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    Structural Relationships between Team Performance, Transformational Leadership, Empowerment, Absorptive Capacity, Task Uncertainty, and Psychological Safety Perceived by R&D Team Members in Korean Large Companies

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ(박사)--μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› :농업생λͺ…κ³Όν•™λŒ€ν•™ λ†μ‚°μ—…κ΅μœ‘κ³Ό,2019. 8. 김진λͺ¨.This study was aimed at examining the structural relationships between transformational leadership, team empowerment, team absorptive capacity and team performance perceived by R&D team members in large companies and finding and the moderating effects of team task uncertainty and team psychological safety on a specific path of the structural model. To meet the research objectives, the following steps were taken: i) to examine the structural model of transformational leadership, team empowerment, team absorptive capacity and team performance perceived by R&D team members in large companies; ii) to examine the relationships between transformational leadership, team empowerment, team absorptive capacity and team performance perceived by R&D team members in large companies; iii) to examine the mediating effects of team empowerment and team absorptive capacity on the structural relationships between transformational leadership, team empowerment, team absorptive capacity and team performance of R&D teams in large companies; iv) to examine the moderating effects of team task uncertainty on the structural relationships between transformational leadership, team empowerment, team absorptive capacity and team performance of R&D teams in large companies; and v) to examine the moderating effects of team psychological safety on the structural relationships between transformational leadership, team empowerment, team absorptive capacity and team performance of R&D teams in large companies. The target of this study is R&D team members in domestic large companies. However, if a large company is rarely involved in research and development, it is hard to find the accurate characteristics of a general R&D team by conducting research on that company. The target population was accordingly set as the R&D teams at the top 50 companies in consideration of the R&D investment volume in 2016 suggested in the Report on Corporate R&D Investment and Performance published by the Science and Technology Policy Institute (2017). The research method was a survey comprised of scales measuring team performance, transformational leadership, team empowerment, team absorptive capacity, team task uncertainty and team psychological safety and items for demographic information. For preliminary research, the survey data was collected from 55 R&D team members at large companies between April 16 and 22, 2019. The main survey was collected from 328 members of 95 teams at 15 companies between April 25 and May 23, 2019. The data of 319 members of 91 teams at 15 companies (misleading or inappropriate answers excluded) was used to see the analysis level. As the team-level analysis was not validated, the data of 316 respondents from 91 teams (outliers excluded) was used for the final analysis. The data was analyzed using technical statistics such as frequencies, percentages and standard deviations, correlation coefficient and t-test via SPSS Statistics 22.0, and the structural equation modeling and mediation and moderating using structural equation modeling were conducted using Mplus 6.12. The statistical significance of the result of inferential statistics was set at p<.05. This study resulted as follows: i) The fit indices of the structural model between team performance, transformational leadership, team empowerment and team absorptive capacity of R&D teams in large companies were all moderate, having appropriately expected the structural relationships between the variables; ii) Transformational leadership had no significant and positive effect on team performance, while positively affecting team empowerment (Ξ²=.594, p⟨.001) and team absorptive capacity (Ξ²=.306, p⟨.001), respectively. Team empowerment also had a positive effect respectively on team performance (Ξ²=.579, p⟨.001) and team absorptive capacity (Ξ²=.575, p⟨.001), which was turned out to have a positive effect on team performance (Ξ²=.332, p⟨.001); iii) mediating effects were analyzed based on the estimation using bootstrapping. The result showed that team empowerment (Ξ²=.344, p⟨.001) and team absorptive capacity (Ξ²=.102, p⟨.01) significantly mediated the relationships between transformational leadership and team performance, whereas double mediation of team empowerment and team absorptive capacity on the relationships between transformational leadership and team performance was significant (Ξ²=.114, p⟨.001); and iv) there existed no significant moderating effects of team task uncertainty on the relationships between transformational leadership and team absorptive capacity and between team empowerment and team absorptive capacity, as well as moderating effects of team psychological safety on the relationships between team absorptive capacity and team performance. The conclusions of this study include the followings: i) Transformational leadership, team empowerment and team absorptive capacity perceived by R&D team members appropriately expect the team performance; ii) Transformational leadership perceived by R&D team members has no direct and positive effect on team performance; iii) Transformational leadership perceived by R&D team members directly and positively affects team empowerment; iv) Transformational leadership perceived by R&D team members has a direct and positive impact on team absorptive capacity; v) Team empowerment perceived by R&D team members directly and positively influences team absorptive capacity; vi) Team absorptive capacity perceived by R&D team members directly and positively affects team performance; and vii) team empowerment and team absorptive capacity perceived by R&D team members respectively have single-mediating and double-mediating effects on the paths between transformational leadership and team performance. Based on the aforementioned conclusions, the suggestions for future research were proposed as below: i) it is needed to use objective indices to measure team performance or limit a certain agent as a team leader; ii)γ€€future research needs to be conducted given the differences of R&D teams by industry; iii) circumstantial moderating variables which may affect team absorptive capacity need further research; iv) future research needs to consider non-human trust in the definition and the scales of team psychological safety; and v) team-related factors affecting R&D team performance should be explored further. Practical suggestions were proposed for the improvement of team performance perceived by R&D team members, based on the conclusions: i) circumstantial factors which can maximize the effectiveness of transformational leadership of R&D team leaders should be found; ii) psychological empowerment, not a structural one, needs to be exercised in the process of team empowerment; and iii) it is needed to create an environment where R&D team members can demonstrate their team absorptive capacity.이 μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λͺ©μ μ€ λŒ€κΈ°μ—… μ—°κ΅¬κ°œλ°œ νŒ€μ›μ΄ μΈμ‹ν•œ λ³€ν˜μ  리더십, νŒ€ μž„νŒŒμ›Œλ¨ΌνŠΈ, νŒ€ ν‘μˆ˜μ—­λŸ‰ 및 νŒ€ μ„±κ³Όμ˜ ꡬ쑰적 관계λ₯Ό κ²€μ¦ν•˜κ³ , ꡬ쑰 λͺ¨ν˜•μ˜ νŠΉμ • κ²½λ‘œμ—μ„œ νŒ€ κ³Όμ—…λΆˆν™•μ‹€μ„±κ³Ό νŒ€ 심리적 μ•ˆμ „μ˜ 쑰절효과λ₯Ό κ²€μ¦ν•˜λŠ”λ° μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. 연ꡬ λͺ©μ μ„ λ‹¬μ„±ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 첫째, μ—°κ΅¬κ°œλ°œ νŒ€μ›μ΄ μΈμ‹ν•œ λ³€ν˜μ  리더십, νŒ€ μž„νŒŒμ›Œλ¨ΌνŠΈ, νŒ€ ν‘μˆ˜μ—­λŸ‰ 및 νŒ€ μ„±κ³Ό κ°„μ˜ ꡬ쑰적 λͺ¨ν˜•μ„ κ²€μ¦ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ‘˜μ§Έ, λŒ€κΈ°μ—… μ—°κ΅¬κ°œλ°œ νŒ€μ›μ΄ μΈμ‹ν•œ λ³€ν˜μ  리더십, νŒ€ μž„νŒŒμ›Œλ¨ΌνŠΈ, νŒ€ ν‘μˆ˜μ—­λŸ‰ 및 νŒ€ μ„±κ³Ό κ°„ 영ν–₯관계λ₯Ό ꡬλͺ…ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ…‹μ§Έ, λŒ€κΈ°μ—… μ—°κ΅¬κ°œλ°œνŒ€μ˜ λ³€ν˜μ  리더십, νŒ€ μž„νŒŒμ›Œλ¨ΌνŠΈ, νŒ€ ν‘μˆ˜μ—­λŸ‰ 및 νŒ€ μ„±κ³Όμ˜ ꡬ쑰적 κ΄€κ³„μ—μ„œ νŒ€ μž„νŒŒμ›Œλ¨ΌνŠΈμ™€ νŒ€ ν‘μˆ˜μ—­λŸ‰μ΄ κ°–λŠ” 맀개효과λ₯Ό ꡬλͺ…ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ„·μ§Έ, λŒ€κΈ°μ—… μ—°κ΅¬κ°œλ°œνŒ€μ˜ λ³€ν˜μ  리더십, νŒ€ μž„νŒŒμ›Œλ¨ΌνŠΈ, νŒ€ ν‘μˆ˜μ—­λŸ‰ 및 νŒ€ μ„±κ³Όμ˜ ꡬ쑰적 κ΄€κ³„μ—μ„œ νŒ€ κ³Όμ—…λΆˆν™•μ‹€μ„±μ˜ 쑰절효과λ₯Ό ꡬλͺ…ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ‹€μ„―μ§Έ, λŒ€κΈ°μ—… μ—°κ΅¬κ°œλ°œνŒ€μ˜ λ³€ν˜μ  리더십, νŒ€ μž„νŒŒμ›Œλ¨ΌνŠΈ, νŒ€ ν‘μˆ˜μ—­λŸ‰ 및 νŒ€ μ„±κ³Όμ˜ ꡬ쑰적 κ΄€κ³„μ—μ„œ νŒ€ 심리적 μ•ˆμ „μ˜ 쑰절효과λ₯Ό ꡬλͺ…ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 이 μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λŒ€μƒμ€ κ΅­λ‚΄ λŒ€κΈ°μ—… μ—°κ΅¬κ°œλ°œ νŒ€μ›μ΄λ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ—°κ΅¬κ°œλ°œ ν™œλ™μ΄ 잘 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” λŒ€κΈ°μ—…μ€ μ—°κ΅¬κ°œλ°œνŒ€ νŠΉμ„±μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ •ν™•ν•œ 쑰사가 μ–΄λ ΅κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— κ³Όν•™κΈ°μˆ μ •μ±…μ—°κ΅¬μ›(2017)μ—μ„œ λ°œν–‰ν•œ κΈ°μ—…μ˜ μ—°κ΅¬κ°œλ°œνˆ¬μžμ™€ μ„±κ³Ό λ³΄κ³ μ„œμ— μ œμ‹œλœ 2016년도 μ—°κ΅¬κ°œλ°œ 투자규λͺ¨ μˆœμœ„λ₯Ό κ³ λ €ν•˜μ—¬ μƒμœ„ 50개 λŒ€κΈ°μ—… 리슀트λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ‘°μ‚¬λ„κ΅¬λ‘œλŠ” νŒ€ μ„±κ³Ό, λ³€ν˜μ  리더십, νŒ€ μž„νŒŒμ›Œλ¨ΌνŠΈ, νŒ€ ν‘μˆ˜μ—­λŸ‰, νŒ€ κ³Όμ—…λΆˆν™•μ‹€μ„±, νŒ€ 심리적 μ•ˆμ „ 척도와 인ꡬ톡계학적 λ¬Έν•­μœΌλ‘œ κ΅¬μ„±λœ 섀문지λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 자료 μˆ˜μ§‘μ€ μ˜ˆλΉ„μ‘°μ‚¬μ˜ 경우, 2019λ…„ 4μ›” 16일뢀터 4μ›” 22μΌκΉŒμ§€ λŒ€κΈ°μ—… μ—°κ΅¬κ°œλ°œ 연ꡬ원 55λͺ…을 λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ μ‹€μ‹œλ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. λ³Έμ‘°μ‚¬μ˜ 경우, 2019λ…„ 4μ›” 25일뢀터 5μ›” 23μΌκΉŒμ§€ μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ‘ŒμœΌλ©°, 15개 κΈ°μ—…μ˜ 95개 νŒ€, 328λͺ…μ˜ 자료λ₯Ό νšŒμˆ˜ν•œ ν›„ λΆ€μ μ ˆν•œ 응닡을 μ œμ™Έν•˜κ³ , 15개 κΈ°μ—…μ˜ 91개 νŒ€, 319λͺ… 자료λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•˜μ—¬ 뢄석 μˆ˜μ€€μ„ ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. νŒ€ μˆ˜μ€€ λΆ„μ„μ˜ 타당성을 κ²€ν† ν•œ κ²°κ³Ό, 타당성이 μΆ©μ‘±λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•„ 91개 νŒ€μ— μ†Œμ†λœ 319λͺ…μ˜ 응닡 자료 쀑 μ΄μƒμΉ˜λ₯Ό μ œμ™Έν•œ 316λͺ…μ˜ 응닡 자료λ₯Ό μ΅œμ’… 뢄석에 ν™œμš©ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 자료 뢄석은 SPSS Statistics 22.0을 μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λΉˆλ„, λ°±λΆ„μœ¨, 평균, ν‘œμ€€νŽΈμ°¨ λ“±μ˜ κΈ°μˆ ν†΅κ³„μ™€ 상관관계 뢄석, t-검정을 μ‹€μ‹œν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©°, Mplus 6.12λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ ꡬ쑰방정식 λͺ¨ν˜• 뢄석, 잠재쑰절 ꡬ쑰방정식 λͺ¨ν˜• 뢄석을 μ‹€μ‹œν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 좔리톡계 결과에 λŒ€ν•œ 톡계적 μœ μ˜μ„±μ€ .05λ₯Ό κΈ°μ€€μœΌλ‘œ νŒλ‹¨ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 이 μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” 첫째, λŒ€κΈ°μ—… μ—°κ΅¬κ°œλ°œνŒ€μ˜ 성과와 λ³€ν˜μ  리더십, νŒ€ μž„νŒŒμ›Œλ¨ΌνŠΈ 및 νŒ€ ν‘μˆ˜μ—­λŸ‰ κ°„ ꡬ쑰λͺ¨ν˜•μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ ν•©λ„λŠ” λͺ¨λ‘ μ–‘ν˜Έν•œ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜ 변인 κ°„ ꡬ쑰적 관계λ₯Ό νƒ€λ‹Ήν•˜κ²Œ μ˜ˆμΈ‘ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ‘˜μ§Έ, λ³€ν˜μ  리더십은 νŒ€ 성과에 μœ μ˜ν•œ 정적 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬μœΌλ‚˜, νŒ€ μž„νŒŒμ›Œλ¨ΌνŠΈμ—λŠ” 정적 영ν–₯(Ξ²=.594, p⟨.001)을 미쳀으며, νŒ€ ν‘μˆ˜μ—­λŸ‰μ—λ„ 정적 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€(Ξ²=.306, p⟨.001). λ˜ν•œ νŒ€ μž„νŒŒμ›Œλ¨ΌνŠΈλ„ νŒ€ μ„±κ³Ό(Ξ²=.579, p⟨.001)와 νŒ€ ν‘μˆ˜μ—­λŸ‰(Ξ²=.575, p⟨.001) 각각에 정적 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ νŒ€ ν‘μˆ˜μ—­λŸ‰λ„ νŒ€ 성과에 정적 영ν–₯(Ξ²=.332, p⟨.001)을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. μ…‹μ§Έ, λ§€κ°œνš¨κ³ΌλŠ” λΆ€νŠΈμŠ€νŠΈλž˜ν•‘μ— μ˜ν•œ 좔정을 톡해 λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 뢄석 κ²°κ³Ό, λ³€ν˜μ  리더십과 νŒ€ μ„±κ³Όμ˜ κ΄€κ³„μ—μ„œ νŒ€ μž„νŒŒμ›Œλ¨ΌνŠΈ(Ξ²=.344, p⟨.001)와 νŒ€ ν‘μˆ˜μ—­λŸ‰(Ξ²=.102, p⟨.01)은 μœ μ˜ν•œ λ§€κ°œνš¨κ³Όκ°€ μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬μœΌλ©°, λ³€ν˜μ  리더십과 νŒ€ μ„±κ³Όμ˜ κ΄€κ³„μ—μ„œ νŒ€ μž„νŒŒμ›Œλ¨ΌνŠΈ, νŒ€ ν‘μˆ˜μ—­λŸ‰μ˜ 이쀑 맀개효과 λ˜ν•œ μœ μ˜ν•œ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€(Ξ²=.114, p⟨.001).λ„·μ§Έ, ꡬ쑰λͺ¨ν˜•μ—μ„œ λ³€ν˜μ  리더십과 νŒ€ ν‘μˆ˜μ—­λŸ‰μ˜ 관계, νŒ€ μž„νŒŒμ›Œλ¨ΌνŠΈμ™€ νŒ€ ν‘μˆ˜μ—­λŸ‰μ˜ κ΄€κ³„μ—μ„œ νŒ€ κ³Όμ—…λΆˆν™•μ‹€μ„±μ˜ μ‘°μ ˆνš¨κ³Όμ™€ νŒ€ ν‘μˆ˜μ—­λŸ‰κ³Ό νŒ€ μ„±κ³Όμ˜ κ΄€κ³„μ—μ„œ νŒ€ 심리적 μ•ˆμ „μ˜ μ‘°μ ˆνš¨κ³ΌλŠ” μ—†λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. 이 μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ κ²°λ‘ μœΌλ‘œλŠ” 첫째, μ—°κ΅¬κ°œλ°œ νŒ€μ›μ΄ μΈμ‹ν•œ λ³€ν˜μ  리더십, νŒ€ μž„νŒŒμ›Œλ¨ΌνŠΈ, νŒ€ ν‘μˆ˜μ—­λŸ‰μ€ νŒ€ μ„±κ³Όλ₯Ό μ˜ˆμΈ‘ν•˜λŠ”λ° μ ν•©ν•˜λ‹€. λ‘˜μ§Έ, μ—°κ΅¬κ°œλ°œ νŒ€μ›μ΄ μΈμ‹ν•œ λ¦¬λ”μ˜ λ³€ν˜μ  리더십은 νŒ€ 성과에 직접적인 정적 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€. μ…‹μ§Έ, μ—°κ΅¬κ°œλ°œ νŒ€μ›μ΄ μΈμ‹ν•œ λ¦¬λ”μ˜ λ³€ν˜μ  리더십은 νŒ€ μž„νŒŒμ›Œλ¨ΌνŠΈμ— 직접적인 정적 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. λ„·μ§Έ, μ—°κ΅¬κ°œλ°œ νŒ€μ›μ΄ μΈμ‹ν•œ λ¦¬λ”μ˜ λ³€ν˜μ  리더십은 νŒ€ ν‘μˆ˜μ—­λŸ‰μ— 직접적인 정적 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. λ‹€μ„―μ§Έ, μ—°κ΅¬κ°œλ°œ νŒ€μ›μ΄ μΈμ‹ν•œ νŒ€ μž„νŒŒμ›Œλ¨ΌνŠΈλŠ” νŒ€ ν‘μˆ˜μ—­λŸ‰μ— 직접적인 정적 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. μ—¬μ„―μ§Έ, μ—°κ΅¬κ°œλ°œ νŒ€μ›μ΄ μΈμ‹ν•œ νŒ€ ν‘μˆ˜μ—­λŸ‰μ€ νŒ€ 성과에 직접적인 정적 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. 일곱째, μ—°κ΅¬κ°œλ°œ νŒ€μ›μ΄ μΈμ‹ν•œ νŒ€ μž„νŒŒμ›Œλ¨ΌνŠΈμ™€ νŒ€ ν‘μˆ˜μ—­λŸ‰μ€ λ³€ν˜μ  리더십과 νŒ€ μ„±κ³Ό κ°„ 경둜λ₯Ό 각각 λ‹¨μΌλ§€κ°œ, μ΄μ€‘λ§€κ°œ ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. 이 μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ 결둠을 톡해 후속 연ꡬλ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ μ œμ–Έμ„ μ œμ‹œν•˜λ©΄ λ‹€μŒκ³Ό κ°™λ‹€. 첫째, νŒ€ μ„±κ³Όμ˜ 츑정에 μžˆμ–΄ 객관적인 μ§€ν‘œλ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ μΈ‘μ • 주체λ₯Ό νŒ€μž₯으둜 ν•œμ •ν•˜μ—¬ 연ꡬλ₯Ό μˆ˜ν–‰ν•  ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆλ‹€. λ‘˜μ§Έ, μ—°κ΅¬κ°œλ°œνŒ€μ˜ 업쒅별 차이λ₯Ό κ³ λ €ν•œ 연ꡬλ₯Ό μˆ˜ν–‰ν•΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€. μ…‹μ§Έ, νŒ€ ν‘μˆ˜μ—­λŸ‰μ— 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 상황적 μ‘°μ ˆλ³€μΈμ— λŒ€ν•œ 좔가적인 연ꡬ가 ν•„μš”ν•˜λ‹€. λ„·μ§Έ, νŒ€ 심리적 μ•ˆμ „μ˜ κ°œλ… 및 μΈ‘μ • 도ꡬ에 μžˆμ–΄ 비인적 μ‹ λ’° 츑면을 κ³ λ €ν•œ 후속 연ꡬ가 ν•„μš”ν•˜λ‹€. λ‹€μ„―μ§Έ, μ—°κ΅¬κ°œλ°œνŒ€ 성과에 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” νŒ€ κ΄€λ ¨ μš”μΈμ„ μΆ”κ°€μ μœΌλ‘œ 탐색할 ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆλ‹€. 이 μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ 결둠을 톡해 μ—°κ΅¬κ°œλ°œ νŒ€μ›μ΄ μΈμ‹ν•˜λŠ” νŒ€ μ„±κ³Ό μˆ˜μ€€μ„ ν–₯μƒμ‹œν‚€κΈ° μœ„ν•œ μ‹€μ²œμ  μ œμ–Έμ„ μ œμ‹œν•˜λ©΄ λ‹€μŒκ³Ό κ°™λ‹€. 첫째, μ—°κ΅¬κ°œλ°œνŒ€ 리더가 λ°œνœ˜ν•˜λŠ” λ³€ν˜μ  λ¦¬λ”μ‹­μ˜ νš¨κ³Όμ„±μ„ κ·ΉλŒ€ν™”ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 상황적 μš”μΈμ„ ꡬλͺ…ν•΄ λ‚˜κ°€μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€. λ‘˜μ§Έ, νŒ€ μž„νŒŒμ›Œλ¨ΌνŠΈ μ‹€μ²œ κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ ꡬ쑰적 μž„νŒŒμ›Œλ¨ΌνŠΈκ°€ μ•„λ‹Œ 심리적 μž„νŒŒμ›Œλ¨ΌνŠΈκ°€ μ‹€μ²œλ  수 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν•΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€. μ…‹μ§Έ, μ—°κ΅¬κ°œλ°œ νŒ€μ›λ“€μ΄ νŒ€ ν‘μˆ˜μ—­λŸ‰μ„ μ‹€μ²œν•  수 μžˆλŠ” ν™˜κ²½μ„ μ‘°μ„±ν•΄μ£Όμ–΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€.I. μ„œλ‘  1 1. μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ ν•„μš”μ„± 1 2. μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λͺ©μ  5 3. 연ꡬ 문제 5 4. μš©μ–΄μ˜ μ •μ˜ 7 5. μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ μ œν•œ 9 II. 이둠적 λ°°κ²½ 10 1. λŒ€κΈ°μ—… μ—°κ΅¬κ°œλ°œνŒ€ 10 2. νŒ€ μ„±κ³Ό 13 3. νŒ€ μ„±κ³Ό κ΄€λ ¨ μ£Όμš” 변인 20 4. νŒ€ μ„±κ³Ό κ΄€λ ¨ 변인 κ°„ 관계 46 III. 연ꡬ방법 66 1. 연ꡬλͺ¨ν˜• 66 2. μ—°κ΅¬λŒ€μƒ 67 3. μžλ£Œμˆ˜μ§‘ 71 4. 쑰사도ꡬ 76 5. μžλ£ŒλΆ„μ„ 87 IV. 연ꡬ κ²°κ³Ό 및 λ…Όμ˜ 91 1. 관찰변인 뢄석 91 2. μΈ‘μ •λͺ¨ν˜• 뢄석 95 3. ꡬ쑰λͺ¨ν˜• 뢄석 및 λͺ¨ν˜•μˆ˜μ • 99 4. μ΅œμ’… ꡬ쑰λͺ¨ν˜• 뢄석 101 5. 연ꡬ 결과에 λŒ€ν•œ λ…Όμ˜ 112 V. μš”μ•½, κ²°λ‘  및 μ œμ–Έ 126 1. μš”μ•½ 126 2. κ²°λ‘  128 3. μ œμ–Έ 130 μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν—Œ 135 뢀둝 163Docto

    The Structural Relationship among Learning, Leaders Transformational Leadership, Empowerment and Cohesiveness of Teams in Large Corporations

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (석사)-- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : λ†μ‚°μ—…κ΅μœ‘κ³Ό, 2015. 7. 김진λͺ¨.이 μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λͺ©μ μ€ λŒ€κΈ°μ—… νŒ€μ˜ ν•™μŠ΅κ³Ό νŒ€μž₯ λ³€ν˜μ  리더십, μž„νŒŒμ›Œλ¨ΌνŠΈ 및 응집λ ₯의 관계λ₯Ό ꡬλͺ…ν•˜λŠ” 데 μžˆλ‹€. ꡬ체적인 λͺ©ν‘œλŠ” λ‹€μŒκ³Ό κ°™λ‹€. 첫째, λŒ€κΈ°μ—… νŒ€μ˜ ν•™μŠ΅κ³Ό νŒ€μž₯ λ³€ν˜μ  리더십, νŒ€ μž„νŒŒμ›Œλ¨ΌνŠΈ 및 νŒ€ 응집λ ₯ κ°„μ˜ ꡬ쑰적 λͺ¨ν˜•μ„ μ„€μ •ν•˜κ³ , μ„€μ •ν•œ λͺ¨ν˜•μ΄ 변인 κ°„ ꡬ쑰적 관계λ₯Ό μ ν•©ν•˜κ²Œ μ˜ˆμΈ‘ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ κ²€μ¦ν•œλ‹€. λ‘˜μ§Έ, λŒ€κΈ°μ—…μ˜ νŒ€μž₯ λ³€ν˜μ  리더십과 νŒ€ ν•™μŠ΅, νŒ€ 응집λ ₯ 및 νŒ€ μž„νŒŒμ›Œλ¨ΌνŠΈ κ°„μ˜ 영ν–₯ 관계λ₯Ό ꡬλͺ…ν•œλ‹€. μ…‹μ§Έ, λŒ€κΈ°μ—…μ˜ νŒ€ μž„νŒŒμ›Œλ¨ΌνŠΈμ™€ νŒ€ 응집λ ₯ 및 νŒ€ ν•™μŠ΅ κ°„μ˜ 영ν–₯ 관계λ₯Ό ꡬλͺ…ν•œλ‹€. λ„·μ§Έ, λŒ€κΈ°μ—…μ˜ νŒ€ 응집λ ₯κ³Ό νŒ€ ν•™μŠ΅ κ°„μ˜ 영ν–₯ 관계λ₯Ό ꡬλͺ…ν•œλ‹€. λ‹€μ„―μ§Έ, λŒ€κΈ°μ—…μ˜ νŒ€μž₯ λ³€ν˜μ  리더십과 νŒ€ ν•™μŠ΅ κ°„μ˜ κ΄€κ³„μ—μ„œ νŒ€ μž„νŒŒμ›Œλ¨ΌνŠΈ 및 νŒ€ 응집λ ₯이 κ°–λŠ” λ‹¨μΌλ§€κ°œνš¨κ³Όλ₯Ό ꡬλͺ…ν•œλ‹€. μ—¬μ„―μ§Έ, λŒ€κΈ°μ—…μ˜ νŒ€μž₯ λ³€ν˜μ  리더십과 νŒ€ ν•™μŠ΅ κ°„μ˜ κ΄€κ³„μ—μ„œ νŒ€ μž„νŒŒμ›Œλ¨ΌνŠΈ 및 응집λ ₯이 κ°–λŠ” μ΄μ€‘λ§€κ°œνš¨κ³Όλ₯Ό ꡬλͺ…ν•œλ‹€. 이 μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λͺ¨μ§‘단은 λŒ€κΈ°μ—… μ’…μ‚¬μžμ΄λ©°, λͺ©ν‘œ λͺ¨μ§‘단은 λͺ©ν‘œ λͺ¨μ§‘단은 λŒ€ν•œμƒκ³΅νšŒμ˜μ†Œμ—μ„œ μ œκ³΅ν•˜λŠ” 1000λŒ€ κΈ°μ—…(λ§€μΆœμ•‘ 순)의 κΈ°λŠ₯νŒ€μ΄λ‹€. λ³Έ μ‘°μ‚¬μ˜ 자료 μˆ˜μ§‘μ€ μš°νŽΈμ‘°μ‚¬ 및 온라인 μ„€λ¬Έ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œ(KSDC)λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•œ μœ μ˜ν‘œμ§‘μ„ ν™œμš©ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©°, 총 28개 κΈ°μ—…μ˜ 88개 κΈ°λŠ₯νŒ€, 588λͺ…이 μ‘λ‹΅ν•œ 자료λ₯Ό ν™•λ³΄ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 이 μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ μˆ˜μ§‘λœ μžλ£ŒλŠ” SPSS Statistics 22.0와 AMOS 21.0 ν†΅κ³„ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ„ ν™œμš©ν•˜μ—¬ λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©°, λͺ¨λ“  뢄석에 μžˆμ–΄μ„œ 톡계적 μœ μ˜μˆ˜μ€€μ€ 5%둜 μ„€μ •ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ£Όμš” ν†΅κ³„λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œλŠ” λΉˆλ„, λ°±λΆ„μœ¨, 평균, ν‘œμ€€νŽΈμ°¨ λ“±μ˜ κΈ°μˆ ν†΅κ³„κΈ°λ²•μ„ ν™œμš©ν•˜κ³ , 변인 κ°„μ˜ 관계λ₯Ό 밝히기 μœ„ν•΄ 상관관계 뢄석을 ν™œμš©ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©°, ꡬ쑰방정식 λͺ¨ν˜•μ„ 톡해 각 κ²½λ‘œκ³„μˆ˜μ™€ μœ μ˜λ„λ₯Ό ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 이 μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” λ‹€μŒκ³Ό κ°™λ‹€. 첫째, λŒ€κΈ°μ—… νŒ€μ˜ ν•™μŠ΅κ³Ό νŒ€μž₯ λ³€ν˜μ  리더십, νŒ€ μž„νŒŒμ›Œλ¨ΌνŠΈ 및 응집λ ₯ κ°„μ˜ ꡬ쑰적 λͺ¨ν˜•μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ ν•©λ„λŠ” μ–‘ν˜Έν•œ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜ 변인 κ°„ ꡬ쑰적 관계λ₯Ό νƒ€λ‹Ήν•˜κ²Œ μ˜ˆμΈ‘ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ‘˜μ§Έ, λŒ€κΈ°μ—…μ˜ νŒ€μž₯ λ³€ν˜μ  리더십은 νŒ€ ν•™μŠ΅μ— 직접적인 정적 영ν–₯(Ξ²=.436)을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬μœΌλ©°, νŒ€ 응집λ ₯에도 직접적인 정적 영ν–₯(Ξ²=.350)을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. λ˜ν•œ νŒ€μž₯ λ³€ν˜μ  리더십은 νŒ€ μž„νŒŒμ›Œλ¨ΌνŠΈμ—λ„ 직접적인 정적 영ν–₯(Ξ²=.748)을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. μ…‹μ§Έ, λŒ€κΈ°μ—…μ˜ νŒ€ μž„νŒŒμ›Œλ¨ΌνŠΈλŠ” νŒ€ 응집λ ₯에 직접적인 정적 영ν–₯(Ξ²=.520)을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬μœΌλ©°, νŒ€ ν•™μŠ΅μ—λ„ 직접적인 정적 영ν–₯(Ξ²=.425)을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. λ„·μ§Έ, λŒ€κΈ°μ—…μ˜ νŒ€ 응집λ ₯은 νŒ€ ν•™μŠ΅μ— 직접적인 정적 영ν–₯(Ξ²=.211)을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. λ‹€μ„―μ§Έ, λŒ€κΈ°μ—…μ˜ νŒ€μž₯ λ³€ν˜μ  리더십과 νŒ€ ν•™μŠ΅ κ°„μ˜ κ΄€κ³„μ—μ„œ νŒ€ μž„νŒŒμ›Œλ¨ΌνŠΈλŠ” μœ μ˜λ―Έν•œ κ°„μ ‘νš¨κ³Ό(Ξ’=.198)κ°€ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬μœΌλ‚˜, νŒ€μž₯ λ³€ν˜μ  리더십과 νŒ€ ν•™μŠ΅ κ°„μ˜ κ΄€κ³„μ—μ„œ νŒ€ 응집λ ₯은 μœ μ˜λ―Έν•œ κ°„μ ‘νš¨κ³Όκ°€ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€. μ—¬μ„―μ§Έ, λŒ€κΈ°μ—…μ˜ νŒ€μž₯ λ³€ν˜μ  리더십과 νŒ€ ν•™μŠ΅ κ°„μ˜ κ΄€κ³„μ—μ„œ νŒ€ μž„νŒŒμ›Œλ¨ΌνŠΈ 및 응집λ ₯ μ—­μ‹œ μœ μ˜λ―Έν•œ κ°„μ ‘νš¨κ³Όκ°€ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€. 이 μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ κ²°λ‘ μœΌλ‘œλŠ” 첫째, 이 μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ μ„€μ •ν•œ 변인 κ°„ ꡬ쑰적 관계 λͺ¨ν˜•μ€ λŒ€κΈ°μ—… νŒ€μ›λ“€μ„ λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ ν•œ μ‹€μ¦μžλ£Œλ₯Ό λΆ„μ„ν•˜κΈ°μ— μ ν•©ν•˜λ©°, 독립변인과 쒅속변인 κ°„μ˜ ꡬ쑰적 관계λ₯Ό νƒ€λ‹Ήν•˜κ²Œ μ˜ˆμΈ‘ν•œλ‹€. λ‘˜μ§Έ, νŒ€μž₯ λ³€ν˜μ  리더십은 νŒ€ ν•™μŠ΅μ— 직접적인 정적 영ν–₯을 미치며, νŒ€ 응집λ ₯κ³Ό νŒ€ μž„νŒŒμ›Œλ¨ΌνŠΈλ„ 각각 νŒ€ ν•™μŠ΅μ— 직접적인 정적 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. μ…‹μ§Έ, νŒ€ μž„νŒŒμ›Œλ¨ΌνŠΈλŠ” νŒ€ 응집λ ₯κ³Ό νŒ€ ν•™μŠ΅μ— 각각 직접적인 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. λ„·μ§Έ, νŒ€ 응집λ ₯은 νŒ€ ν•™μŠ΅μ— 직접적인 영ν–₯을 μ£ΌλŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. λ‹€μ„―μ§Έ, λŒ€κΈ°μ—…μ˜ νŒ€μž₯ λ³€ν˜μ  리더십과 νŒ€ ν•™μŠ΅ κ°„μ˜ κ΄€κ³„μ—μ„œ νŒ€ μž„νŒŒμ›Œλ¨ΌνŠΈλŠ” 간접적인 정적 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬μœΌλ‚˜, νŒ€μž₯ λ³€ν˜μ  리더십과 νŒ€ ν•™μŠ΅ κ°„μ˜ κ΄€κ³„μ—μ„œ νŒ€ 응집λ ₯은 간접적인 정적 영ν–₯ 관계가 μ—†λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. μ—¬μ„―μ§Έ, λŒ€κΈ°μ—…μ˜ νŒ€μž₯ λ³€ν˜μ  리더십과 νŒ€ ν•™μŠ΅ κ°„μ˜ κ΄€κ³„μ—μ„œ νŒ€ μž„νŒŒμ›Œλ¨ΌνŠΈ 및 응집λ ₯ μ—­μ‹œ 간접적인 정적 영ν–₯ 관계가 μ—†λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. 이와 같은 κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό ν† λŒ€λ‘œ λ‹€μŒκ³Ό 같은 사항을 μ œμ–Έν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 첫째, νŒ€ ν•™μŠ΅μ— 영ν–₯을 쀄 수 μžˆλŠ” 심리적 μš”μ†ŒλΏλ§Œ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ λ§₯락적 μš”μ†Œλ“€μ„ κ³ λ €ν•  ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆλ‹€. λ‘˜μ§Έ, νŒ€μ˜ νŠΉμ„±μ„ κ³ λ €ν•˜μ—¬ 보닀 λ‹€μ–‘ν•˜κ³  μ„ΈλΆ„ν™”λœ 연ꡬ가 μΆ”κ°€μ μœΌλ‘œ 진행될 ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆλ‹€. μ…‹μ§Έ, νŒ€ ν•™μŠ΅μ„ ꡬλͺ…ν•˜λŠ” λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 연ꡬ 방법이 μΆ”κ°€μ μœΌλ‘œ 고렀될 ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆλ‹€.The purpose of this study was to identify a structural relationship among team learning, leaders transformational leadership, empowerment and cohesiveness of teams in large corporations. Specific objectives to accomplish the research goal were as follows: First, to identify the fit indices of hypothetical structural model of team learning, team leaders transformational leadership, team empowerment and team cohesiveness of team in large corporationsSecond, to identify the relationship among team leaders transformational leadership, team learning, team cohesiveness and team empowermentThird, to identify the relationship among team empowerment, team cohesiveness and team learningFourth, to identify the relationship among team cohesiveness and team learningFifth, to identify the mediation effect of team empowerment and team cohesiveness between team leaders transformational leadership, team learning. Sixth, to identify the dual mediation effect of team empowerment and team cohesiveness between team leaders transformational leadership, team learning. The population for this study was team of large-sized corporations in Korea. However, due to the difficulty of counting all teams in large corporations, this study was restricted to the target population as employees of 1,000 companies list by the KCCI(Korea Chamber of Commerce and Industry). The data were collected by the KSDC(Korea Social science Data Center) and questionnaire. After screening the data, 588 responses from 88 teams were used for statistical analysis. All data analysis was accomplished using the SPSS Statistics 22.0 and AMOS 21.0 version. An alpha level of 5% was established prior for determining significance. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. To estimate parameters of proposed research model, structural equation modeling analysis was used. The findings of the study were as follows: First, the fit indices of hypothetical structural model of team learning, team leaders transformational leadership, team empowerment and team cohesiveness were suitably identified. Second, team leaders transformational leadership had a statistically significant effect on team learning(Ξ²=.436)on team cohesiveness(Ξ²=.350) and on team empowerment(Ξ²=.748). Third, team empowerment had a statistically significant effect on team cohesiveness(Ξ²=.520)on team learning(Ξ²=.425). Fourth, team cohesiveness had a statistically significant effect on team learning(Ξ²=.211). Fifth, team leaders transformational leadership had a statistically significant effect on team learning with the single mediation effect of team empowerment (Ξ’=.198)did not have a statistically significant effect on team learning with the single mediation effect of team cohesiveness. Sixth, team cohesiveness had a statistically significant effect on team learning(Ξ²=.211). Seventh, team leaders transformational leadership did not have a statistically significant effect on team learning with the dual mediation effect of team empowerment and team cohesiveness. Based on the study, major conclusions of this study were as follows: First, a structural equation model among team learning, team leaders transformational leadership, team empowerment and team cohesiveness was suitable to empirical analysis on research variables. Second, team leaders transformational leadership had a positive direct effect on team learning, team cohesiveness and team empowerment. Third, team empowerment had a positive direct effect on team learning and team cohesiveness. Forth, team cohesiveness had a positive direct effect on team learning. Fifth, team leaders transformational leadership had a indirect effect on team learning with the single mediation effect of team empowerment and did not have a indirect effect on team learning with the single mediation effect of team cohesiveness. Sixth, team leaders transformational leadership did not have a indirect effect on team learning with the dual mediation effect of team empowerment and team cohesiveness. Several recommendations for future researches were suggested as follows: First, further research needs to identify the contextual factors that lead to team learning. Second, further research needs to specify teams characteristics. Third, further research need to use diverse research methods for team learning such as qualitative research and hierarchial linear model.I. μ„œλ‘  1. μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ ν•„μš”μ„± 2. μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λͺ©μ  3. μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ κ°€μ„€ 4. μš©μ–΄μ˜ μ •μ˜ 5. μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ μ œν•œ II. 이둠적 λ°°κ²½ 1. νŒ€ 2. νŒ€ ν•™μŠ΅ 3. νŒ€μž₯ λ³€ν˜μ  리더십, νŒ€ μž„νŒŒμ›Œλ¨ΌνŠΈ 및 응집λ ₯ 4. νŒ€μž₯ λ³€ν˜μ  리더십, νŒ€ μž„νŒŒμ›Œλ¨ΌνŠΈ 및 νŒ€ 응집λ ₯κ³Ό νŒ€ ν•™μŠ΅μ˜ 관계 III. 연ꡬ 방법 1. 연ꡬλͺ¨ν˜• 2. μ—°κ΅¬λŒ€μƒ 3. 쑰사도ꡬ 4. μžλ£Œμˆ˜μ§‘ 5. μžλ£ŒλΆ„μ„ IV. 연ꡬ κ²°κ³Ό 및 λ…Όμ˜ 1. 자료의 일반적 νŠΉμ„± 2. μΈ‘μ •λͺ¨ν˜•μ˜ 뢄석 3. 가섀적 λͺ¨ν˜•μ˜ 뢄석 4. νŒ€ ν•™μŠ΅κ³Ό κ΄€λ ¨ 변인듀 κ°„μ˜ 영ν–₯ 관계 뢄석 5. λ…Όμ˜ V. μš”μ•½, κ²°λ‘  및 μ œμ–Έ 1. μš”μ•½ 2. κ²°λ‘  3. μ œμ–Έ μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν—Œ 뢀둝Maste

    (A)Case study of 7th grader`s understanding of the equal sign

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ(석사) --μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› :μˆ˜ν•™κ΅μœ‘κ³Ό,2007.Maste

    Clinical features and follow-up results of pulsating polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy treated with photodynamic therapy

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    PURPOSE:  To report on the clinical course of pulsating polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) treated with photodynamic therapy (PDT). METHODS:   A total of 63 eyes of 58 consecutive patients diagnosed with PCV, treated with PDT and followed up for at least 6months were enrolled. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), fluorescein angiography and high-speed indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) using confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (HRA) were performed. RESULTS:   Of the 63 PCV eyes, 14 eyes (22.2%) of 14 patients were classified as having pulsating PCV. The mean age of pulsating PCV patients was 60.6Β±7.0years (48-69years), which was younger than non-pulsating PCV patients (65.7years, p=0.035). The mean follow-up period was 23.9Β±10.7months, and PDT was administered 1.6Β±0.9 times to pulsating PCV patients. The mean logMAR BCVAs were 0.85Β±0.47 at presentation and 0.71Β±0.52 at final examination. Extensive haemorrhagic events were more common in pulsating than in non-pulsating PCV patients (57.1% versus 26.5%, p=0.032). However, the risk of haemorrhage within 3months of PDT was similar for both pulsating PCV and the remaining patients (14.3% versus 20%, p=0.723). CONCLUSION:   Pulsating PCV showed distinctive features including a relatively younger patient age at presentation, and a haemorrhagic tendency (especially extensive). However, the use of PDT did not directly increase the risk of haemorrhage in pulsating PCV patients.ope
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