Enlightenment of rainwater management in foreign countries to sponge city construction in China

介绍我国海绵城市建设的背景,分析海绵城市建设的必要性,讨论海绵城市建设与雨水管理之间的关系,认为可借鉴日本、美国、澳大利亚以及欧洲一些国家的"低影响开发技术"、"水敏性城市设计"、"绿色基础设施建设"等理念和技术,以及一些雨水管理法规与奖励政策,因地制宜地进行城市排水系统改造、雨水管理信息系统建设等,推进我国海绵城市的建设。The background of sponge cities construction in China is introduced,and the necessity of construction of sponge city is analyzed. The relationship between the construction of sponge city and rain water management was discussed. Based on that,ideals and technologies including low impact development( LID),water sensitivity urban design( WSUD) and green infrastructure construction( GIC) from Japan,U. S.,Australia and European countries and some rainwater management laws and inspirations are recommended to transform the city drainage system and construct rainwater management information system according to local conditions,helping promot the construction of sponge city in China.国家自然科学基金(41376050

朱熹格物致知论的科学精神及其历史作用

朱熹的格物致知包括了格自然之物的科学研究活动，他本人在格物致知中也进行了广泛的自然科学研究，取得了丰富的成果。这些思想和活动对后世的科学发展具有重要的影响

Distribution of manganese bacteria in the sediment cores from the Canada Basin and the Chukchi Sea

用平板法分别在4℃和25℃时对北极加拿大海盆和楚科奇海10个沉积物岩芯中的锰细菌进行培养,并测定了检出率和含量.分析结果表明,4℃与25℃温度下培养的锰细菌含量范围均为(-)～3.3×108个.g-1,锰细菌平均检出率分别为77.78%、86.03%,平均含量分别为5.60×106、7.91×106个.g-1;该结果高于太平洋深海沉积物中的锰细菌含量,比北极阿拉斯加淡水湖湖水中的锰细菌含量高1个数量级,比印度洋海岭CarlsbergRidge区热水区海水样品中的锰细菌含量高3个数量级,证实寒冷北极海同样广布锰细菌.对锰细菌在不同水深、经纬度以及沉积物深度中的分布进行了讨论;结果表明,锰细菌检出率随沉积物深度的增加而增大,含量变化呈现浅层少、下层多之势;纬度分布范围较大,并显出有扩大的趋势.水深对沉积物中锰细菌也有一定影响.尽管锰细菌对温度有较强的适应能力,环境温度的升降对本研究区锰细菌具有双重作用.The distribution of Manganese bacteria(MnB)in 10 sediment cores from the Canada Basin and the Chukchi Sea were analyzed by the methods of MPN and plate culture.The cores were sliced in 1 cm intervals from 0~10 cm and at 2 cm intervals below 10 cm on board as subsamples.Retrievability of MnB cultivated in both 4℃ and 25℃ ranged from non-detectable levels(ND)to 3.3×108 CFU·g-1 of wet sample.The occurrence percentages and average numbers of MnB cultivated at 4℃ and 25℃ were 77.78%,5.60×106 CFU·g-1 wet samples,and 86.03%,7.91×106 CFU·g-1 wet samples,respectively.The contents of MnB in sediment cores were higher than those in sediment from the deep Pacific Ocean or in water from Alaska Lake,similar to the results reported in water from the Carlsberg Ridge in the Indian Ocean.The result showed that a tendency of the MnB content increasing from low latitude to high latitude,or from the shallower continental shelf to deeper basin in the south of 78 N.From the surface to deeper sediment,the content of MnB in sediment changed irregularly,depending on the sedimentary environment.It seems that the variability of MnB content was larger at 25℃ than at 4℃.国家自然科学基金(No.40576060,40376017,40176017)~

Sulphate reducing bacteria in core sediments from the Canada Basin and the Chukchi Sea

对取自北极楚科奇海及加拿大海盆的10个沉积物岩芯分别在4℃、25℃培养温度下进行硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)分析,结合首次北极科考海洋沉积物SRB的研究成果,探讨了研究区SRB的分布特点.研究结果表明,4℃与25℃温度培养的SRB含量均为0~2.4×106个.g-1(湿样);4℃时SRB的检出率与平均含量分别为45.5%和2.06×104个.g-1(湿样),25℃培养条件下分别为73.7%和4.70×104个.g-1(湿样);柱状沉积物中SRB的检出率、含量范围、平均含量都明显高于表层沉积物中SRB的相关指标;岩芯中SRB含量分布与采样点的纬度、深度有一定关系,但这种关系不如表层沉积物中SRB分布表现的那么明显;4℃培养时,各层位SRB含量的平均值范围为51~1.2×106个.g-1(湿样),25℃时为2.04×102~2.47×105个.g-1(湿样);在所研究的深度范围内,4℃时培养SRB的垂直变化较为明显,而25℃时SRB的垂直变化相对缓和;根据4℃、25℃2个不同培养温度时SRB的检出率、含量对比看,似乎25℃时更有利于某些SRB的繁衍.Ten sediment core samples(water depth from50 ~3850 m) were collected in the the Canada Basin and the Chukchi Sea during the SecondChinese National Arctic Research Expedition.Each core was sliced on board at 1 cm intervals from 0 ~10 cm and at 2 cm intervals below 10 cm assubsamples,the content of sulfate reducing bacteria(SRB) of these subsamples were analyzed by MPN(Most Probable Number) methed.The contents ofSRB cultivated at both 4℃ and 25℃ ranged from0 to 2.4×106cel.lg-1wet sample and the average SRB cultivated at4℃ and 25℃ were 2.06×104cell.g-1wet sample,and 4.70×104cell.g-1wet sample,respectively.Unlike surface sediments in the study area,the latter shows a tendency to increasefrom low latitude to high latitude,or from shallow water to deep basin.From surface to depths,the content of SRB in sediment changes irregularly,depending on the sedimentary environment.The average contents of SRB cultured at4℃ and 25℃ in the same layer ranged from51 to1.2×106cel.lg-1wet samples and 2.04×102to 2.47×105cel.lg-1wet samples.Comparing the contents,content range,and occurrence rate of SRB cultivated at4℃ and25℃,it seems that 25℃ is more suitable than 4℃for survival and propagation of some SRB.国家自然科学基金(No.40576060,40376017,40176017)~

Isolation and phylogenetic analysis of cultivable manganese bacteria in sediments from the Arctic ocean

对中国第二次北极科学考察采集的北极海洋沉积物中的锰细菌进行了筛选、分离和系统发育分析。根据其在筛选平板上菌落的形态学特征,分别从站位P11和S11采集的沉积物中分离到了21株和19株锰细菌。系统发育分析表明,两个站位的锰细菌群落组成有着明显的差别。站位P11分离的可培养锰细菌主要由细菌域(Bacteria)中变形杆菌门的γ-变形杆菌纲(γ-Proteobacteria)和放线菌纲(Actinobacteria)组成,二者分别占86%和14%;γ-变形杆菌纲主要包括嗜冷杆菌属(Psychrobacter)、希瓦氏菌属(Shewanella)、假交替单胞菌属(Pseudoalteromonas)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、海杆菌属(Marinobacter),其中以嗜冷杆菌属为主,其比例可达67%。从站位S11分离到的可培养锰细菌主要包括细菌域中变形杆菌门的α-变形杆菌纲(α-Proteobacteria)和γ-变形杆菌纲以及拟杆菌门(Bacteroides)中的黄杆菌纲(Flavobacteria);γ-变形杆菌纲主要包括希瓦氏菌属、海单胞菌属(Marinomonas)和交替单胞菌属(Alteromonas),α-变形杆菌纲主要为鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)。实验菌株均对Mn2+有着较强的抗性,其中以菌株Marinomonas sp.S11-S-4耐受性最高。The biogeochemical cycling of manganese is recognized as an important environmental process because manganese is not only an essential nutrient for all organisms but also its oxidation and reduction are intimately coupled with the cycling of other essential elements.Studies have demonstrated that Mn2+-oxidizing bacteria are abundant and distributed widely.A diverse array of bacteria,fungi,and microalgae have been shown to have the ability to catalyze oxidation or reduction of manganese.The oxidation of soluble Mn2+ to insoluble Mn3+/Mn4+ oxides and oxy-hydroxides is an environmentally important process because the solid-phase products oxidize a variety of organic and inorganic compounds,scavenge many metals,and serve as electron acceptors for anaerobic respiration.In most environments,Mn2+ oxidation is believed to be bact erially mediated.Over the years,Mn2+-oxidizing bacteria have been isolated from wide variety of environments,including marine and freshwaters,soils,sediments,water pipes,Mn nodules,and hydrothermal vents.Phylogenetically,Mn2+-oxidizing bacteria appear to be quite diverse,with all isolates analyzed to date falling within either the low G+C gram-positive bacteria,the Actinobacteria,or the α,β,and γ subgroups of the Proteobacteria branch of the domain Bacteria.In order to investigate the biodiversity of manganese bacteria in polar region,isolation,molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis of manganese bacteria were carried out in the sediments which were collected from Arctic ocean during 2nd Chinese Arctic Scientific Expedition.Twenty one and nineteen species of cultivable strain were isolated from the sediments of both station P11 and S11 respectively according to their distinct morphology on screening plate of manganese medium.Molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis showed that the cultivable manganese bacteria from station P11 were basically composed of γ subgroup of the Proteobacteria branch of the domain Bacteria(γ-Proteobacteria)and Actinobacteria,which accounted for 86% and 14% respectively.The γ-Proteobacteria mainly included Psychrobacter,Shewanella,Acinetobacter and Marinobacter,of which Psychrobacter was the major genus,it accounted for 67% of γ-Proteobacteria in sediments of station P11.The cultivable manganese bacteria from station S11 included α-proteobacteria,γ-Proteobacteria and Flavobacteria of Bacteroides.γ-Proteobacteria included Shewanella,Marinomonas and Alteromonas.The majority of α-Proteobacteria was Sphingomonas.The phylogenetic analysis indicated that bacteria from the sediments of station P11 and S11 had different cultivable manganese bacteria flora.All tested strains had higher resistance to Mn2+,of which Marinomonas sp.S11-S-4 had highest resistance.国家自然科学基金资助项目(40576060)~

微生物学向深海进军

论述全球的深海概念,包括深于1 000 M的各种海域,如大洋、远海、一些海湾、海峡、海沟、海槽、深渊、超深渊等。认为深海环境包括3个单元:深海海平面上的空气、海洋表层至海底间的深水体和表层沉积物/岩石及以下部分。在此环境繁衍了深海上空气微生物、深水微生物及深海地微生物,对这三者的研究构成了深海微生物学,而其中的嗜极微生物则十分重要。尤其关注深海地微生物学的研究现状并展望其研究前景

Distribution of anaerobic bacteria in surface sediments from the Western Arctic Sea

用逐步稀释法在4℃和25℃培养条件下测定了西北冰洋海域24个表层沉积物样品中厌氧菌(AnAErObIC bACTErIA,AAb)的检出率和含量.同时,分析了这两项指标的水平分布(纬度间、经度间)差异,以及在不同水深的变化特征.结果表明,在4℃和25℃培养条件下厌氧菌检出率高达100%,AAb含量范围分别为9.00x102~2.40x107CEll·g-1和2.90x104~2.40x107CEll·g-1,平均含量分别为4.54x106CEll·g-1和3.99x106CEll·g-1.AAb含量存在水平分布差异,随着纬度升高,或经度自西向东,或水深的加大,AAb的含量均呈现逐渐降低的趋势.The occurrence and content of anaerobic bacteria in 24 surface sediments in the Western Arctic Ocean were measured via progressive dilution under laboratory incubation at 4℃ and 25℃,and the spatial patterns of anaerobic bacteria distribution were further examined.All the samples have anaerobic bacteria.The contents of anaerobic bacteria cultivated ranged from 9.00×102 to 2.40×107 cell· g-1 wet sample (the same hereafter) and 2.90×104 to 2.40×107 cell· g-1 with an average of 4.54×106 cell· g-1 and 3.99×106 cell· g-1 in the 4℃ and 25℃ samples,respectively.The distributions of anaerobic bacteria varied by both latitude and longitude,and also in sediment samples with different water depths.The anaerobic bacteria content decreased from low latitude to high latitude,from the western area to the eastern area,and from shallow water to deep basin.国家自然科学基金(No.40576060;40376017)---

Progress in research of hypoxia in estuaries and coastal areas in China

对长江、珠江等河口及其近海水域缺氧现象与影响因素进行研究,结果表明,主要分布于长江与珠江河口及其邻近海域的缺氧现象,夏季(6-8月)达到最盛,秋; 冬季消失;长江口的缺氧区域主要位于30.75°N~32°N,122.5°E~123.25°E附近海域,具有南北2个缺氧中心;珠江口缺氧程度相对较; 轻,缺氧区域主要在广州黄埔区河段至虎门水域和伶仃洋;辽河、钱塘江、海河等河口区域也时而出现零星的缺氧现象;水体缺氧受控于多项环境要素,物理层化作; 用是缺氧产生的最初诱因之一,陆源污染物的分解则是重要的耗氧负荷;各河口区特征各异,潮汐、洋流、营养盐、叶绿素a等要素对缺氧区的范围、程度和持续时; 间影响程度不一。In order to study hypoxia in the main estuaries and adjacent coastal; areas in China, we compared the hypoxia in the estuaries of the Yangtze; River, the Pearl River, and other rivers, and analyzed the factors. We; found that hypoxia mainly occurred in the estuaries of the Yangtze; River, the Pearl River, and the adjacent coastal areas; it had the most; significant increase in the summer (from June to August) and disappeared; in the autumn and winter. The hypoxia zone in the Yangtze River Estuary; was mainly located in the area with latitudes from 30.75°N to 32°N and; longitudes from 122.5°E to 123.25°E, and there were two hypoxia centers; in the south and north, respectively. The degree of hypoxia in the Pearl; River Estuary was relatively moderate, and hypoxia mainly occurred from; the Huangpu section to Humen waters in Guangzhou and in the Lingdingyang; Channel. In addition, hypoxia occasionally occurred in the estuaries of; the Liaohe River, Qiantang River, and Haihe River. We also found that; hypoxia was subjected to many environmental factors, of which the; stratification of water was one of the initial factors and the; decomposition of terrigenous pollutants was a major factor of oxygen; consumption. Tides, upwellings, nutrients, and chlorophyll-a had; different influences on the scale, degree, and duration of hypoxia, due; to the various characteristics of the estuaries

An Analysis of the Interaction between River Water, Groundwater and Seawater in Minjiang River Estuary Region, Fujian Province, Based on Stable Isotopes D and ~(18)O

为了揭示闽江河口两岸的地下水形成演化规律以及河口区河水、地下水和海水的相互作用,分别于2009年枯水期(10至11月)和2010年丰水期(7至8月),在闽江河口区采集了河水、地下水和海水样品,测定了水样的氢氧稳定同位素组成和盐度。研究结果表明:(1)闽江河口两岸的浅层地下水主要接受降水补给,北岸地下水还接受山区基岩裂隙水补给,南岸浅层地下水在枯水期还接受经过蒸发作用的灌溉水补给;(2)闽江河口区,枯、丰水期河水与地下水的补排关系始终表现为地下水补给河水,枯水期南岸地下水在河口混合中的贡献明显增大;(3)海岸带含水层基本上不存在海水入侵,仅局部含水层有微弱的海水入侵迹象;(4)丰水期和枯水期的淡咸水混合带在河口中的位置和混合类型存在明显差异。The aim of this study is to reveal the origin and evolution of groundwater as well as the interaction between groundwater, river water and seawater.During both the dry season (October and November) and the wet season (July and August) of 2009, the authors collected fresh river water and brackish water samples in Minjiang River estuary, groundwater samples near Minjiang River estuary, and seawater samples in Taiwan Strait, then measured salinity, D and 18 O isotopic composition for the water samples.Some conclusions have been reached: (1) the unconfined groundwater on both sides of Minjiang River estuary is mainly recharged by rainfall, the groundwater on the northern side is also recharged by the bedrock fissure groundwater, and the groundwater on the southern side is also recharged by the irrigation water in the dry season, which has somewhat experienced evaporation before discharging; (2) the interaction between river water and groundwater always shows that the groundwater recharges to the river water occur in both dry season and wet season, and the mixing ratio of groundwater from the southern side of Min River estuary significantly increases in the dry season; (3) the seawater intrusion in the costal aquifer doesn’t exist on the whole, and this kind of phenomenon just occurs locally in a small part of the costal aquifer; (4) the site and mixture type of the mixed zone between fresh and brackish water in the estuary in the dry season is clearly different from those in the wet season.福建省重点基金项目(编号:2009I0025); 国家自然科学基金项目(编号:41072174)联合资

Determination of ~(230)Th/~(232)Th and correct methods by High Resolution Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

快速可靠的230TH/232TH比值测定方法在230TH定年法中非常重要。实验室在前期工作基础上,建立了高分辨电感耦合等离子体质谱法(Hr-ICP-MS)测定天然样品中230TH/232TH比值的方法。影响230TH/232TH比值精确测定的主要因素是测量过程中强峰拖尾效应和仪器的质量歧视等。238u在236u处的强峰拖尾系数236u/238u可用于230TH/232TH比值的强峰拖尾校正,通过测量不同230TH/232TH比值的标准溶液可获得仪器测量230TH/232TH比值的质量歧视校正因子。采取四酸密闭消解法对砂岩样品进行消解,用bIO-rAd Ag 1x8 Cl-型阴离子交换树脂对钍进行分离,进一步纯化后稀释到一定体积在Hr-ICPMS上进行测量。采用空白-标准-空白样品的测量模式对230TH/232TH比值进行测量。实验室标样的测量结果为(7.29±0.34)x10-6,与参考值(7.33±0.17)x10-6一致。It is very important for the rapid and reliable determination of230Th/232Th in the thorium-230 dating.A method of measuring230Th /232Th in natural samples by high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer(HR-ICP-MS) was developed on the base of our former work.The precise and accurate of natural230Th in geology samples is challenging,as the peak tailing to the high intensity of neighboring peak at232Th and the mass discrimination of the instrument.The peak tailing of238U to236U was used to decrease the peak tailing effect of232Th to230Th.The mass discrimination factor K between ture and measured isototpe ratio was calculated after measuring different230Th /232Th ratio solutions.Lab used standard samples was digested in mixed acids of HNO3-HF-HCl-HClO4,and separated by the Bio-rad AG 1×8 Cl-resin.The measurement method of blank-standard-blank- sample procession was used to determinate the230Th /232Th.The measured result of230Th/232Th was at(7.29±0.34)×10-6,which agreed with the reference value of(7.33±0.17)×10-6