BTS 영향: BTS 팬들과 일반 방문객들의 인식 변화에 대한 주제별 비교 분석

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 국제대학원 국제학과(국제지역학전공), 2020. 8. 김태균.Connect, BTS is a contemporary art project that involves five cities around the world. Located in London, Buenos Aires, Berlin, Seoul and New York, this project was created by BTS and 22 contemporary artists and curators who related to BTS philosophy, according to its official website. One interesting aspect of BTS involvement in this project is that BTS does not appear visually in the selected artworks. Yet, both groups of BTS fans and non-fans interest in BTS increased after their London exhibition experience. For BTS fans, this project reaffirmed their positive understanding of BTS, thus enhancing their interest in BTS. Meanwhile, non-fans saw it as a pleasant surprise that challenged their existing bias towards BTS, resulting in new curiosity and therefore increased interest in the group. A small group of non-fans interpretation of the project turned into resistance and neutrality. Interestingly, most of the participants including both BTS fans and non-fans interests in Korean art and culture also increased. This study conducts a comparative thematic analysis to effectively understand the findings of both the surveys and interviews. Using Lee (2009)s theoretical framework of soft power, this study aims to find effective soft power resources for enhancing the promotion of Korean art and culture in overseas museum and gallery exhibitions.커넥트, BTS는 런던, 베를린, 부에노스아이레스, 뉴욕, 서울 5개 도시에 서 BTS가 22인 예술가들과 함께 선보인 현대 미술 프로젝트이다. 방탄소 년단의 철학에 공감하는 전 세계 미술 기획자들이 공동으로 전시를 기획 한 역사적인 프로젝트라고 공식 웹사이트는 소개한다. 흥미로운 점은 작 품에 BTS가 직접 등장하지 않음에도 불구하고 커넥트, BTS를 관람한 BTS 팬과 일반 방문객들의 BTS에 대한 관심이 증가했다는 사실이다. BTS 팬들에게 런던 전시는 BTS에 관한 그들의 호감을 재확인할 수 있는 기회 였고 일반인들에게는 BTS에 대한 편견을 호기심으로 변하게 하는 기회가 되었다. 참가자중 일부는 부정적인 태도 혹은 중립적인 태도를 보였지만 흥미로운 점은 BTS 팬들과 일반인 관람객들 모두 한국 문화 예술에 대한 관심 또한 증가했다는 점이다. 이 연구는 설문조사와 인터뷰를 통해 BTS 팬들과 일반 방문객들의 인식 변화를 주제별 비교 분석하고자 한다. 서울 대학교 국제대학원 이근 교수의 2009년 소프트파워 이론을 기반으로 하 여 커넥트, BTS 런던 전시가 해외 박물관 한국 문화 예술 전시에 어떤 새로운 시사점을 제시하는가를 알아보고자 하는데 의미가 있다.CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 4 2.1 Museum Exhibitions and Soft Power 4 2.2 Historical Understanding of the Representation of Korean Art and Culture in Overseas Museums and the Challenges 7 2.3 BTS, Korean Wave and Soft Power Resources 10 2.4 Connect, BTS 15 CHAPTER 3. RESEARCH DESIGN 17 3.1 Research Setting 17 3.2 Research Question, Methods, and Sample 18 3.3 Analytical Framework 20 CHAPTER 4. ANALYSIS 24 4.1 Keywords 24 4.2 Analysis of Non-fans Understanding 26 4.2.1 The Connect, BTS London Exhibition Challenges Non-fans Understanding of BTS as a Korean Pop Band 27 4.2.1 Associating Their Experiences with Their Pre-existing Understanding of Contemporary Korea 30 4.2.2 Non-fans Understanding of Art Presented at Connect, BTS and its Link with Korea: Technology 32 4.3 Analysis of Fans Understanding 35 4.3.1 BTS: Main Interpretation Framework to Connect, BTS 36 4.3.1.1 The Connect, BTS London Exhibition Connects BTS and Fans 38 4.3.1.2 The Connect, BTS London Exhibition Reaffirms Fans Understanding of BTS Being Different 40 4.3.1.3 The Connect, BTS London Exhibition Reaffirms Fans Understanding of BTS as Global Goodwill Ambassadors Promoting Love 43 4.3.2 The Connect, BTS London Exhibition Reaffirms Fans Association Between BTS and Korea 47 CHAPTER 5. DISCUSSION 49 5.1 Both Groups Increased Interest in BTS and Korean Art and Culture: Cooptive Power 50 5.2 Non-fans Resistance Towards Connect, BTS: Coercive Power 51 5.3 Not Cooptive nor Coercive, Neutral 52 5.4 BTS as the Main Catalyst to Korea 53 CHAPTER 6. IMPLICATIONS 54 6.1 Korean Wave Offers a Wider Audience 54 6.2 Utilize Koreas Rising Image to Establish Itself as the Rule Maker in Contemporary Art World 56 6.3 Use Koreas Strength in Contemporary Culture When Presenting Koreas Culture in Exhibitions 57 6.4 Increase Interest Indirectly But Creatively 58 CHAPTER 7. CONCLUSION 60 REFERENCE 63 APPENDIX 68 ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 73Maste

확산지배반응 이론 및 브라운 동역학 모의실험과 새로운 일정 온도 일정 압력 분자동역학 방법론 개발

학위논문(박사)--서울대학교 대학원 :자연과학대학 화학부,2019. 8. 이상엽.자연적이거나 인공적인 계에서의 다양한 종류의 화학 반응들은 반응 분자들의 상대적 확산 속도에 크게 영향을 받는다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 많은 실제적 환경에서의 확산 지배 반응에 대한 쉽게 이해할 만한 설명은 여전히 부족하다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위하여, 많은 연구들이 이론적으로 또한 실험적으로 수행되어왔다. 이 논문은 이러한 쟁점을 밝혀내기 위하여 몇몇 특정 조건 하에서의 확산 지배 반응을 다룰 수 있는 이론적이고 계산적인 틀을 제시하고자 한다. 더불어 신뢰할 만한 동역학적 성질을 계산해 낼 수 있는 새로운 일정 온도, 일정 압력 분자 동역학 방법을 제시한다. 이 논문은 네 개의 장으로 구성되어 있다. 우선, 첫 번째 장에서는 논문의 전반적 내용을 기술한다. 스몰루코프스키의 확산 지배 반응 이론은 동종 반응 분자들이 서로 상호작용하지 않는다는 가정에서 출발한다. 그러나 반응 분자들의 농도가 높아질수록 이 가정은 성립하지 않는다. 두 번째 장에서는 반응 분자들의 농도가 높은 경우 적용 가능한 새로운 이론을 제시한다. 활성화에너지가 낮은 전자 전달 반응은 확산 지배 반응의 대표적인 예이다. 시간 의존적인 전자 이전 속도와 전하 분리 확률에 관한 이전의 해석적 이론들은 반응이 접촉 거리에서 일어난다고 가정될 수 있는 경우에 대해서만 구해졌다. 세 번째 장에서는 강한 쿨롱 상호작용과 거리 의존 반응성을 가지고 있는 쌍생 이온들 사이의 시간 의존 전자 이전 속도를 다루는 이론을 유도한다. 분자동역학 전산모사에서 이제까지 널리 사용되어 왔던 온도, 압력 조절 알고리즘들은 고려하고 있는 분자들의 동역학적 성질을 훼손할 수 있는데, 이는 이들의 운동 방정식이 온도, 압력 조절 장치로 인하여 변경되기 때문이다. 네 번째 장에서는 평형 성질뿐만 아니라 동역학적 성질도 정확히 계산할 수 있는 새로운 분자 동역학 모사실험 방법이 제시된다.A variety of chemical reactions in natural or artificial systems are influenced by the relative diffusion rate of reactant molecules. Nevertheless, there still lacks a comprehensible account of diffusion-influenced reactions in many realistic conditions. To tackle this problem, many studies have been carried out from both theoretical and experimental aspects. To shed some light on this issue, this thesis intends to establish a theoretical and computational framework for diffusion-controlled reactions in some specific conditions. In this regard, we have also developed a new method for constant-NPT molecular dynamics that enables a reliable calculation of dynamic properties. This thesis is composed of four chapters. First, an overview of the thesis is given in Chapter 1. Diffusion-controlled reactions can be described by Smoluchowskis theory assuming that like reactant molecules do not interact with each other. This assumption is not valid when the concentration of reactant molecules gets higher. Chapter 2 presents a new theory that can be applied at high concentrations of reactant molecules. The electron transfer reaction with low activation energy is a representative example of the diffusion-controlled reaction. The previous analytic expressions for the time-dependent electron-transfer rate and the charge separation probability were obtained only for the case where the reaction can be assumed to occur at a contact separation. In Chapter 3, time-dependent electron transfer rate between geminate ions with strong Coulomb interaction and distance-dependent reactivity is examined. The well-established thermostatting and barostatting algorithms of molecular dynamics simulation may alter the dynamic properties of the molecules under consideration, because their equations of motion are modified by the coupling with the thermostat or the barostat. In Chapter 4, a new molecular dynamics simulation algorithm to obtain accurate dynamic properties as well as equilibrium properties is introduced.Abstract i Table of contents iii List of tables vi List of figures viii 1. Introduction 1 2. Concentration effects on the rates of irreversible diffusion-influenced reactions 4 2.1. Introduction 4 2.2. Theory 7 2.2.1. Evolution equations for reduced distribution functions 7 2.2.2. Separation of the reactive interference effect 9 2.2.3. Approximate expression for 12 2.2.4. Expressions for the survival probability and the steady-state rate constant 14 2.3. Brownian dynamics simulation 14 2.4. Results and discussion 18 2.4.1. Evaluation of theoretical expressions 18 2.4.2. Comparison with simulation results 22 2.5. Conclusion 31 Appendix: Derivation of eq. (4.15) 32 References 35 3. Time-dependent electron transfer rate between geminate ions with strong Coulomb interaction and distance-dependent reactivity 38 3.1. Introduction 38 3.2. Theory 40 3.2.1. Reaction model 40 3.2.2. A quick derivation of Wilemski-Fixman-Weiss theory 43 3.2.3. A new expression for 45 3.2.4. Long-time expression for 49 3.3. Results and discussion 50 3.3.1. Chracterization of the model sink function in Eq. (5) 50 3.3.2. Results with the exponential sink function in Eq. (46) 54 3.3.3. Results with the Marcus-model sink function in Eq. (5) 62 3.4. Concluding remarks 69 Appendix: a large-s approximation for 70 Supplementary material 72 References 79 4. New method for constant-NPT molecular dynamics 81 4.1. Introduction 81 4.2. Theoretical background for the new MD method 84 4.2.1. Equations of motion 84 4.2.2. Reversible symplectic integrator 88 4.3. Numerical test of the MD method 93 4.3.1. Simulation details 93 4.3.2. Thermostatting and Barostatting efficiency 95 4.3.3. Equilbrium properties 99 4.3.4. Shirts test 109 4.3.5. Dynamic properties 115 4.3.6. Additional tests 120 4.4. Conclusion 121 Supporting information 123 References 132 국문초록 136Docto

신경세포에서 당질코르티코이드 유도성 미토콘드리아 기능 장애에 대한 멜라토닌의 방어 효과

학위논문(석사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 수의과대학 수의학과, 2023. 2. 한호재.Glucocorticoid and melatonin are hormones that maintain neural homeostasis by regulating circadian rhythms. However, high levels of glucocorticoid trigger mitochondrial dysfunction including defective mitophagy by increasing the activity of glucocorticoid receptors (GRs). Melatonin then suppresses glucocorticoid-induced stress-responsive neurodegeneration. Therefore, the study investigated how melatonin regulates chaperone proteins related to GR trafficking into the nucleus to suppress glucocorticoid action. In this study, the effects of glucocorticoid on mitochondrial dysfunction, neuronal cell apoptosis, and cognitive deficits were reversed by melatonin treatment. Then, melatonin inhibits the nuclear translocation of GRs in both SH-SY5Y cells and mouse hippocampal tissue. Moreover, melatonin selectively suppressed the expression of FKBP prolyl isomerase 4 (FKBP4) to reduce the nuclear translocation of GRs among the chaperone proteins and nuclear trafficking proteins. In both cells and hippocampal tissue, melatonin up-regulated melatonin receptor 1 (MT1) bound to Gαq, which triggered the phosphorylation of ERK1. The activated ERK then enhanced DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1)-mediated hypermethylation of the FKBP52 promoter. By knocking down DNMT1, GR-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and cell apoptosis were reduced. In conclusion, melatonin has a protective effect against glucocorticoid-induced defective mitophagy and neurodegeneration by FKBP4 down-regulation that reduced the nuclear translocation of GRs.당질코르티코이드와 멜라토닌은 일주기 리듬을 조절하며 신경 항상성을 유지하는 호르몬이다. 그러나, 스트레스로 인해 증가된 당질코르티코이드는 당질코르티코이드 수용체(GR)를 활성화시켜 미토파지 결함을 비롯한 미토콘드리아 기능 장애를 유발하여 신경 세포 사멸을 일으킨다. 반면에 멜라토닌은 당질코르티코이드에 의해 유발된 스트레스 매개성 신경 퇴행을 억제한다. 따라서 이 연구는 멜라토닌이 당질코르티코이드에 의해 유발된 미토콘드리아 기능 장애 및 신경 퇴행에 방어 작용을 가지고 있는지 알아보기 위해 수행되었다. 먼저, 멜라토닌은 GR의 핵 내 이동을 막아 당질코르티코이드에 의해 억제된 NIX 매개 미토파지를 개선시켜 미토콘드리아 기능 장애에 기인한 신경 세포 사멸을 감소시켰다. 더 나아가 멜라토닌은 당질코르티코이드에 노출된 마우스의 인지 기능 장애를 개선시켰다. 더 나아가 멜라토닌은 GR의 핵 내 이동에 관여하는 단백질인 FKBP4의 발현을 선택적으로 억제하여 GR의 핵 내 이동을 감소시키는데 기인하였다. FKBP4 발현 억제는 멜라토닌 수용체 1(MT1) 의존성 경로를 통해 ERK의 인산화를 촉진시켜 FKBP52 프로모터의 DNMT1 매개 과메틸화에 의해 발생하였다. 결론적으로 멜라토닌이 당질코르티코이드에 의해 억제된 NIX 발현을 완화시켜 미토콘드리아 기능 장애와 세포 사멸을 감소시켰다. 또한, 멜라토닌이 DNMT1에 의한 FKBP4 하향조절을 통해 GR의 핵 내이동을 감소시켜 당질코르티코이드에 의한 미토파지 결함 및 신경 퇴행에 대한 방어 작용을 가지고 있음을 확인하였다.INTRODUCTION 1 MATERIALS AND METHODS 5 RESULTS 22 DISCUSSION 67 REFERENCES 78 ABSTRACT IN KOREAN(국문초록) 88석

일개 종합대학의 10년간 캠퍼스 내 교통사고와 실험실 안전사고 발생 실태 및 관련 요인 분석

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 보건대학원 환경보건학과, 2021. 2. 윤충식.대학 캠퍼스는 그의 구성원인 학생, 교원, 직원에게 있어서 생활환 경일 뿐만 아니라 직업환경이기도 하다. 이러한 대학교 캠퍼스 내 에서 교통사고와 실험실 안전사고가 끊이지 않고 있다. 따라서,본 연구의 목적은 10년간 일개 종합대학 캠퍼스 내 교통사고 및 실험 실 안전사고의 트렌드 파악하고 교통사고의 장소적 요인(노상주차장 /주차장/그 외 도로), 원인적 요인인 주시태만과 계절요인 및 실험실 안전사고의 원인적 요인(인간/기계/환경)과 관련 요인인 학기 중/방 학 중 시간적요인을 분석함에 있다. 연구대상은 한국의 일개 종합대학 캠퍼스로 하였다. 캠퍼스 내 교 통사고를 분석하기 위해 생명윤리위원회(IRB)의 승인을 받은 후 사 례 기술형 자료를 해당 대학의 캠퍼스 관리 부서로부터 받아 진행 하였다. 자료의 시간적 범위는 2010년부터 2019년까지 총 10년치 자 료였다. 자료의 구득성을 고려하여 교통사고 발생에 영향을 줄 수 있는 변수들로 코딩하여 분석하였다. 모든 분석은 SPSS 26버전으로 진행되었다. 변수의 일반적 특성에 빈도분석 및 관련요인들을 피셔 의 정확검정, 카이 제곱 검정을 통해 살펴보았으며 주시태만 여부를 종속변수로 하여 로지스틱 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 사고다발지의 장 소적 분포로는 부상자수와 대물피해환산법(EPDO)이 사용되었으며 자료 중 최근 5년(2015-2019) 자료로 진행하였다. 시각화로는 Google Maps JavaScript Application Programming Interface이 사용되었다. 총 680 건의 캠퍼스 교통사고 분석결과 발생율은 최근 2년간(2018-2019) 감 소하였다. 차대차(n=319, 46.9%), 외부인 가해자(n=363, 53.4%), 신호등 이 없는 지역(n=592, 87.1%), 노상주차장(n=167, 24.6%)이 최다 빈도였 다. 최근 2년(2018-2019)과 그 이전의 2년(2016-2017)을 비교분석한 결과 이전에 최다 빈도였던 외부인 가해자가 최근에 감소(52.8%)하 고 내부인 가해자(42.6%)가 증가하였다. 교통사고의 주원인인 주시 태만은 로지스틱 회귀분석에서 종속변수로서 분석되었다. 그 결과, 주시태만의 원인 요인들이 존재하였고 그것은 계절별로 상이하였다. 실험실 안전사고 역시 생명윤리위원회(IRB)의 승인을 받고, 그 이후 사례기술형 자료를 해당 대학교의 환경안전원으로부터 받아 진행하 였다. 자료의 시간적 범위는 2010년부터 2019년까지 총 10년치 자료 였다. 자료의 구득성과 실험실 안전사고 발생에 영향을 줄 수 있는 변수들을 고려하여 코딩 및 분석하였다. 관련요인 분석을 위해 교차빈도 분석이 사용되었으며 SPSS 26버전이 사용되었다. 총 199건의 실험실 안전사고가 분석되었으며, 사고의 발생율은 최근 2년(2018- 2019) 사이에 증가하였다. 실험실 안전사고에서는 화학 사고(n=106, 53.3%), 공과대학(n=52, 26.1%), 기계고장(n=44, 22.1%), 출혈/부상(n=37, 18.6%) , 손 부상(n=24, 12.1%), 월요일(n=52, 26.1%), 인적요인(60.9%) 이 각각 최다 빈도였다. 학기 중/방학 중으로 비교해보았을 때 학기 중 토요일에 발생한 빈도와 방학 중 토요일에 발생하는 빈도에 차 이가 없었다. 본 연구에서 10년간 캠퍼스 내에서 발생한 교통사고와 실험실 안전 사고의 사고 특성 트렌드를 확인하였다. 건강을 보호하고 안전한 캠 퍼스가 되기 위하여 다음의 사항들이 필요하다. 사고다발지를 확인 하여 해당 지역에서 특히 노상주차장 및 교차로에서는 좌회전, 우회 전 진입 시 혹은 직진진행시 주의와 양보가 필요하며 최근 2년간 내부인 가해자가 증가하였고 교내에 교통안전관련 교육은 없기에 내부적인 교통안전교육도 필요하다. 또한 운전자의 시야를 방해하고 보행자의 안전을 위협하는 불법주차에 대한 단속이 필요하다. 실험 실 사고에서는 정기적인 기계 검사가 필요하며 휴일이 끝나고 복귀 하는 월요일에 사고가 많이 발생하므로 보다 경각심을 가져야 한다.A university campus is both a living and an occupational environment for its members (e.g., student, faculty, and staff). In a university campus, the incidence rate of road traffic and laboratory accidents was unabated. Hence, this study aims to analyze the trend of road traffic and laboratory accidents for 10 years in a university campus in South Korea, with specific areas (e.g., street parking lot, parking lot, and roads) as a driver distraction factor. Moreover, seasons were considered a causal factor of campus road traffic accidents, and human/machine/environment and semester–vacation was explored as a temporal factor related to campus laboratory accidents. After obtaining approval from Institutional Review Board (IRB), descriptive data forms of road traffic accidents from 2010 to 2019 were gathered from the Campus Management Division. These data were coded into parameters that might affect the occurrence of road traffic accidents. The frequency cross-tabulation for the data and Fishers exact test, chi-square test, and logistic regression with driver distraction as the dependent parameter were performed using SPSS 26. For spatial distribution of red spots, number of victims and equivalent property damage only(EPDO) for 5 years (2015–2019) were used. Map visualization was performed using Google Maps. A total of 680 road traffic accidents for 10 years was analyzed. The incidence rates of road traffic accidents had decreased for the last two years (2018–2019). Accidents related to the car–car type (n = 319, 46.9%), offender of visitors (n = 363, 53.4%), areas with no traffic lights (n = 593, 87.2%), and street parking lots (n = 167, 24.6%) have the higher frequency. Comparing the incidence of 2016–2017 and 2018–2019, visitor offender was the highest frequency in 2016–2017 (55.6%), but it has decreased in 2018–2019 (52.8%) and member offender has increased from 33.3% to 42.6%. Further, driver distraction, which was the major cause analyzed through logistic regression, was determined to be the main causal factor for the accidents. Seasonal factor was also considered. Driver distraction has several causal factors, which differ per season. The same university was also investigated for laboratory accidents. After obtaining approval from IRB, descriptive data forms of laboratory accidents from 2010 to 2019 were gathered from the Institute of Environmental Protection and Safety. The data were coded into parameters that might affect the occurrence of laboratory accidents. Frequency tabulation for related factors was performed using SPSS 26. A total of 199 laboratory accidents for 10 years was analyzed. The incidence rates of laboratory accidents had increased for the last two years (2018–2019). Laboratory accidents are typically due to chemicals (n = 106, 53.3%), equipment failure (n = 44, 22.1%), injury/bleeding (n = 37, 18.6%), and hand injury (n = 24, 12.1%). Other factors are during Mondays (n = 52, 26.1%), human causal factor (60.9%), and the college of engineering (n = 52, 26.1%). For the semester–vacation temporal factor, the number of incidents in semester that occurred during Saturdays was the same as those in vacation. This study determined the trends of accident characteristics in road traffic and laboratory accidents for 10 years. To ensure health protection and safety in the campus, red spots should be identified and one must be careful when turning left or right specifically at the street parking lot and crossway. Transportation safety education is also necessary as the cases of member offender have increased recently. Further, regular inspection to ensure that vehicles are not parked illegally, which might obstruct the drivers field of vision and threat pedestrians safety, should be strictly implemented. Meanwhile, regular inspection of machines and being careful during Mondays must be practiced to prevent laboratory accidents.ABSTRACT i CONTENTS v LIST OF TABLES vii LIST OF FIGURES viii LIST OF APPENDICES ixx CHAPTER Ⅰ. 1 Ⅰ-1. University campus incidents and previous studies 2 Ⅰ-2. Objectives and study design 6 CHAPTER Ⅱ. 8 Ⅱ-1. Introduction 9 Ⅱ-2. Methods 13 Ⅱ-2-1. Study design 13 Ⅱ-2-2. Selection of parameters and coding 15 Ⅱ-2-3. Statistical analysis 19 Ⅱ-2-4. Spatial distribution analysis 20 Ⅱ-3. Results 23 Ⅱ-3-1. Details of the university 23 Ⅱ-3-2. General characteristics of the parameters 25 Ⅱ-3-3. Characteristics by specific areas 29 Ⅱ-3-4. Spatial distribution analysis via number of victims and EPDO 35 Ⅱ-3-5. Differences in characteristics with driver distraction as a causal factor 39 Ⅱ-3-6. Difference in characteristics by seasons 43 Ⅱ-3-7. Result of logistic regression analysis of driver distraction 45 Ⅱ-3-8. Result of logistic regression analysis of driver distraction by seasons 48 Ⅱ-4. Discussion 52 Ⅱ-5. Conclusion 52 CHAPTER Ⅲ. 59 Ⅲ-1. Introduction 60 Ⅲ-2. Methods 64 Ⅲ-2-1. Study design 64 Ⅲ-2-2. Selection of parameters and coding 66 Ⅲ-2-3. Statistical analysis 68 Ⅲ-3. Results 69 Ⅲ-3-1. General characteristics of campus laboratory accidents 69 Ⅲ-3-2. Characteristics by causal factors 75 Ⅲ-3-3. Characteristics by semester and vacation 77 Ⅲ-4. Discussion 80 Ⅲ-5. Conclusion 80 CHAPTER Ⅳ. 86 REFERENCES 89 APPENDICES 97 국문초록 144Maste

수술 전 항암화학요법을 시행받는 유방암 환자에서 초음파유도하 클립삽입술의 타당성 연구

Purpose: The purpose of our study was to investigate the feasibility of US-guided clip implantation in patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy for treatment of breast cancer. Materials and Methods: From January to May 2012, marker clips were inserted with US guidance in or adjacent to 23 tumors in 20 female patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy for treatment of breast cancer at our institution. One radiologist performed a retrospective review of the identification of tumors on US, mammography, and breast MRI, and MRI artifact caused by a marker clip. Clip migration was evaluated using the clip-to-nipple distance on mammography obtained immediately after clip insertion and within one week before breast surgery. Complication associated with clip insertion was also observed. Results: After completion of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, all tumors showed a decrease in size, and 13 of 23 (56.5%) tumors were no longer palpable and thus required preoperative localization. In addition, marker clips were the only remaining evidence of the original tumor site in three of 23 (13.0%) tumors at the time of preoperative localization. All signal voids caused by a marker clip on breast MRI were less than 1 cm, which did not have a significant effect on detection and evaluation of the extent of the breast cancer. The mean change of the clip-to-nipple distance was 2.11 mm on a craniocaudal, and 2.67 mm on a mediolateral mammogram. No complication associated with clip insertion was observed in any case. Conclusion: US-guided clip implantation in or adjacent to a breast cancer is safe and feasible for patients with anticipation of complete or near complete response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy.ope

반지세포 위암의 유방 전이: 증례 보고

Metastasis of signet ring cell gastric carcinoma to the breast is extremely rare. The common clinical findings are redness, edematous skin and pain, and these findings are similar to those of inflammatory breast cancer. We describe here a case of metastatic signet ring cell gastric carcinoma to the bilateral breasts, and this presented as bilateral palpable breast lumps after the patient had undergone radical total gastrectomy two years previouslyope

Nutritional Intervention of a Pediatric Patient with Congenital Bronchomalacia and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: a Case Report

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is closely related to respiratory issues. We reported the case about the nutrition intervention given to a male infant with congenital bronchomalacia, GERD, and recurrent pneumonia. During the first and second pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) stays, his nutrition status and nutrient intake were good. However, during the 18 days of the third PICU admission, his nutrient intake decreased to 75%-80% of his estimated calorie requirement and his Z-score for weight-for-age dropped to -1.4. We conducted nutritional interventions to improve GERD symptoms and nutritional status include avoiding overfeeding by feeding small amounts frequently, using a pre-thickened formula mixed with a high-calorie formula, and feeding through transpyloric tube. As a result, his daily nutrient intakes gradually increased and his Z-score for weight-for-age was normal. In conclusion, it is important to implement individualized intensive nutritional management to ensure adequate nutrition and growth status in infants with lung disease and GERD.ope

Delayed-Onset Anaphylaxis Caused by IgE Response to Influenza Vaccination

Influenza vaccine-associated anaphylaxis is a very rare allergic reaction to vaccines, but the most concerning and life-threatening adverse reaction. Although the safety of influenza vaccines has been well documented, occasional cases of anaphylaxis in vaccinated patients have been reported. In this study, we analyzed the immunoglobulin E (IgE) response to whole influenza vaccines in a pediatric case of delayed-onset anaphylaxis after influenza vaccination. The patient showed elevated specific IgE levels against whole influenza vaccines, especially with split virion from egg-based manufacturing process. Specific IgE levels to influenza vaccines showed decreased over. We evaluated a causal relationship between influenza vaccine and anaphylaxis event by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Delayed-onset anaphylaxis after influenza vaccination can occur in children without predisposing allergic diseases. In addition, the results suggested that formulation and production system of influenza vaccines could affect the probability of severe allergic reaction to vaccines.ope

Korean graduate students learning experiences in a blended english writing for academic purposes course

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 외국어교육과, 2014. 8. 김진완.In the last few decades, blended learning has emerged as a new learning model which includes benefits for both online and face-to-face instruction. With the increased interest in blended learning for higher education in Koreas university and EFL settings, additional research is needed to understand how students work within blended learning environments in order to make language learning experiences meaningful and joyful. To answer the question of how, the present study sought to explore the learning experiences of Korean graduate students enrolled in a blended English Writing for Academic Purposes course through a qualitative case study within the Community of Inquiry Framework (Garrison et al., 2000). The study first described the teaching and learning contexts to show how the course was designed. Second, the study examined the challenges guiding interactions in an online classroom, where most writing activities took place, and determining how the students overcame these challenges based on Moores three types of interactionslearner-instructor, learner-learner, and learner-content interaction (Moore, 1989). Finally, the study looked into the helpfulness of blended learning with respect to learning academic English writing. The data were collected from multiple sources such as surveys, observational notes, reflective journals, and interviews, all of which were analyzed qualitatively to extract salient themes in the area of online interactional difficulties and values students placed on blended learning in relation to learning academic English writing. The results illustrated a variety of challenges that the students encountered in online interactions and described various attempts they made to overcome these challenges. Cultural inhibition and unfamiliarity with online communication were prime challenges in interacting with the instructor. In learner-learner interactions, distrust of peer feedback and lack of face-to-face interaction appeared to be the challenges. Students also reported that the burdensome workload and the high level of lesson materials were barriers to online interactions with content. However, students started to interact better with the instructor as they intentionally tried to practice English writing in the form of written speech. They also interacted more effectively among themselves after peer feedback trainings in a face-to-face classroom and spending more time building relationships face-to-face. Furthermore, students demonstrated different learning strategies to deal with content matters and online activities. In regard to its value, blended learning was found to be important for learning academic English writing in different areas. The students evaluated that the instructors personalized and timely feedback were most helpful for improving academic English writing skills, but that peer feedback and group discussion were valued limitedly, because they were helpful for only certain areas of writing skills such as checking mechanical errors and brain storming ideas. Lastly, although these students were burdened by the high level of contents, they still found interactions with content helpful, because they could benchmark other students writings and utilize online resources for future references. The research findings imply that second language writing in a blended learning format features interactivity in that writing is a collaborative experience of knowledge building through constant interactions with the instructor, peers, and content. Moreover, students experiences are varied due to differences in their educational backgrounds, needs, motivations, learning strategies, and personalities. Finally, the study suggests that the teaching presence, more than the social or cognitive presence, is dominantly called for to bring about meaningful interactions in Korean EFL blended learningthat is, teachers multiple roles as an instructor, designer, and facilitator should be fulfilled.TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ⅰ TABLE OF CONTENTS ⅴ LIST OF TABLES ⅸ LIST OF FIGURES x CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 The Background and Necessity of the Study 1 1.2 Researchers Motive and Position 6 1.3 Purpose of the Study 7 1.4 Research Questions 8 1.5 Organization of the Dissertation 10 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 11 2.1 Blended Learning 11 2.1.1 The Concept of Blended Learning 11 2.1.2 Blended Learning in Higher Education 14 2.2 Blended Learning in SLA 16 2.2.1 Computer-Mediated Communication in Language Learning Environments 17 2.2.2 Web-Enhanced Instruction in Second Language Writing 21 2.3 Interactions in Online Learning Environments 23 2.3.1 The Concept of Online Interaction 23 2.3.2 Typology of Online Interaction 25 2.4 The Blended Learning Process Model 28 2.4.1 Teaching Presence 30 2.4.2 Social Presence 31 2.4.3 Cognitive Presence 32 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 34 3.1 Methodology Rationale and Approach 34 3.1.1 Interpretivist Approaches to Qualitative Inquiry 35 3.1.2 Qualitative Case Study 36 3.2 Research Design 37 3.2.1 Research Site 37 3.2.2 Participants 40 3.3 Data Collection 41 3.4 Data Coding and Analysis 44 3.5 Enhancing Trustworthiness 49 CHAPTER 4 TEACHING AND LEARNING CONTEXTS 52 4.1 Teaching Presence in the EWAP Course 55 4.2 Social Presence in the EWAP Course 65 4.3 Cognitive Presence in the EWAP Course 71 CHAPTER 5 CHALLENGES OF ONLINE INTERACTIONS AND OVERCOMING THEM 75 5.1 Learner-Instructor Interaction 75 5.1.1 Cultural Inhibition in Korean Classrooms: From How can I say No to the professor in English even Online? to I tried to write in English more. 76 5.1.2 Unfamiliarity with Online Communication: From I dont know what to say or how to say. to I tried to write some questions instead of being hesitant. 81 5.1 Learner-Learner Interaction 85 5.2.1 Distrust and Discomfort of Peer Feedback: From Why would I contaminate my eyes by reading something thats full of errors? to Peer feedback training helped me to see which areas I needed to make comments on. 85 5.2.2 Lack of Face-to-Face Interaction Time: FromIt is not possible to have a true discussion online. to I felt much more comfortable talking with the classmates online after we had more real time classes. 89 5.3 Learner-Content Interaction 93 5.3.1 Class and a Half Syndrome: From There are too many activities which I never have enough time for. to After I learned to enjoy group work, I did not mind extra work in the online classroom. .93 5.3.2 Difficulty of All-English Materials: From Its too difficult to understand all-English textbooks. to Mixing English with Korean was not necessary." 96 CHAPTER 6 VALUE OF BLENDED LEARNING FOR ACADEMIC WRITING 99 6.1 Value of Teacher Feedback 99 6.1.1 Teacher Talk as a One Stop Solution: Teacher feedback- the more the merrier. 100 6.1.2 Prompt and Personalized Teacher Feedback: I appreciated the teachers immediate and personalized feedback. 104 6.2 Value of Peer Interaction 109 6.2.1 Students Written Feedback for Mechanics: Peer feedback was pretty useful but only for checking mechanical errors. 109 6.2.2 Group Discussion for Content Development: A Group discussion was good for brainstorming ideas 113 6.3 Value of Online Resources and Time Flexibilty 119 6.3.1 Learn to Write from Lurking: I could benchmark others essays. 120 6.3.2 Usefulness of Classroom Materials and Time Flexibility: All the uploaded materials are good references. 122 CHAPTER 7 DISCUSSION 125 7.1 Interactivity of Second Language Writing in Blended Learning 125 7.2 Diversity of Second Language Learners Experiences in a Blended Writing Course 129 7.3 Strengthening the Teaching Presence and Lessening the Social Presence 134 CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSION 140 8.1 Major Findings 140 8.2 Pedagogical Implications 143 8.3 Suggestions for Further Study 146 REFERENCES 149 APPENDICES 161 ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 169Docto

RCGA-Based Tuning of the PID Controller for Disturbance Rejection

In industrial processes and many other control problems, even now more than 95% of the controllers are of the PID controller type. The PID controller has several important functions. It has ability to eliminate steady-state error through integral action and anticipate the future through derivative action. The PID controller, therefore, can not only track the given set-point but reject the disturbance that enters the control loop. This is the most basic reason that there exist many different methods for tuning the PID controller. In this thesis, tuning rules of the PID controller for load disturbance rejection are proposed incorporating with real-coded genetic algorithms(RCGAs). The optimal parameters sets of the PID controller are obtained based on a first-order plus time delay model and a RCGA. As for assessing the performance of the controller, three performance criteria (ISE, IAE and ITAE) are adopted. Then tuning formulae are derived using the tuned parameters sets, potential tuning rule models and another RCGA. A set of simulation works are carried out on three high order processes with time delay to verify the effectiveness of the proposed rules.제 1 장 서론 = 1 제 2 장 제어대상과 기존의 동조규칙 = 3 2.1 PID 제어시스템의 구성 = 3 2.2 기존의 동조규칙 = 5 2.2.1 Ziegler-Nichols 동조법 = 5 2.2.2 Cohen-Coon 동조법 = 9 2.2.3 IMC 동조법 = 11 2.2.4 Lopez ITAE 동조법 = 11 제 3 장 최적화 도구로서의 RCGA = 13 3.1 유전알고리즘 = 13 3.1.1 유전알고리즘의 원리 = 13 3.1.2 탐색 절차 = 14 3.1.3 유전알고리즘의 특징 = 16 3.2 RCGA = 17 3.2.1 기본 유전 연산자 = 17 3.2.2 적합도 평가(Fitnessevaluation) = 19 제 4 장 RCGA를 이용한 동조규칙의 유도 = 21 4.1 PID 제어시스템의 무차원화 = 21 4.2 최적 PID 계수 집합 탐색 = 22 4.3 동조규칙의 유도 = 26 제 5 장 시뮬레이션 및 결과검토 = 31 5.1 예제 1 = 31 5.1.1 시스템의 근사화 = 32 5.1.2 PID 제어기의 응답비교 = 34 5.2 예제 2 = 36 5.2.1 시스템의 근사화 = 36 5.2.2 PID 제어기의 응답비교 = 38 5.3 예제 3 = 40 5.3.1 시스템의 근사화 = 41 5.3.2 PID 제어기의 응답비교 = 43 제 6 장 결론 = 46 참고문헌 = 4