ, ํ์ ์ด์ฒ๋ฆฌ ๊ณต์ ์ ํตํ ๊ฒฐ์ ํ๋ก ์งํ๋๋ค. ๋น์ ์ง ์๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋์ธต์ ์ด์ฒ๋ฆฌ ๊ณผ์ ์์ ๊ณ ์์ํผํ์๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ฌํ์ด์ด ๊ธฐํ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๋จ๊ฒฐ์ ์ํ์ ์๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋์ธต์ผ๋ก ๊ฒฐ์ ํ๋๋ค. ์ฑ์ฅ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฑ์ฅ ๊ฑฐ๋์ ํ์
ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด, ์คํธ๋ผ์ดํ ํจํด์ ๊ฐ๋๋ฅผ ๋ค์ํ๊ฒ ๋ฐ๊พธ๋ฉฐ ์งํ๊ฐ๋ฅจ์ ์ฑ์ฅ์ ๊ด์ฐฐํ์๋ค. ์ฌํ์ด์ด [112 ฬ
0] ๋ฐฉํฅ์ ์คํธ๋ผ์ดํ ํํ ์ฌํ์ด์ด ๋๋
ธ๋ฉค๋ธ๋ ์ธ์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์ธก๋ฉด ์ฑ์ฅ ์๋๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ ์์๊ณ , 30๋ ํ์ ํ ๋๋ง๋ค ์ธก๋ฉด ์ฑ์ฅ ์๋๊ฐ ์ต๊ณ ์ ์ต์๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ณตํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ํ์ธํ์๋ค. ๋ฐฉํฅ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ค๋ฅด๊ฒ ํ์ฑ๋๋ ์งํ๊ฐ๋ฅจ ๊ฒฐ์ ๋ฉด๋ค์ ์ฑ์ฅ ์๋๋ฅผ ์ธก์ ํ์ฌ ์งํ๊ฐ๋ฅจ์ ์ฑ์ฅ ํํ๊ฐ ๋ฌ๋ผ์ง๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ดํดํ ์ ์์๋ค. ๋ํ, ๋ฉค๋ธ๋ ์ธ ํจํด ์ฌ์ด์ ๋ฐ๋ฅ ์์ญ์์ ์ฑ์ฅํ ์งํ๊ฐ๋ฅจ๋ ๊ด์ฐฐํ์๋ค. ์ธก๋ฉด ์ฑ์ฅ์ด ์ํํ๊ฒ ์งํ๋ ๋ฉค๋ธ๋ ์ธ ์ ์งํ๊ฐ๋ฅจ์ธต์ ์ํ์ฌ ๋ฐ๋ฅ ์์ญ์ผ๋ก์ ๊ฐ๋ฅจ ํ์ฐ์ด ์ ํด๋์๊ณ , ์ด๋ ์ฌํ์ด์ด ๋๋
ธ๋ฉค๋ธ๋ ์ธ์ ๋ถ๋ฌ๋จ๋ ค ์งํ๊ฐ๋ฅจ์ธต์ ๊ธฐํ์์ ๋ผ์ด๋ผ ์ ์๋ค๋ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ์๋ค.
๋ค์์ผ๋ก, ์ฌํ์ด์ด ๋๋
ธ๋ฉค๋ธ๋ ์ธ ์ ์ฑ์ฅ ์์์ ๋ํ ์ดํด๋ฅผ ํ ๋๋ก ํจํด์ ์ค๊ณํ์ฌ ์๋ก ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ง์ดํฌ๋ก ํฌ๊ธฐ์ ์งํ๊ฐ๋ฅจ์ธต์ ์ฑ์ฅํ์๋ค. ์ฌํ์ด์ด ๋๋
ธ๋ฉค๋ธ๋ ์ธ์ด ๋งํ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ด๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ํฌํ ๋ฆฌ์ง์คํธ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ฑฐํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ์ฐ์ ํ๋ผ์ฆ๋ง ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ ์ํ์๋ค. ๋ฉค๋ธ๋ ์ธ์ ๋๊ป์ ๋ฐ๋๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ํ๋ฉฐ ํฌํ ๋ฆฌ์ง์คํธ์ ์ ๊ฑฐ ์๋๋ฅผ ๊ด์ฐฐํ์๊ณ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ํฉํ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ๋ค์ํ ํฌ๊ธฐ์ ์ฌํ์ด์ด ๋๋
ธ๋ฉค๋ธ๋ ์ธ์ ์ฑ๊ณต์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ํ ์ ์์๋ค. ์ธก๋ฉด ์ฑ์ฅ ์๋๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋น ๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉํฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋๋ฆฐ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ํจํด์ ๋ฐฉํฅ๊ณผ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์ ํ ์ค๊ณํ์๊ณ ์ํ๋ ์์ญ์์๋ง ์งํ๊ฐ๋ฅจ์ธต์ด ํฉ์ณ์ง๊ฒ ํ์ฌ ์๋ก ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ง์ดํฌ๋ก ํฌ๊ธฐ์ ์งํ๊ฐ๋ฅจ์ด ์ฑ์ฅํ๊ฒ ํ์๋ค. ๋ง์ดํฌ๋ก ํฌ๊ธฐ์ ์งํ๊ฐ๋ฅจ์ธต์ ํ๋ฉด ์ฌํ์ด์ด ๊ธฐํ์์ ์ฑ์ฅํ ์งํ๊ฐ๋ฅจ์ ๋นํด ๊ดํต์ ์ ๋ฐ๋๊ฐ 40% ๊ฐ์ํ์๊ณ , ๊ด ๋ฐ๊ด ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ 36.5% ์ฆ๊ฐํ์๋ค.
๋ง์ง๋ง์ผ๋ก, 100 nm ๋๊ป์ ์ฌํ์ด์ด ๋๋
ธ๋ฉค๋ธ๋ ์ธ ์์ ๋ง์ดํฌ๋ก ๋ฐ๊ด ๋ค์ด์ค๋ ์ด๋ ์ด๋ฅผ ํด๋ก์ด ํ๋ผ์ฆ๋ง ์๊ฐ ๊ณต์ ์์ด ์ฑ์ฅํ์๋ค. ์๋ก ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋์ด ์ฑ์ฅํ ๋ง์ดํฌ๋ก ๋ฐ๊ด ๋ค์ด์ค๋์ ์ธก๋ฉด ๋ค์ค์์์ฐ๋ฌผ ์ธต์ pํ ์งํ๊ฐ๋ฅจ์ ์ํด ๋ณดํธ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ ํ์ธํ์๊ณ ์ด๋ ํ๋ผ์ฆ๋ง ์๊ฐ ๊ณต์ ์ผ๋ก ์ธํ ๊ด ํจ์จ์ ์ ํ๋ฅผ ๋ง์ ์ ์์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ๋๋๋ค. ์ฌํ์ด์ด ๋๋
ธ๋ฉค๋ธ๋ ์ธ ์์ ์ฑ์ฅํ ๋ง์ดํฌ๋ก ๋ฐ๊ด ๋ค์ด์ค๋์ ๊ดํต์ ์ ๋ฐ๋๋ ํ๋ฉด ์ฌํ์ด์ด ๊ธฐํ ์์ ์ฑ์ฅํ ๋ฐ๊ด ๋ค์ด์ค๋์ ๋นํด 59.6% ๊ฐ์ํ์๋ค. ๋ํ, ๋ด๋ถ์์ํจ์จ์ด 44% ํฅ์๋์๊ณ ๊ด ๋ฐ๊ด ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ 3.3๋ฐฐ ์ฆ๊ฐํ ๊ฒ์ ๊ด์ฐฐํ์๋ค. 435 nm์ ์๊ทน ๋ฐ๊ด ๋ฐฉ์ถ์ด c๋ฉด ๋ค์ค์์์ฐ๋ฌผ์์ ์ธก์ ๋ ๋ฐ๋ฉด, ์ธก๋ฉด์ ๋ฐ๊ทน์ฑ๋ฉด์์ ๋ฌด์ํ ์ ์๋ ์์ค์ ๋ฐฉ์ถ์ด ๊ด์ธก๋์๋ค. ์ฝ์ด์ ํํ์ ๋ค์ค์์์ฐ๋ฌผ์ด ๋ชจ๋ ๋ฉด์ ํ์ฑ๋์ด ์์ด ๋น๋ณต์ฌ ํ๋ฉด ์ฌ๊ฒฐํฉ์ ๊ฐ์์ํค๊ณ ๋์ค ์ ๋ฅ ๊ฒฝ๋ก๋ฅผ ์ค์ด๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํตํด, ์ฌํ์ด์ด ๋๋
ธ๋ฉค๋ธ๋ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ ์ด ๋ง์ดํฌ๋ก ๋ฐ๊ด ๋ค์ด์ค๋๋ฅผ ์ํ ํ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ํ๋ซํผ ๊ธฐ์ ๋ก ๋ฐ์ ๋ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ๊ธฐ๋ํ๋ค.Chapter 1. Introduction 1
1.1 III-nitride semiconductors 1
1.1.1 General properties of III-nitride materials 1
1.1.2 GaN based LEDs and micro-LEDs 2
1.2 Technical issues with GaN based LEDs and micro-LEDs 8
1.2.1 Lattice mismatch and high dislocation density in GaN epilayers 8
1.2.2 Film stress and wafer bow 9
1.2.3 Low light extraction efficiency 10
1.2.4 Current issues with micro-LEDs 11
1.3 Compliant substrate and pendeo epitaxy 18
1.4 Epitaxial growth of GaN on sapphire nano-membrane 24
1.4.1 Solid-phase epitaxy in amorphous Al2O3 nano-membrane 24
1.4.2 The growth of GaN on ultra-thin sapphire nano-membrane 24
1.5 Thesis contents and organization 31
1.6 Bibliography 34
Chapter 2. Experiments and analysis 41
2.1 Growth equipment 41
2.1.1 Metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) 41
2.1.2 Atomic layer deposition (ALD) 41
2.2 Analysis tools 44
2.2.1 Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) 44
2.2.2 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) 44
2.2.3 Micro-Raman spectroscopy 44
2.2.4 Micro-photoluminescence (Micro-PL) 45
2.2.5 Cathodoluminescence (CL) 45
Chapter 3. The study on growth behavior of GaN on sapphire nano-membrane 47
3.1 Introduction 47
3.2 Experimental procedure 53
3.3 Results and discussion 57
3.3.1 Fabrication of sapphire nano-membrane 57
3.3.2 Growth behavior of GaN on sapphire nano-membrane with various orientations 60
3.3.3 Growth behavior of GaN on spacing region with various orientations 67
3.4 Summary 70
3.5 Bibliography 71
Chapter 4. The growth of a discrete micro-GaN array with various sizes on sapphire nano-membrane 77
4.1 Introduction 77
4.1.1 Micro-LEDs as an emerging display technology and current issues 77
4.1.2 Sapphire nano-membrane for micro-LEDs 81
4.1.3 Pattern design for discrete GaN dies by using growth behaviors of GaN on sapphire nano-membrane 81
4.2 Experimental procedure 86
4.3 Results and discussion 89
4.3.1 PR removal by asher for fabrication of the sapphire nano-membrane array 89
4.3.2 Growth of a discrete micro-GaN array 101
4.3.3 Threading dislocation density of micro-GaN layer 105
4.3.4 Optical property of micro-GaN layer 108
4.4 Summary 110
4.5 Bibliography 111
Chapter 5. A core-shell-like micro-LED array grown on sapphire nano-membrane 116
5.1 Introduction 116
5.2 Experimental procedure 123
5.2.1 Fabrication of a sapphire nano-membrane array 123
5.2.2 Epitaxial growth of a micro-LED array 124
5.2.3 Characterization 124
5.3 Results and discussion 127
5.3.1 Fabrication of a sapphire nano-membrane array 127
5.3.2 Epitaxial growth of a discrete micro-LED array 129
5.3.3 Characterization of a core-shell-like micro-LED array 132
5.3.4 Transfer of a micro-LED array for device fabrication 145
5.4 Summary 152
5.6 Bibliography 153
Chapter 6. Conclusions 161
๊ตญ ๋ฌธ ์ด ๋ก 165
List of publications 167Docto
์ ์ฑ์ ์ธก๋ฉด์ ์ง์๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(์์ฌ) -- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต๋ํ์ : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋ํ ๊ฑด์ถํ๊ณผ, 2021.8. ์กฐํญ๋ง.To resolve the question about a national identity and regional style of Architecture, young generation architects struggle to defend old value but dream for a better Australian way of life. Their affinity of pre-industrial vernacular tradition is reinterpreted by the tectonic refinement and their rejection of international influences adopted Glenn Murcuttโs โVerandah Houseโ as the precedent. For that reason, โVerandah Houseโ has a value of the inside-out space which provides the sense of enclosure and the origins of human settlements. This value also supported their awareness towards to the local climate and the site.
Glenn Murcuttโs residential architectures in 1960-90s have evolved to suit regional climates over the period time. To solve the disconnection of British Cottage from the Australian landscape, Murcutt developed a long โVerandah Houseโ by adopting the idea of a โCalifornian bungalowโ into the existing terrace houses. As such this paper investigates Murcuttโs reinvention of the verandah space which became an ideal living platform or externalized inside-out space to reflect the local climate and terrain. Additionally, Murcutt installed adjustable layers to the wall such as shutters and louvers so that the occupant can coordinate with the โVerandah Houseโ. This strategy promotes harmonious coexistence between nature and human beings as well as maintains the ecosystem by minimizing energy use. Since 2005, the BUILDING ACT for balcony expansion in Korea was legalized by the construct however balconies are mainly used for the expansion of residential spaces or warehouse. In contrast to โVerandah Houseโ, this internalized inside-out space lost the main value of the balcony and ignored the option of the prospective occupant. Thus, the goal of this research is to resolve the dilemma of site-less residential architecture by analyzing Murcuttโs evolutionary process of farmhouse based on his sustainable design strategies in non-technological ways.
Murcutt's โVerandah Houseโ offers numerous implications for how locality is embodied in architecture, and it defines the identity of liberation from the entrapment of space while embracing human beings. Murcuttโs โNon-Technological Ways of Thinkingโ created a breathing wall by adding several layers of lightweight occupant control of passive systems to the exterior. This layering strategy reflects the wisdom of Aboriginal Australians and their use of the natural ventilation. Also this multi-layers walls has evolved to maximize the variability of a house. Yet Murcutt's houses only reflect the mild climate and locality of rural Australia, Murcuttโs evolutionary process of design to completion and his cohesive craftsmanship could be a spiritual foundation that Korean architects should have, rather than the frequent use of technology.
The local climate and environmental conditions of every city vary from place to place and every urban condition is different every site unique. There is no formula or single answer that can provide a categorical design solution. Therefore, by investigating analyzing the evolutionary process of Murcuttโs โVerandah Houseโ, the trend of the times and the modern meaning of regionalism is re-interpreted to pursue more environmentally-friendly and stable housing in the future.
Murcuttโs โVerandah Houseโ became a footstep for subsequent architects (Anderson O'Gorman, Donovan Hill, Stutchbury and Pape) to allow the verandah to become an externalized interior space fused into one with the surrounding environment, rather than a separate space. Their verandah evolves into three perspectives that maximize Murcutt's non-technical ways of thinking and craftsmanship. Firstly, Verandah space is a productive hybrid space that focuses on people's behavior and activities from individual to group of people. Secondly, the newly reconstructed verandah space is an evolutionary medium that connects the historical nature of indigenous architecture that had been forgotten. This is a low-tech approach for life space and identity with some skills to keep up with trends in society's context and technology. Lastely, the verandah space is the centerpiece of negotiations that accommodates modern change.
Consequently, this study could be an architectural list of insights, ideas, approaches, strategies, directions, layout, and local contexts. The new 21st-century Verandah House has further examined in this study. Their new sustainable house is not only reflect climatic and geographical characteristics an, but also provide an applicable โexternalized interior spaceโ anywhere, not just in rural areas or urban areas.์ด๊ธฐ ์๊ตญ ์ด์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋ค์ ๋ธ๋ฆฌํฐ์ ์ฝํฐ์ง(British Cottage), ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์ ๋ฐฉ๊ฐ๋ก(Californian Bungalow) ๋ฑ ๋ค์ํ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์ฉ ๊ฑด์ถ๋ฌผ์ ํธ์ฃผ์ ๊ฑด์คํ์์ง๋ง ํธ์ฃผ ํน์ ์ ์ง์ญ์ ๊ธฐํ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ ์ด๊ฒจ ๋ด์ง ๋ชปํ์๋ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ธฐํ์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ์ปจํ
์คํธ(Context)์ ์ผ๋ก ์ธ๋ถ์์ ๋จ์ ๋ ํธ์ฃผ๊ฑด์ถ์ ํ์ค๊ณผ ๋ง์ ๋์ํ๊ณ ์ 1960๋
๋๋ถํฐ ํผํฐ ๋ฎฌ๋ฌ(Peter Muller)๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ ํธ์ฃผ์ ๊ฑด์ถ๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด ํธ์ฃผ๋ง์ ๊ฑด์ถ ์คํ์ผ์ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ์ํ โSydney School(์๋๋ ์ค์ฟจ)โ์ด๋์ด ์์๋ค. ์๋๋ ์ค์ฟจ์ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๊ฑด์ถ์ ์ง์ญ์ ์ด์ค๋ฝ๊ณ (Rustic) ํฌ๋ฐํ ๋ฒฝ๋, ๋ชฉ์ฌ, ๋๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์ฌ๋ฃ๋ค์ ์ฌ์ง์ ๊ทธ๋๋ก ๋
ธ์ถ์ํค๋ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ฉฐ ์๊ตญ ์ ์ฐฉ๋ฏผ๋ค์ด ์ค๊ณํ ์ฃผํ๋ค๊ณผ ์ฐจ๋ณํ๋ ๊ทธ๋ค๋ง์ ์ง์ญ์ฃผ์ ์คํ์ผ์ ๊ตฌ์ถํ์๋ค.
๋์๋์ ๊ฑด์ถ๊ฐ์ธ ํผํฐ ๋ฎฌ๋ฌ(Peter Muller), ๋ฆฌ์ฒ๋ ๋ฆฌํ๋ ์คํฐ์(Richard Leplastrier) ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ธ๋ ๋จธ์ปท(Glenn Murcutt)์ โ์ธ๋ถํ๋ ๋ด๋ถ๊ณต๊ฐโ์ธ ๋ฒ ๋๋ค๊ณต๊ฐ์ ํตํด ํธ์ฃผ์ ์ธ๋ถํ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๊ธฐํ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋จ์ ๋ ์ด์ฐฝ๊ธฐ ์ฃผํ(Colonial Residential Architecture)์ด ๊ฐ์ง ์ง์ญ์ฑ ๋ถ์ฌ์ ํด๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ์ ์ ์๋ฅผ ์ํด ๋
ธ๋ ฅํ์๋ค. ํนํ 1960๋
๋ ํ๋ฐ๋ถํฐ ํ๋ํ ํธ์ฃผ์ ๊ฑด์ถ๊ฐ ๊ธ๋ ๋จธ์ปท์ ๋ฒ ๋๋ค๊ณต๊ฐ์ ํ์ฉํ์ฌ ์ง์ญ์ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์ ๋ด์๋ด๋ ๋์์ ์ฃผ๋ณํ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ์กฐํ๋กญ๊ฒ ์ฐ๊ณ์ํจ ์ด์์ ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ, ์ฆ ์ธ๋ถํ๋ ๋ด๋ถ๊ณต๊ฐ(Inside-out space)์ ํ๋ซํผ์ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ๋ค. ๊ทธ์ โ๋ฒ ๋๋คํ์ฐ์ค(Verandah House)โ๋ ํ๋ 21์ธ๊ธฐ ๊ฑด์ถ๊ฐ๋ค(Anderson OโGorman, Donovan Hill, Stuchbury and Pape)์๊ฒ ๊พธ์คํ ์ํฅ์ ์ฃผ์๋ค.
์ด์ ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ๋จธ์ปท์ ์ ์ฑ์ (Qualitative)์ด๋ฉฐ ์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ์ค๊ณ ์ ๋ต์ ๋น-๊ธฐ์ ์ (Non-Technological) ์์์ ์ธ๋ถํ๋ ๋ด๋ถ๊ณต๊ฐ(Inside-out Space)์ผ๋ก์ ๋ฒ ๋๋ค์ ์งํ๊ณผ์ ์ ์ฒด๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ผ์ผ๋ก์จ ํจ์จ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ ๋ง ๊ฐ์กฐ๋๋ ํ๋ ๊ฑด์ถ์ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ์ ํ์ด๋๊ฐ ๋จ์๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์ํ์๋ค. ํ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์ํ๋ ๊ฐ๋ณ์ฑ์ ํน์ง์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ๋จธ์ปท์ โ๋ฒ ๋๋คํ์ฐ์คโ๋ ์์ฐ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ๊ณต์กด, ์ง์๊ฐ๋ฅํ ์ฃผํ, ๊ฑด์ถ์ ์์ด์์ ์ง์ญ์ฑ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์์ธ ์ธ๊ฐ์ด ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ ๋์ด ๋ด๋ถ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ์ข
์์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ํด๋ฐฉ๋๋ ๊ฑด์ถ์ด ๋ฌด์์ธ์ง์ ๋ํ ์ ์ตํ ์์ฌ์ ์ ์ ์ํ๋ค.
๋ํ ๋จธ์ปท์ โ๋ฒ ๋๋คํ์ฐ์คโ์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฐ์ 21์ธ๊ธฐ ๊ฑด์ถ๊ฐ๋ค์ ๋ฒ ๋๋ค๊ณต๊ฐ์ ์ดํด๋ด์ผ๋ก์ ์ง์๊ฐ๋ฅํ ์ฃผํ์ผ๋ก์์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ ์ ๊ณ ๋ฐ ๊ทน๋ํํ๊ณ ์๋ก์ด โ๋ฒ ๋๋คโ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ํ์นจํ๋ค. ์ด๋ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ง์ ์์๋ก ์์ฝ๋๋๋ฐ, โ ๋ฒ ๋๋ค๊ณต๊ฐ์ ์์ฐ์ ์ธ ํ์ด๋ธ๋ฆฌ๋(Hybrid)๊ณต๊ฐ์ผ๋ก์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์๋ง์ ๊ฐ์ธ ํ๋๋ถํฐ ๊ณต๋์ํ์ ์ํ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐํ๊ฒฝ๊น์ง ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ํ์์ ์ค์ ์ ๋๋ค. โก๋ฒ ๋๋ค๊ณต๊ฐ์ 19์ธ๊ธฐ ๋ฐฉ๊ฐ๋ก ํ์์ ํ ์ฐฉ๊ฑด์ถ์์ ๋ฒ์ด๋๊ณ ์(Anti-bungalow) ์ฅ์ธ์ ์ ์ ์ถ๊ตฌํ๋ ๊ฑด์ถ๊ฐ๋ค์ด ์ํ๋ ์ถ์ ๊ณต๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ ์ฒด์ฑ์ ์ํ ์ -๊ธฐ์ ์ (Low-tech) ์ ๊ทผ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ โข๋ฒ ๋๋ค๊ณต๊ฐ์ ํํธ๋์ ๊ณต๋์์
์ ํตํด ์ด๋ค๋ธ ์๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ฅ์์ ํ์ค๊ณผ์ ํ์ ์ฅ์์ด๋ค.1. ์ ๋ก 1
1.1 ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์ 3
1.2 ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ ๋ฐ ๋ฒ์ 8
1.3 ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ํ๋ฆ๋ 9
2. ์ธ๋ถํ๋ ๋ด๋ถ๊ณต๊ฐ(Inside-out Space)์ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 10
2.1 '์ธ๋ถํ๋ ๋ด๋ถ๊ณต๊ฐ'์ผ๋ก ์งํํ๋ ํธ์ฃผ์ ์ฃผํ
2.1.1 '์ธ๋ถํ๋ ๋ด๋ถ๊ณต๊ฐ'์ผ๋ก์ '๋ฐฉ๊ฐ๋ก'์ ์ํฅ 12
2.1.2 '์ธ๋ถํ๋ ๋ด๋ถ๊ณต๊ฐ'์ผ๋ก์ ๋ฒ ๋๋ค์ ๊ฐ๋
๊ณผ ์ ํ 13
2.2 ๊ธ๋ ๋จธ์ปท๊ณผ ๋์๋ ๊ฑด์ถ๊ฐ๋ค์ ๋ฒ ๋๋ค๊ณต๊ฐ
2.2.1 Peter Muller(1927~) 18
2.2.2 Richard Leplastrier(1939~) 21
2.2.3 20์ธ๊ธฐ ํธ์ฃผ ๊ฑด์ถ๊ฐ์ ๋ฒ ๋๋ค๊ณต๊ฐ ์ข
ํฉ๋น๊ตํ 23
3. ๊ธ๋ ๋จธ์ปท์ '๋ฒ ๋๋คํ์ฐ์ค' 24
3.1 ๊ธ๋ ๋จธ์ปท์ '๋ฒ ๋๋คํ์ฐ์ค'๋ฅผ ํฅํ ์งํ
3.1.1 ํ๋ฉด ์ ํ์ ์งํ 27
3.1.2 ์ง๋ถ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์งํ 29
3.1.3 ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ์ธํผ์ ์งํ 32
3.1.4 '๋ฒ ๋๋คํ์ฐ์ค' ์ข
ํฉ๋ถ์ํ 34
3.2 '๋ฒ ๋๋คํ์ฐ์ค'์ ์ ์ฑ์ ์ธก๋ฉด์ ์ง์๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ ํ๊ฐ
3.2.1 '๋ฒ ๋๋คํ์ฐ์ค'๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ฑํ๋ ๋น-๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ธ ์ฌ๊ณ 36
3.2.2 '๋ฒ ๋๋คํ์ฐ์ค'๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถํ๋ ์ฅ์ธ์ ์ ๊ณผ ํ
ํ ๋ 37
3.2.3 '๋ฒ ๋๋คํ์ฐ์ค'์ ๊ฐ๋ณ์ฑ์ ๊ทน๋ํํ๋ ๊ฒน์นจ 39
4. 21์ธ๊ธฐํ '๋ฒ ๋๋คํ์ฐ์ค' 40
4.1 ๊ธ๋ ๋จธ์ปท '๋ฒ ๋๋คํ์ฐ์ค'์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฐ์ ํ์ ๊ฑด์ถ๊ฐ๋ค
4.1.1 Anderson O' Gorman(1980~) 42
4.1.2 Donovan Hill(1993~) 44
4.1.3 Stutchbury and Pape(1992~) 46
4.1.4 ์๋ก์ด '๋ฒ ๋๋คํ์ฐ์ค' ์ข
ํฉ๋ถ์ํ 47
4.2 ์๋ก์ด ๋ฒ ๋๋ค์ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ ์ ๊ณ
4.2.1 ์์ฐ์ ์ธ ํ์ด๋ธ๋ฆฌ๋(Hybrid) ๊ณต๊ฐ 52
4.2.2 ์ถ์ ๊ณต๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ ์ฒด์ฑ์ ์ํ ์ -๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ ๊ทผ 55
4.2.3 ํ๋์ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ์์ฉํ๋ ํ์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ณต๊ฐ 58
5. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 60
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ 64
Appendix A Glenn Murcutt 67
Appendix B Anderson O' Gorman 80
Appendix C Donovan Hill 84
Appendix D Stutchbury and Pape 86
Abstract 90์
A study to Evaluate the Structural Integrity of the Plate Type Heat Exchanger using FEM Analysis
The purpose of this study is to evaluate a structural integrity of plate type heat exchanger considering the behavior of the global structure and is to perform finite element analysis and code calculation as the way to verify the structural integrity.
Recently, the research on plate type heat exchanger has been focused on performance improvement considering the shape and size, however, this study is going to establish the criteria for the supporting structure of the plate type heat exchanger integrity.
Structures under internal pressure flat plate, fixed frame and maximum bolt load were evaluated a structural integrity by performing code calculation The advantages of the plate type heat exchanger is that it is easy to assemble and disassemble, which is up to 1.5 times the actual weight of the evaluation of the structural integrity in carrying bar of body part. The allowable bending stress of the beam type structures which carrying bar and support column is applied to 0.66Sy and flat type like a base plate is applied to 0.6Sy. In addition, the maximum deformation allows 6 inch per 100ft.
In this study, the pre-processing module using Visual Basic and ANSYS APDL has been proposed to save time in FE modeling and analysis to improve an accuracy.1. ์๋ก
1.1 ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ
1.2 ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ํฅ
1.3 ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ด์ฉ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์
2. ์ ํ์์ํด์์ ์ด๋ก ์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ
2.1 ํ์ฑ์ ํ์์ํด์ ์ด๋ก
2.2 ๋ชจ๋ํด์ ์ด๋ก
2.3 ์๋ต ์คํํธ๋ผ ํด์์ด๋ก
3. ํด์ ๋์ ํํ ์ด๊ตํ๊ธฐ
3.1 ํ์
3.2 ์ค๊ณ ์กฐ๊ฑด
3.3 ์ฌ๋ฃ ๋ฌผ์ฑ ๋ฐ ํ์ฉ์๋ ฅ
4. ๊ฑด์ ์ฑ ํ๊ฐ
4.1 ์ฝ๋ ๊ณ์ฐ
4.1.1 ๊ณ ์ ํ๋ ์ ์ค๊ณ
4.1.2 ์ต์ปค ๋ณผํธ ์ค๊ณ
4.2 ์ ํ์์ํด์
4.2.1 ์ ํ์์๋ชจ๋ธ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ์กฐ๊ฑด
4.2.2 ํ์ค ์กฐํฉ
4.2.3 ๊ฐ ํด์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ํ์ฉ์น ๋น๊ต
5. ๋ด์งํด์ ํ๊ฐ
5.1 ๊ณ ์ ์น ํด์
5.1.1 ์ ํจ์ง๋ ๋ถ์
5.2 ์๋ต ์คํํธ๋ผ ํด์
5.2.1 ์๋ต ์คํํธ๋ผ
5.2.2 ์๋ต ์คํํธ๋ผ ํด์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๋ณผํธ ๋ฐ๋ ฅ ์ฐ์ถ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ
6. ๊ฑด์ ์ฑ ํ๊ฐ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ฐ๋ฐ
6.1 ์๋ํ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ ๊ฐ๋ฐ
6.1.1 ์ ํ์์ํด์์ ์๋ํ
6.2 ์ ์ฒด ์๋ํ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ์๊ฐ
6.2.1 ํ๋ฉด๊ตฌ์ฑ
7. ๊ฒฐ๋ก
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ
APPENDIX
์์ ๋ฐฉ์๊ณผ ๊ต์ฌ์์ ๊ด๊ณ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(์์ฌ) -- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต๋ํ์ : ์ฌ๋ฒ๋ํ ๊ต์กํ๊ณผ(๊ต์กํ์ ์ ๊ณต), 2022.2. ์ ๋์ฑ.๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ํ๊ธ๊ท๋ชจ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ํ์ต์ ์ง์ ๋ณํ๊ฐ ๋ํ๋๋ค๋ ์ ์ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก ํ์์ ๊ต์ก ์ฑ๊ณผ์ ๋ํ ํ๊ธ๊ท๋ชจ์ ์กฐ์ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ํ๋ค. ๊ณผ์ ๋ณ์๋ ๊ฐ๋ณํ ์์
๋ฐฉ์, ์ํธ์์ฉ ์์
๋ฐฉ์, ๊ต์ฌ์์ ๊ด๊ณ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ค๊ฐ ์ฐ์ถ๋ฌผ์ ํ์์ ์์
์ดํด๋์ ์์
์ง์ค๋์ด๊ณ , ์ต์ข
์ฐ์ถ๋ฌผ์ ํ์์ ํ์
์ฑ์ทจ๋๋ก ์ค์ ํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์ํด ํ๊ตญ๊ต์ก๊ฐ๋ฐ์(KEDI)์์ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ ํ๊ตญ๊ต์ก์ข
๋จ์๋ฃ2013(KELS) 3, 4, 5์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํ์ฉํ์ฌ ๋ถ์ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ต์ข
๋ถ์๋์์ ์ด 4,979๋ช
์ด๋ค. ์ด๋ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ๊ณ ์ ํ ํน์ฑ๊ณผ ์๊ฐ์ ์ด์ง์ฑ์ ํต์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ด์๊ณ ์ ํจ๊ณผ๋ชจํ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ์๋ค.
๋จผ์ , ํ๊ธ๊ท๋ชจ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ํ์๊ณผ ํ๊ต ํน์ฑ์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ ํต๊ณ ์์ค์์ ์ดํด๋ณด๊ณ ํ๊ธ๊ท๋ชจ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ๋ณํ ์์
๋ฐฉ์, ์ํธ์์ฉ ์์
๋ฐฉ์, ๊ต์ฌ์์ ๊ด๊ณ์ ํต๊ณ์ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ์๋์ง๋ฅผ ๊ฒ์ ํ์๋ค. ๋ค์์ผ๋ก ์์
๋ฐฉ์๊ณผ ๊ต์ฌ์์ ๊ด๊ณ๊ฐ ์ค๊ฐ ์ฐ์ถ๋ฌผ์ธ ์์
์ดํด๋์ ์์
์ง์ค๋์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ํฅ์ด ํ๊ธ๊ท๋ชจ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ฌ๋ผ์ง๋์ง ํ์ธํ๋ค. ๋ง์ง๋ง์ผ๋ก ์์
๋ฐฉ์๊ณผ ๊ต์ฌ์์ ๊ด๊ณ๊ฐ ์ต์ข
์ฐ์ถ๋ฌผ์ธ ํ์
์ฑ์ทจ๋์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ํฅ์ด ํ๊ธ๊ท๋ชจ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ฌ๋ผ์ง๋์ง ํ์ธํ๊ณ , ์คํ๊ต 3๋
๋์ ์๊ท๋ชจํ๊ธ์ ๊ฒฝํํ ํ์๋ง์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ๋ถ์ํ์ฌ ์๊ท๋ชจํ๊ธ์ ๋์ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํจ๊ป ์ดํด๋ดค๋ค.
์ด์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ํ๊ธ๊ท๋ชจ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ํ์๊ณผ ํ๊ต ํน์ฑ์ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ์์๊ณ , ์ด๋ ํ๊ธ๊ท๋ชจ ๋ถํฌ์ ์ ํํธ์์ ์ํ ๋ด์์ฑ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ์กด์ฌํจ์ ์์ฌํ๋ค. ๋ํ, ํ๊ธ๊ท๋ชจ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ๋ณํ ๋ฐ ์ํธ์์ฉ ์์
๋ฐฉ์๊ณผ ๊ต์ฌ์์ ๊ด๊ณ์ ํต๊ณ์ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋์๋ค. ํ๊ธ๊ท๋ชจ๊ฐ ์์ ๋, ํ์์ ์์
๋ฐฉ์์ด ๊ฐ๋ณ์ ์ด๊ณ ์ํธ์์ฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ค์ง๋ฉฐ, ๊ต์ฌ์์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ ๋ ๊ธ์ ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ธ์ํ๊ณ ์์๋ค. ๋์งธ, ์์
์ดํด๋์ ์์
์ง์ค๋์ ๋ํ ํ๊ธ๊ท๋ชจ์ ์กฐ์ ํจ๊ณผ๊ฐ ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค. ํ๊ธ๊ท๋ชจ๊ฐ ์์์๋ก ๊ฐ๋ณํ ๋ฐ ์ํธ์์ฉ ์์
๋ฐฉ์๊ณผ ๊ต์ฌ์์ ๊ด๊ณ๊ฐ ์์
์ดํด๋์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ํฅ์ด ๋ ์ปค์ก๋ค. ์์
์ง์ค๋์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๊ฐ๋ณํ ์์
๋ฐฉ์์์๋ง ์์ ๊ฐ์ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ์ธํ๋ค. ์
์งธ, ํ์
์ฑ์ทจ๋์ ๋ํ ํ๊ธ๊ท๋ชจ์ ์กฐ์ ํจ๊ณผ๋ ๋ํ๋์ง ์์๋ค. ์ฆ, ๊ฐ๋ณํ ๋ฐ ์ํธ์์ฉ ์์
๋ฐฉ์, ๊ต์ฌ์์ ๊ด๊ณ๊ฐ ํ์
์ฑ์ทจ๋์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ํฅ์ด ํ๊ธ๊ท๋ชจ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ค๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋ํ๋์ง ์์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์๊ท๋ชจํ๊ธ์ 3๋
๋์ ๊ฒฝํํ ํ์๋ค๋ง ๋์์ผ๋ก ๋ถ์ํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ฐ๋ณํ ๋ฐ ์ํธ์์ฉ ์์
๋ฐฉ์, ๊ต์ฌ์์ ๊ด๊ณ ๋ณ์์์ ๋ชจ๋ ๋๋ ทํ ํ๊ธ๊ท๋ชจ์ ์กฐ์ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ๋ค. ๊ทธ ์ธ์ ์ง๋จ์์๋ ์ด๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ ๋ํ๋์ง ์์๋ค๋ ์ ์์ ์ด๋ ์๊ท๋ชจํ๊ธ์ ํจ๊ณผ๋ ๋์ ๋์ด ๋ํ๋๋ค๋ ์ ์ ์์ฌํ๋ค.
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ํ๊ธ๊ท๋ชจ๊ฐ ํ์ต์ ์ง์ ๋ณํ์ํด์ผ๋ก์จ ํ์์ ๊ต์ก ์ฑ๊ณผ์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๊ณ ์์์ ํ์ธํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก ๊ณผ๋ฐํ๊ธ์ ํธํฅ์ ๋ถํฌ, ํ๊ธ๊ท๋ชจ์ ๊ต์ฌ์ ์์ง๊ณผ ์ญ๋, ํ๊ธ๊ท๋ชจ์ ๋ํ ์ข
ํฉ์ ๊ด์ , ์๊ท๋ชจํ๊ธ์ ๋์ ํจ๊ณผ์ ๋ํด ๋
ผ์ํ๊ณ ํ๊ธ๊ท๋ชจ์ ๊ด๋ จํ ์ ์ฑ
์ ์์ฌ์ ๊ณผ ํ๊ธ๊ท๋ชจ ๋
ผ์๋ฅผ ์ง์ํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ํ์ ์ ์์ฌ์ ์ ํจ๊ป ์ ์ธํ์๋ค.This study analyzed the moderating effect of class size on student's educational performance based on the fact that the learning process changes according to class size. Course variables are individualized teaching methods, interactive teaching methods, and relationship with teachers, and intermediate outputs are students' understanding and concentration of classes, and the final output is students' academic achievement. To this end, the analysis was conducted using the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Korean Education Longitudinal Data2013(KELS) provided by the Korea Educational Development Institute(KEDI), and the final analysis target was 4,979. A two-way fixed effect model was used to control the unique characteristics of an individual and the heterogeneity of time.
First, the difference between students and school characteristics according to class size was examined at the level of descriptive statistics, and whether there were statistical differences in individualized teaching methods, interactive teaching methods, and relationship with teachers according to class size. Next, it was confirmed whether the influence of the class method and the relationship with teachers on the intermediate output, class understanding and class concentration, varies depending on the class size. Finally, we checked whether the effect of class method and relationship with teachers on the final output, academic achievement, varies depending on the class size, and analyzed only students who have experienced small classes for three years of middle school to examine the cumulative effect of small classes.
The research results are as follows. First, there were differences in student and school characteristics according to class size, which suggests that there is an endogeneity due to self-selection bias in the distribution of class size. In addition, statistical differences according to class size were found in the individualized and interactive teaching methods and relationship with teachers. When the class size was small, the student perceived that the teaching method was more individual and interactive, and that the relationship with teachers was more positive. Second, the moderating effect of class size on class understanding and class concentration was shown. The smaller the class size, the greater the influence of individualized and interactive teaching methods and relationships with teachers on class understanding. In the case of class concentration, the above effect was confirmed only in the individualized class method. Third, there was no moderating effect of class size on academic achievement. In other words, the influence of individualized and interactive teaching methods and relationship with teachers on academic achievement did not appear differently depending on the class size. However, as a result of analyzing only students who have experienced small classes for three years, clear moderating effects of class size were found in individualized and interactive teaching methods, and relationship with teachers, suggesting that the effects of small classes are cumulative.
This study confirmed that class size has an effect on students' educational performance by changing the learning process. Based on this, we discussed the biased distribution of overcrowded classes, class size and teacher quality and capacity, a comprehensive perspective on class size, and the cumulative effect of small classes, and suggested policy implications and academic implications to continue class size discussions.์ 1 ์ฅ ์ ๋ก 1
์ 1 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ํ์์ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์ 1
์ 2 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ 4
์ 3 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์์ ๋ฐ ํ๊ณ 7
์ 2 ์ฅ ์ด๋ก ์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 10
์ 1 ์ ํ๊ธ๊ท๋ชจ 10
1. ํ๊ธ๊ท๋ชจ ์ ์ 10
2. ๊ตญ๋ด ํ๊ธ๊ท๋ชจ ํํฉ 12
3. 7.20 ๊ต์ก์ฌ๊ฑด ๊ฐ์ ์ฌ์
17
์ 2 ์ ํ๊ธ๊ท๋ชจ ํจ๊ณผ 20
1. ๊ต์ก์์ฐํจ์ 21
2. ํ๊ธ๊ท๋ชจ ํจ๊ณผ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ 22
3. ํ๊ธ๊ท๋ชจ์ ๋น์ ํ์ฑ 26
4. ํ์ต ๊ณผ์ ์ ๋ํ ํ๊ธ๊ท๋ชจ์ ํจ๊ณผ 30
5. ์๊ท๋ชจํ๊ธ์ ๋์ ํจ๊ณผ 38
์ 3 ์ฅ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ 40
์ 1 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชจํ 40
์ 2 ์ ๋ถ์ ์๋ฃ 41
์ 3 ์ ๋ถ์ ๋ณ์ 42
1. ์ข
์๋ณ์ 42
2. ํ๊ธ๊ท๋ชจ ๋ณ์ ๋ฐ ๊ณผ์ ๋ณ์ 44
3. ํต์ ๋ณ์ 45
์ 4 ์ ๋ถ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ 48
์ 4 ์ฅ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 51
์ 1 ์ ๊ธฐ์ ํต๊ณ 51
์ 2 ์ ํ๊ธ๊ท๋ชจ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ํ์ ๋ฐ ํ๊ต ํน์ฑ 53
์ 3 ์ ์ค๊ฐ ์ฐ์ถ๋ฌผ์ ๋ํ ํ๊ธ๊ท๋ชจ์ ์กฐ์ ํจ๊ณผ 59
1. ์์
์ดํด๋์ ๋ํ ํ๊ธ๊ท๋ชจ์ ์กฐ์ ํจ๊ณผ 59
2. ์์
์ง์ค๋์ ๋ํ ํ๊ธ๊ท๋ชจ์ ์กฐ์ ํจ๊ณผ 61
์ 4 ์ ์ต์ข
์ฐ์ถ๋ฌผ์ ๋ํ ํ๊ธ๊ท๋ชจ์ ์กฐ์ ํจ๊ณผ 62
1. ํ์
์ฑ์ทจ๋์ ๋ํ ํ๊ธ๊ท๋ชจ์ ์กฐ์ ํจ๊ณผ 62
2. ์๊ท๋ชจํ๊ธ์ ๋์ ํจ๊ณผ 63
์ 5 ์ฅ ๋
ผ์ 66
์ 1 ์ ๊ณผ๋ฐํ๊ธ์ ํธํฅ์ ๋ถํฌ 66
์ 2 ์ ํ๊ธ๊ท๋ชจ์ ๊ต์ฌ์ ์์ง, ์ญ๋ 67
์ 3 ์ ํ๊ธ๊ท๋ชจ ํจ๊ณผ์ ๋ํ ์ข
ํฉ์ ๊ด์ 68
์ 4 ์ ์๊ท๋ชจํ๊ธ์ ๋์ ํจ๊ณผ 70
์ 6 ์ฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก 72
์ 1 ์ ์์ฝ 72
์ 2 ์ ์ ์ธ 75์
์ง๋ฐฉ์์๋ ์ด์์ ํ๋ณ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ฑ ๋น๊ต๋ถ์์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ํจ์จ์ฑ ์ฐ๊ตฌ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ) -- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ํ์ ๋ํ์ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์
์ ์ฑ
ํ๊ณผ, 2020. 8. ๊ถ์ผ์
.์ง๋ฐฉ์์๋๋ 2004๋
์ต์ด ๋ฏผ๊ฐ์ํ์ด ์์๋ ์ดํ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ์ํ ์ด์๊ณผ ์ง๋ฐฉ์์น๋จ์ฒด ์์ฒด์ด์์ ๋ ๊ฐ์ง ์ ํ์ผ๋ก ๊ด๋ฆฌ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์ด์์ ํ๋ณ ํจ์จ์ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ฑ์ ๋งค๊ฐ๋ก ํ ํจ์จ์ฑ์ ํต๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ์ํ์ฌ ์ง๋ฐฉ์์น๋จ์ฒด์์ ์ง๋ฐฉ์์๋ ์ด์์ ํ์ ์ ์ ํ ๋ ๋์์ ์ฃผ๊ณ ์ ํ๋ค. ํจ์จ์ฑ์ ์ง๋ฐฉ์์๋ ์ ์์จ๊ณผ ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋ง์กฑ๋๋ก ์ ์ํ๊ณ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ฑ์ ํค๋น ์ด๊ด์๊ฐ๋ก ์ ์ํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํ๊ฒฝ๋ถ์์ ๋งค๋
๋ฐ๊ฐํ๋ 2004๋
๋ถํฐ 2017๋
๊น์ง์ ์์๋ํต๊ณ๋ฅผ ํ์ฉํ์ฌ ์ ๊ตญ 161๊ฐ ์ง๋ฐฉ์์น๋จ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋์์ผ๋ก ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค.
์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ์ํ ์ด์์ ์ ์์จ์ ์(+)์ ์ ์๋ฏธํ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋ค. ์ด์์ ํ๋ณ ํค๋น ์ด๊ด์๊ฐ์ ๋งค๊ฐํ์ฌ ์ ์์จ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ์ํ ์ด์์ด ํค๋น ์ด๊ด์๊ฐ์๋ ์(+)์ ์ ์๋ฏธํ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๊ณ , ํค๋น ์ด๊ด์๊ฐ๋ ์ ์์จ์ ์(-)์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค. ์ด์์ ํ์ ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋ง์กฑ๋์๋ ํต๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์๋ฏธํ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น์ง ์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค. ์ด๋ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ์ํ ์ด์์ ํ๋ฉด ์ ์์จ์ด ๋์์ ธ ์ด์ ํจ์จ์ฑ์ ๋์์ง์ง๋ง ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋ง์กฑ๋๋ ์ฐ์ด์ ๋ถ์ํ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ต๊ณ ํค๋น ์ด๊ด์๊ฐ๊ฐ ์์นํ์ฌ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ๋ถ์ ์ ํจ๊ณผ๊ฐ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค.
๋ฏผ๊ฐ์ํ ์ด์ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋์ฑ๋ ๋์ด๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ๊ธ์ ์ ์ํฅ์ ์ฃผ์ด์ผ ํ๋ฉฐ, ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋ง์กฑ๋๋ฅผ ๋์ด๊ธฐ ์ํ ๋ณด์๋ ํ์ํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์ํด์๋ ์ด๊ด์๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฎ์ถ๊ธฐ ์ํ ๋
ธ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ํ์์ ์ํ์์ ๋ํ ์ ์ ํ ๊ด๋ฆฌโค๊ฐ๋
์ด ํ์ํ๋ฉฐ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ์ผ๋ก ๊ณ ๊ฐ ๋ถ๋ง์ ๋ํ ํ์
๊ณผ ์ด์ ๋ํ ์ง์์ ์ธ ์๋น์ค ๋ณด์์ด ํ์ํ๋ค.Since the first private consignment began in 2004, the provincial water supply system has been operating in two types: private consignment operations and local governments' own operations. This study is intended to help local governments select types of local water supply operation by statistically analyzing the efficiency of each type of operation through economic feasibility as mediator variable. Efficiency was defined as the water flow rate and customer satisfaction level, economic feasibility was defined as the overall cost per ton, and 161 local governments nationwide were analyzed using the water supply statistics published annually by the Ministry of Environment from 2004 to 2017.
Studies have shown that private consignment operations have had a significant positive impact on the water flow rate. The effect of private consignment operation was shown to have a significant positive impact on the total supply cost per ton, and the total supply cost per ton had a negative impact on the water flow rate. The type of operation did not have a statistically significant impact on customer satisfaction. This shows that private consignment operation has a negative economic effect due to higher operational efficiency, but customer satisfaction level is difficult to analyze and total supply cost per ton has increased.
In order to further enhance the effect of consignment to the private sector, it needs to have a positive economic impact and supplement customer satisfaction. To this end, efforts to lower overall costs and proper management and supervision of trustees are needed, and regular customer complaints need to be identified and continuous service supplementation is required.์ 1 ์ฅ ์ ๋ก 1
์ 1 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ชฉ์ ๋ฐ ํ์์ฑ 1
์ 2 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ฒ์์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ 2
์ 2 ์ฅ ์ด๋ก ์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ์ ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒํ 4
์ 1 ์ ์ด๋ก ์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 4
1. ์ง๋ฐฉ์์๋ ์ด๋ก ์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 4
2. ์ง๋ฐฉ์์๋ ์ด์๊ด๋ฆฌ ์
๋ฌด์ ์ํ 11
3. ์ง๋ฐฉ์์๋ ์ฌ์
ํ๊ฐ 20
4. ์ง๋ฐฉ์์๋ ์ด๊ด์๊ฐ 23
์ 2 ์ ์ ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒํ 30
์ 3 ์ฅ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ค๊ณ 35
์ 1 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชจํ ๋ฐ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ์ค 35
1. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชจํ 35
2. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ์ค 36
์ 2 ์ ๋ณ์์ ์กฐ์์ ์ ์ 38
1. ๋
๋ฆฝ ๋ณ์ 38
2. ์ข
์ ๋ณ์ 38
3. ๋งค๊ฐ ๋ณ์ 39
4. ํต์ ๋ณ์ 40
์ 3 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋์ ๋ฐ ์๋ฃ์์ง 41
์ 4 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ 41
์ 4 ์ฅ ๋ถ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 43
์ 1 ์ ๊ธฐ์ ํต๊ณ ๋ถ์ 43
1. ๋
๋ฆฝ ๋ณ์ 43
2. ์ข
์ ๋ณ์ 43
3. ๋งค๊ฐ ๋ณ์ 44
4. ํต์ ๋ณ์ 45
5. ์๊ด๊ด๊ณ ๋ถ์ 46
์ 2 ์ ์ง๋ฐฉ์์๋ ํจ์จ์ฑ ๋ถ์ 47
1. ์ง๋ฐฉ์์๋ ์ด์์ ํ๋ณ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ฑ ๋ถ์ 47
2. ์ง๋ฐฉ์์๋ ์ด์์ ํ๋ณ ํจ์จ์ฑ ๋ถ์ 50
3. ์ง๋ฐฉ์์๋ ์ด์์ ํ๋ณ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ฑ ๋งค๊ฐํจ๊ณผ ๋ถ์ 59
์ 5 ์ฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก 62
์ 1 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์์ฝ 62
์ 2 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์์์ ์ ์ฑ
์ ๋
ผ์ 63
์ 3 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ํ๊ณ 65
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ 66
Abstract 69Maste
Clinical and Multimodal Imaging Features of Choroidal Nevi in the Korean Population
Choroidal nevus is a precursor of choroidal melanoma. Multimodal imaging has become vital in predicting the malignant transformation of choroidal nevi. This single-center, retrospective study analyzed clinical characteristics and multimodal imaging findings of 168 choroidal nevi (164 patients) of the Korean population. The mean age at presentation was 50 ยฑ 15 (range, 13-85) (women, n = 88 [53.7%]). Choroidal nevi (melanotic, n = 164 [97.6%]; postequatorial, n = 160 [95.2%]) were densely located between the optic disc and foveola (65.5%). The mean maximum linear basal diameter on fundus photography and thickness on optical coherence tomography were 2.97 ยฑ 1.51 mm and 521 ยฑ 297 ฮผm, respectively. On ultrasonography, the mean thickness was 0.87 ยฑ 0.60 mm. Choroidal nevi in women were associated with a higher maximum linear basal diameter (3.23 ยฑ 1.65 vs. 2.68 ยฑ 1.21 mm; p = 0.033) and age at diagnosis (52 ยฑ 14 vs. 47 ยฑ 16 years; p = 0.046) than those in men. Choroidal nevi with associated subretinal fluid (23.2%) presented with larger basal diameter (p = 0.049) and thickness on B-scan and optical coherence tomography (p < 0.001), but a younger age at diagnosis (p < 0.001) than those of dry nevi. This multimodal imaging study of choroidal nevi revealed some distinct characteristics, including topographic distribution, sex-related differences, and a younger age at diagnosis of nevi with fluid.ope
Surgical Treatment of a Large Choroidal Melanoma
๋ชฉ์ : ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋งค์ฐ ํฐ ๋งฅ๋ฝ๋ง ํ์์ข
์์ ์๊ตฌ์ ์ถ์ ์ ์ํํ์ง ์๊ณ , ๊ตญ์์ ์ ์ ๋ฐ ๊ทผ์ ๋ฐฉ์ฌ์ ์น๋ฃ๋ฅผ ๋์์ ์ํํ์ฌ ์ฑ๊ณต์ ์ผ๋ก ์น๋ฃํ ์ฆ๋ก๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ๊ณ ์ ํ๋ค.
์ฆ๋ก์์ฝ: 48์ธ ์ฌํ์ด 2๊ฐ์ ์ ๋ถํฐ ์ฐ์์ ์ฝ ์ชฝ ์์ผ๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋ ค์ ธ ๋ณด์ด๋ ์ฆ์ ์ฃผ์๋ก ๋ด์ํ์๋ค. ์ฐ์ ์ต๋๊ต์ ์๋ ฅ 0.6, ์์ ์ ๋ฐ์ด์์ ๊ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ฒ์ฏ ๋ชจ์์ ๊ฒ์ ๋งฅ๋ฝ๋ง ์ข
๊ดด ์๊ฒฌ ํ์ธ๋์๋ค. ์๊ธฐ๊ณต๋ช
์์๊ฒ์ฌ์ ์ข
์์ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ ๊ธฐ์ 17.1 mm, ๋์ด 14.2 mm์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ ์ ์ ์ ์ด๋ ํ์ธ๋์ง ์์๋ค. ์๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์กดํ๋ฉฐ ์ข
์์ ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ํด ์ ์ ๋ง์ทจํ ๋ถ๋ถ์ธตํ ๊ณต๋ง์ ์ ์ ๋ฐ ๋์ ๊ทผ์ ๋ฐฉ์ฌ์ ์น๋ฃ๋ฅผ ์ํํ์๋ค. ์์ 6์ฃผ ํ ์ ๋ฆฌ์ฒด์ ์ ์ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฑ๋ด์ฅ์์ , ์ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ์ค์ผ ์ฃผ์
์ , ๋ฉํ ํธ๋ ์ธ์ดํธ ์๋ด ์ฃผ์ฌ์ ์ํํ์๋ค. ๋ฐฉ์ฌ์ ๋ง๋ง๋ณ์ฆ ์๋ฐฉ์ ์ํด 2๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ์ผ๋ก ์ ๋ฆฌ์ฒด๊ฐ ๋ด ๋ฒ ๋ฐ์์ฃผ๋ง ์ฃผ์
์ ์ ์ํํ์๋ค. ์์ ํ 2๋
์งธ, ์๋ ฅ 0.01, ์์ 14๋ก ์์ ์ ์ธ ์์๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ์ข
์ ์ฌ๋ฐ ๋ฐ ์ ์ด ์์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๊ด์ฐฐ ์ค์ด๋ค.
๊ฒฐ๋ก : ๋งค์ฐ ํฐ ํฌ๊ธฐ์ ๋งฅ๋ฝ๋ง ํ์์ข
์น๋ฃ๋ฅผ ์ํด ์๊ตฌ์ ์ถ์ ์ ์ํํ์ง ์๊ณ , ์์ ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ด ๊น๋ค๋กญ์ง๋ง ํ์์ข
์ ๊ตญ์์ ์ ์ ๋ฐ๊ทผ์ ๋ฐฉ์ฌ์ ์น๋ฃ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์กดํ๋ฉด์๋ ์ฑ๊ณต์ ์ผ๋ก ์น๋ฃํ ์ ์๋ค.ope
์ก ์ฌ์ ๋จ์ ๊ฐ๊ฒฝ ์ ๊ด๊ณผ ๊ณ ๋ ค์ ์ธ๊ต ๊ณต๊ฐ ํ์ฉ
The diplomacy of Goryeo in the first half of the 12th century was the process of careful choices according to the international situation in East Asia. Goryeo had been leaving several diplomatic channels open while observing the complex international situation of East Asia. In particular, it was necessary to watch the change of the relationship between Jurchen and Song and set the diplomatic direction, while keeping the connection in amity with Song but not being invested.
The first year of Injong of Goryeo in which Seo Keung arrived in Goryeo as a member of Songs delegation was when the difference of diplomatic position between Goryeo and Song had been subtly reveled. The intention of Goryeo was clearly reflected that is the landscape of Gaegyoung that Goryeo wanted to show to Songs delegation. Goryeo restricted visitors access Suncheongwan and the delegations path, and allowed them to guide and tour the spaces within Gaegyeong.
Anhwasa temple slected by Goryeo was a place to commemorate the King Yejong of Goryeo and it was also a place where the results of diplomatic negotiations with Hwijong of Song during the King Yejong were arranged in places. By showing Anhwasa temple to Songs delegation, Goryeo could express that they value the diplomacy with Song. In order to emphasize the Taoism exchange, they also prepared a brief tour of the Bokwonkwan Palace for the delegation because they knew the situation of Song which had placed Taoism above Buddism. As they guided the monumental place of diplomacy with Song, it could have made a friendly bond with Goryeo.
The next places were Soongsanmyo, Dongshinsa, and Bojesa where the ritual cermonies held for Song delegation. Soongsanmyo was the place they could share the memories of war against the Kitan, and Bojesa was the place a monk from Song had been stayed and they could find the part of social and cultural exchange of two countries. Dongsinsa was the place that Seo Keung could find out Goryeos history and, at the same time, Goryeo could show their own culture different with Song. In other words, Soongsanmyo, Dongsinsa, and Bojesa were where Songs delegation could experience the Goryeos culture, and understand the cultural differences of two countries.
Seo Keungs view written in Goryeodokyung was basically a strangers but the spaces where he saw were selected and provided the frame of understand by Goryeo. Goryeo probably wanted to make them understand the cultural differences between two countries and to smooth the diplomatic negotiation with Song, while offering tours of main attractions to the delegation. The Gaegyeong tourists attractions for Songs delegation showed that Goryeo in the 12th century actively used the spaces in Gaegyeong for the diplomacy
L`etude sur la police administrative en droit francais
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ์ฌ) --์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ :๋ฒํ๊ณผ,2010.2.Docto
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