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    (The)Experiment in dwelling and H-shaped houses by Kim, Jong-Ryang in 1930s

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ(석사)--μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› :건좕학과,2005.Maste

    A Typomorphological Interpretation of Depletion of Hanok in Hanok Residence-Case of Seoul after 1970-

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (박사)-- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : κ±΄μ„€ν™˜κ²½κ³΅ν•™λΆ€, 2012. 8. μ•ˆκ±΄ν˜.μ„œμšΈμ‹œμ—μ„œ 1961λ…„ 13만 μ±„μ΄λ˜ ν•œμ˜₯은 2006λ…„ 1만8μ²œμ—¬ μ±„λ‘œ μ€„μ–΄λ“€μ—ˆκ³ , 2008λ…„κΉŒμ§€ 개발 사업에 μ˜ν•΄ 3μ²œμ—¬ 채가 λ©Έμ‹€λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ 2006λ…„ λ‹Ήμ‹œμ˜ 98개 ν•œμ˜₯밀집지ꡬ 쀑 μ£Όκ±°μ§€λ‘œμ„œ μžμ—°μ μΈ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό κ²ͺμœΌλ©΄μ„œ 2011λ…„ ν˜„μž¬ λ‹¨λ…μ£Όνƒμ§€μ—­μœΌλ‘œ κΈ°λŠ₯ν•˜λŠ” κ³³, 즉 ν•œμ˜₯μ£Όκ±°μ§€λŠ” 12개 지ꡬ에 λΆˆκ³Όν•˜λ‹€. 즉 ν˜„μž¬ μ„œμšΈμ‹œ ν•œμ˜₯λ°€μ§‘μ§€κ΅¬μ—μ„œ ν•œμ˜₯의 물리적인 λ©Έμ‹€ 및 μ£Όκ±°κΈ°λŠ₯의 μ‡ ν‡΄ν˜„μƒμ€ 맀우 μ‹¬κ°ν•œ 상황이라고 ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ ν•œμ˜₯의 λ©Έμ‹€ 양상은 ν•œμ˜₯주거지 ꡬ쑰에 따라 μƒμ΄ν•˜κ²Œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λŠ”λ°, μ΄λŠ” ν•œμ˜₯의 λ©Έμ‹€ 과정은 κ°œλ³„ ν•œμ˜₯이 λ…λ¦½μ μœΌλ‘œ μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ§€λŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ κ·Έ ν•œμ˜₯이 건립된 λ„μ‹œν˜•νƒœμ  쑰건과 관계λ₯Ό 이루며 μ§‘λ‹¨μ μœΌλ‘œ 이루어지고 μžˆμŒμ„ λ³΄μ—¬μ£ΌλŠ” 것이닀. λ”°λΌμ„œ 2011λ…„ ν˜„μž¬ μ–Όλ§ˆ 남지 μ•Šμ€ ν•œμ˜₯주거지 λ‚΄ κΈ‰κ²©ν•œ ν•œμ˜₯의 멸싀에 λŒ€μ‘ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” 각 ν•œμ˜₯의 주거지 ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό νŒŒμ•…ν•˜κ³ , 이λ₯Ό λ°”νƒ•μœΌλ‘œ 집단을 κ΅¬λΆ„ν•˜μ—¬ κ·Έ 변이 양상 즉 λ©Έμ‹€ 양상을 뢄석해 λ³΄λŠ” 것이 ν•„μš”ν•˜λ‹€κ³  λ³Ό 수 μžˆλ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ°°κ²½ ν•˜μ— λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” 1970λ…„ 이후 λ©Έμ‹€μ˜ 과정을 거치고 μžˆλŠ” μ„œμšΈμ˜ ν•œμ˜₯μ£Όκ±°λ₯Ό μœ ν˜•ν˜•νƒœν•™μ  κ΄€μ μ—μ„œ 이해해 보고자 ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 즉, ν•œμ˜₯이 λ°€μ§‘λœ ν•œμ˜₯μ£Όκ±°μ§€μ˜ ꡬ쑰 μ†μ—μ„œ ν•œμ˜₯이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ©Έμ‹€λ˜μ–΄ μ™”λŠ”κ°€λ₯Ό λΆ„μ„ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨ ν•œμ˜₯μ£Όκ±°μ§€μ˜ λ„μ‹œν˜•νƒœμ  νŠΉμ„±κ³Ό ν•œμ˜₯λ©Έμ‹€μ˜ 관계λ₯Ό 밝히고자 ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ μ£Όμš” 연ꡬ결과와 의의λ₯Ό μš”μ•½ν•˜λ©΄ λ‹€μŒκ³Ό κ°™λ‹€. 첫 번째, 성내지역에 μœ„μΉ˜ν•œ ν•œμ˜₯주거지와 성외지역에 μœ„μΉ˜ν•œ ν•œμ˜₯μ£Όκ±°μ§€λŠ” μƒμ΄ν•œ ν˜•μ„± 과정에 따라 μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ 주거지 ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄λ©°, μ΄λŠ” 각각 κ°€μ§€ν˜• ꡬ쑰와 κ²©μžν˜• ꡬ쑰둜 ꡬ뢄할 수 μžˆλ‹€. 이 쀑 λŒ€κ·œλͺ¨λ‘œ κ±΄μ„€λœ κ²©μžν˜• κ΅¬μ‘°μ—μ„œλŠ” 1970λ…„ 이전 κ°€μ§€ν˜• ꡬ쑰에 λΉ„ν•΄ κ· μ§ˆν•œ 주거지 ꡬ쑰에 μœ ν˜•ν™”λœ λ„μ‹œν˜•ν•œμ˜₯이 κ³΅κΈ‰λ˜μ—ˆκ³ , 이후 2011λ…„κΉŒμ§€ 주거지 ꡬ쑰의 λ³€ν™”κ°€ 비ꡐ적 적게 λ°œμƒν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ΄λŠ” κ²©μžν˜• ꡬ쑰가 κ°€μ§€ν˜• ꡬ쑰에 λΉ„ν•΄ μ°¨λŸ‰μ§„μž…κ³Ό μž¬κ±΄μΆ•μ˜ μ›ν™œν•¨ λ“± 1970λ…„ 이후 μ‚¬νšŒμ  μš”κ΅¬μ— 비ꡐ적 μ ν•©ν•˜μ—¬, λ„λ‘œ 및 ν•„μ§€μ˜ 변동이 μ μ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬ΈμœΌλ‘œ 해석할 수 μžˆλ‹€. 두 번째, κ°€μ§€ν˜• κ΅¬μ‘°μ—μ„œλŠ” 상관뢄석을 톡해 λ„λ‘œμ˜ ν–₯, 연결도 및 ν•„μ§€μ˜ μ •ν˜•ν™”μ§€μˆ˜κ°€ ν•œμ˜₯주거지 λ‹¨μœ„λ₯Ό ꡬ뢄할 수 μžˆλŠ” 주거지 ꡬ쑰의 μš”μ†Œλ‘œ λ„μΆœλ˜μ—ˆμœΌλ©°, κ²©μžν˜• κ΅¬μ‘°μ—μ„œλŠ” λ„λ‘œμ˜ ν–₯, 폭 및 ν•„μ§€μ˜ μ •ν˜•ν™”μ§€μˆ˜κ°€ ν•œμ˜₯주거지 λ‹¨μœ„λ₯Ό ꡬ뢄할 수 μžˆλŠ” μš”μ†Œλ‘œ λ„μΆœλ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ κ°€μ§€ν˜• ꡬ쑰와 κ²©μžν˜• κ΅¬μ‘°μ—μ„œλŠ” 주거지 ꡬ쑰의 μš”μ†Œλ³„ 관계도 μƒμ΄ν•˜κ²Œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λŠ”λ°, μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ°¨μ΄λŠ” κ°€μ§€ν˜• ꡬ쑰와 κ²©μžν˜• κ΅¬μ‘°μ—μ„œ 막닀λ₯Έ λ„λ‘œμ˜ 수, λΉ„μ •ν˜• ν•„μ§€μ˜ μœ„μΉ˜, 쀑심 λ„λ‘œμ˜ λ„ˆλΉ„ 등이 μƒμ΄ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄λ‹€. μ„Έ 번째, λ„λ‘œ, 필지, 건물둜 κ΅¬μ„±λ˜λ©°, λ™μ§ˆμ μΈ νŠΉμ§•μ„ κ°–λŠ” λ³€μ΄μ˜ λ‹¨μœ„μΈ ν•œμ˜₯주거지 λ‹¨μœ„ μœ ν˜•μ€ ν•œμ˜₯주거지 ꡬ쑰에 λ”°λ₯Έ 건물의 변이 양상을 λΆ„μ„ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨, 4개의 μœ ν˜•μœΌλ‘œ λ„μΆœν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ„€ 번째, κ°€μ§€ν˜• 막닀λ₯Έ λ„λ‘œ 주거지 λ‹¨μœ„ μœ ν˜•κ³Ό κ²©μžν˜• 4mμ΄ν•˜ 폭 λ„λ‘œ 주거지 λ‹¨μœ„ μœ ν˜•μ—μ„œλŠ” 1970λ…„ 이후 2011λ…„κΉŒμ§€ ν•œμ˜₯의 λ©Έμ‹€ 및 μš©λ„μ˜ λ³€ν™”κ°€ 크지 μ•Šμ•˜μœΌλ‚˜, κ°€μ§€ν˜• 뚫린 λ„λ‘œ 주거지 λ‹¨μœ„ μœ ν˜•κ³Ό κ²©μžν˜• 5m이상 폭 주거지 λ‹¨μœ„ μœ ν˜•μ—μ„œλŠ” ν•œμ˜₯의 λ©Έμ‹€ 및 μš©λ„μ˜ λ³€ν™”κ°€ ν™œλ°œν•˜κ²Œ 일어났닀. μ΄λŠ” λ„λ‘œμ—μ˜ 접근성에 λ”°λ₯Έ 결과둜 해석할 수 μžˆλ‹€. λ‹€μ„― 번째, 전체 ν•œμ˜₯μ£Όκ±°μ§€μ˜ 필지별 ν•œμ˜₯의 멸싀을 μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄λ©΄, ν•œμ˜₯ 멸싀에 영ν–₯을 μ£ΌλŠ” 주거지 ꡬ쑰의 μš”μ†ŒλŠ” λ„λ‘œμ˜ 연결도, 폭, ν•„μ§€μ˜ 면적, μ ‘λ„κΈΈμ΄μ΄μ§€λ§Œ, ν•œμ˜₯주거지 λ‹¨μœ„ μœ ν˜•λ³„ ν•œμ˜₯의 멸싀을 μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³Έ κ²°κ³Ό κ°€μ§€ν˜• 막닀λ₯Έ λ„λ‘œ 주거지 λ‹¨μœ„ μœ ν˜•, κ°€μ§€ν˜• 뚫린 λ„λ‘œ 주거지 λ‹¨μœ„ μœ ν˜•, κ²©μžν˜• 4mμ΄ν•˜ 폭 λ„λ‘œ 주거지 λ‹¨μœ„ μœ ν˜•μ—μ„œλŠ” ν•„μ§€μ˜ μ •ν˜•ν™”μ§€μˆ˜ μ—­μ‹œ ν•œμ˜₯ 멸싀에 영ν–₯을 μ£ΌλŠ” μš”μ†Œμž„μ„ μ•Œ 수 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. μ—¬μ„― 번째, λͺ¨λ“  μœ ν˜•μ—μ„œ 변동이 μ—†λŠ” 필지에 λΉ„ν•΄μ„œ 변동이 μžˆλŠ” ν•„μ§€μ—μ„œ ν•œμ˜₯의 멸싀이 많이 μΌμ–΄λ‚¬μœΌλ©°, κ°€μ§€ν˜• κ΅¬μ‘°λŠ” κ²©μžν˜• ꡬ쑰에 λΉ„ν•΄, 막닀λ₯Έ λ„λ‘œ μœ ν˜•μ€ 뚫린 λ„λ‘œ μœ ν˜•μ— λΉ„ν•΄, 4mμ΄ν•˜ 폭 λ„λ‘œ μœ ν˜•μ€ 5m이상 폭 λ„λ‘œ μœ ν˜•μ— λΉ„ν•΄ ν•„μ§€μ˜ 변동과 ν•œμ˜₯의 λ©Έμ‹€μ˜ 관계가 적은 것을 νŒŒμ•…ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ΄λŠ” 규λͺ¨κ°€ μž‘κ³ , λ„λ‘œμ™€μ˜ 접근성이 쒋지 μ•Šμ€ ν•„μ§€μ—μ„œλŠ” 이λ₯Ό κ°œμ„ ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 건물의 λ©Έμ‹€κ³ΌλŠ” λ¬΄κ΄€ν•˜κ²Œ ν•©ν•„ν™œλ™μ΄ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬ΈμœΌλ‘œ 해석이 κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ‹€. 일곱 번째, ν•œμ˜₯의 λ©Έμ‹€ μ‹œκΈ°λ₯Ό μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄λ©΄, λͺ¨λ“  μœ ν˜•μ—μ„œ λ‹€μ„ΈλŒ€ β€€ 닀가ꡬ 주택이 ν•©λ²•ν™”λœ 1990λ…„λΆ€ν„° μ œλ„κ°€ κ°•ν™”λœ 1997λ…„κΉŒμ§€ μž¬κ±΄μΆ•μ΄ κ°€μž₯ ν™œλ°œν•˜κ²Œ 일어났닀. ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ°€μ§€ν˜• λ„λ‘œ μœ ν˜•μ΄ κ²©μžν˜• λ„λ‘œ μœ ν˜•μ— λΉ„ν•΄, 막닀λ₯Έ λ„λ‘œ μœ ν˜•μ΄ 뚫린 λ„λ‘œ μœ ν˜•μ— λΉ„ν•΄, 4mμ΄ν•˜ 폭 λ„λ‘œ μœ ν˜•μ΄ 5m이상 폭 λ„λ‘œ μœ ν˜•μ— λΉ„ν•΄ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ κ²½ν–₯은 적게 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬μŒμ„ μ•Œ 수 μžˆλ‹€. 즉 μž¬κ±΄μΆ•μ΄ κ°€μž₯ μš©μ΄ν•œ μœ ν˜•μ—μ„œ 정책적 변화에 ν•œμ˜₯ 멸싀이 κ°€μž₯ λ―Όκ°ν•˜κ²Œ 영ν–₯을 받은 것을 확인할 수 μžˆλ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” λ‹€μŒκ³Ό 같은 의의λ₯Ό κ°–λŠ”λ‹€. 첫 번째, 1970λ…„ 이후 μ„œμšΈ ν•œμ˜₯주거지 쇠퇴 과정에 λŒ€ν•œ 싀증적인 자료이자, μœ ν˜•ν˜•νƒœν•™μ  μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œ ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ λŒ€μƒμ§€μ˜ 필지 μ£ΌκΈ°λ₯Ό μ‹€μ¦μ μœΌλ‘œ νƒκ΅¬ν•œ 결과이닀. 두 번째, λ™μ§ˆμ μΈ 성격을 κ°–κ³ , λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό ν•¨κ»˜ν•˜λ©° ν•œμ˜₯μ£Όκ±°μ§€μ˜ ν˜•νƒœλ₯Ό μ„€λͺ…ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” ν•œμ˜₯의 집합체계, 즉 ν•œμ˜₯주거지 λ‹¨μœ„ μœ ν˜•μ„ λ„μΆœν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ„Έ 번째, μ–΄λ– ν•œ 주거지 κ΅¬μ‘°μ—μ„œ ν•œμ˜₯이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ©Έμ‹€λ˜μ–΄ κ°€λŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό ν™•μΈν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨, ν•œμ˜₯의 λ©Έμ‹€ 쑰건 및 양상에 λŒ€ν•œ 정보λ₯Ό κ΅¬μΆ•ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” ꢁ극적으둜 물리적 쑰건의 내적 μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ— μ˜ν•œ λ„μ‹œν˜•νƒœλ³€ν™”μ˜ 속성을 규λͺ…ν–ˆλ‹€λŠ” 점에 μ˜μ˜κ°€ μžˆλ‹€κ³  ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€.The number of Hanok which was used to reach 130 thousands in 1961 has declined to 18 thousands in 2006 and 3,000 more Hanoks went through depletion till 2008 per the development projects. In the meantime, among of 98 Hanok complex areas in 2006 only 12 have survived as of 2011 functioning as a residential area after natural variation, namely Hanok Residence. In other words, it is no exaggeration to say that the physical depletion and declining phenomenon of housing function of Hanok has reached a critical stage. This depletion of Hanok varies more depending on the structure of Hanok Residence, which means that the depletion itself is not on individual Hanok based, but collectively in relation with urban condition where each Hanok is built on. Therefore, to respond properly to depletion of Hanok which is rapidly ongoing in remaining Hanok Residence in 2011, it is necessary to figure out the structure of each Hanok Residence and to analyze the transformation, namely depletion by classifying them into groups. Being in line with this background this study focused on to figure out Hanok Residence in Seoul, which is going through depletion after 1970, with typomorphological view. In other words, the study aimed at clarifying the relationship between depletion of Hanok and characteristics of urban form of Hanok Residence by analyzing the details of how Hanok has been depleted in the structure of Hanok Residence, where Hanoks are densely located. The major findings and significance of this study can be summarized as followings. Firstly, Hanok Residence inside and outside of the city wall shows different structure as they went through different formation process and it is able to group them into tree-structure and grid-structure respectively. Within grid-structure built on large scale, urban Hanoks categorized to more fit into homogeneous structure had been provided comparing to tree-structure before 1970 and the change of the structure occurred less till 2011. This could be interpreted that the change of streets and lots was much more less in grid-structure as it was more corresponding to the social requirement after 1970 comparing to tree-structure, e.g. – easy access of vehicles, frequent reconstruction, etc. Secondly, based on the correlation analysis, while the three things such as direction of the street, connectivity of the street, and standardization index of the lot were drawn as components of residential area structure distinguishing Hanok Residence unit in tree-structure, direction of the street, width of the street, and standardization index of the lot were drawn for grid-structure. In addition, the correlation between the components of the residential area structure shows difference in tree-structure and grid-structure. This is because factors such as the number of dead-end street, the location of less standardized lot, the width of the major road, and etc. vary in both. Thirdly, when it comes to Hanok Residence unit type, which is the unit of homogeneous feature-based transformation with components of street, lot, and building, it was possible to develop into four types by analyzing transformation of the building in Hanok Residence structure. Fourthly, from 1970 to 2011 while depletion of Hanok and change of use had occurred less in Tree-Dead end street residential area unit type (TDS type) and Grid-less than 4 meters wide street residential area unit type (GNS type), it has frequently occurred in Tree-Continuous street residential area unit type (TCS type) and Grid-more than 5 meters wide street residential area unit type (GWS type). This is able to be interpreted to be a result of the access to the street. Fifthly, if examining depletion of Hanok in aspect of gross lots, the components of residential area structure impacting on depletion itself are connectivity of the street, width of the street, area of the lot, and length of the part meeting the road, but when studying depletion of Hanok in aspect of Hanok Residence unit types, it was able to figure out that the standardization index of the lots is also influencing on the depletion in TDS type, TCS type, and GNS type. Sixthly, depletion of Hanok was noticed to occur more in lots with changes rather than lots without changes across all types and changes of the lots were verified to be less relevant with depletion on Hanok in tree-structure than grid-structure, in dead end street type than continuous street type, and in less than 4 meters wide street type than more than 5 meters wide street type. This makes an interpretation possible that combination of lots occurred regardless of depletion of the building itself in lots with smaller scale and difficult access to the street. Seventhly, a look at the timing of depletion of Hanok suggests that reconstruction of Hanok was the most highly activated across all types from 1990 when multi-family house was legalized to 1997 when the regulation was reinforced. However, this tendency is noticed less in tree street type than grid street type, in dead end street type than continuous street type, and in less than 4 meters wide street type than more than 5 meters wide street type. That is, it is confirmed that types with higher feasibility of reconstruction have been influenced sensitively by changes of governmental policy. The findings of this study have significance as followings. First of all, it is an empirical research on decline process of Hanok Residence in Seoul after 1970 and at the same time it is a result of empirical study on burgage cycle in certain area in typomorphological aspect. Second, it has developed a collective system of Hanok that shares homogeneous characteristics, undergoes changes together, and is able to demonstrate form of Hanok Residence, namely Hanok Residence Unit Type Third, it has established information on condition and details of the phenomenon of depletion of Hanok by verifying in which structure Hanok went through depletion. 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