Biomass Cell Wall Component Structural Interpretation and Bonding Mechanism

生物质转化为高值化材料的关键一步是对组分进行清洁温和分离,然后将分离后的组分进行生物和化学转化,获得高性能材料。然而,由于生物质结构复杂,人们对其了解的局限导致对它们有效分离缺乏理论上的指向,使得目前的分离技术多是一种工艺层面的探索。迄今为止,尚没有高效的集成化生物质清洁分离技术体系,即在一个工艺过程中将生物质不同的组分能以较完整的分子结构形式清洁有效分离出来。由于生物质现代转化利用途径需要在保持较完整结构的基础上将主要组分清洁有效分离开来,然后对不同组分进行有目的的转化利用。因此,尽管生物质组分转化利用有广阔的应用前景,但生物质组分的清洁有效分离仍是一个瓶颈限制,是一个难点问题。生物质组分分离的关键是将断裂木质素组分和半纤维素组分之间的结合键或有选择性断裂木质素分子内的结合键,进一步达到清洁分离组分的目的。该研究拟从生物质组分间化学结合键的差异性以及空间构型的差异性中寻找其对不同差异介质环境中的反应机制,从而进一步提出氧基化学分离新途径的导向指引,即利用木质素侧链的α、β、γ-与半纤维素组分之间的酯键等结合键或木质素分子内不同化学键对不同微差异介质环境中化学体系中O2分子的敏感性不同,探索其可能的分子内或分子外结合键的断裂途径,从而实现清洁温和分离纤维素、半纤维素和木质素组分的目的,为生物质的高值化利用奠定基础。The key procedure of converting the biomass into high value materials is to separate the fractions clean and moderately and then to conduct the biological or chemical conversion of the separated fractions to obtain the high value materials. However, it, the lack of theoretical guide of effective separation on account of the limitation of our acquirement about the complexity of biomass structure, makes the separation technology become an exploration on process level. So far, there is no efficient integrated system for clean separation, which can separates different fractions at a fairly complete molecular structure clean and effectively in a process. The way of modern biomass utilization needs to separate its fractions clean and effectively under the premise of a fairly complete molecular structure and then carry out the purposeful conversion and utilization of different fractions. Despite the biomass conversion and utilization have broad application prospects, the clean and effective separation is still a bottleneck restriction and a difficult problem. The key to the separation of biomass components is to break the bond between lignin and hemicellulose or to selectively break the intramolecular bond among lignin achieving the purpose of clean separation. This study intends to find the reaction mechanism under different medium environment from the differences of the bonds among the fractions and the differences of spatial configuration, and then propose an orientation guidance of oxygen chemical separation. Scilicet, making use of the different sensitivities to O2 of different bonds, which between lignin side chain of alpha, beta, gamma- and bonds among hemicellulose fractions, such as easter bond, or intramolecular bond among lignin molecules, to explore the possible fracture way in or between the molecular. Furthermore, on the basis of the above work, this study intends to achieve the purpose of a clean and moderate separation of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin fractions, laying a foundation for high value utilization of biomass

计算机主动网络的研究与应用

该文对主动网络及其相关的研究成果进行了介绍。主动网络作为一种动态的运行环境 ,它支持大量的网络服务 ,同时也允许在网络体系结构中加入新设计的服务。主动网络不像传统网络那样只是被动地传输字节 ,而且具有提供使用者输入定制程序到网络中的一种能力

One-Pot Synthesis of Pyrazoles through a Four-Step Cascade Sequence

National Natural Science Foundation of China [21072159, 21272190]; Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University; 973 Projects [2011CB935901]A one-pot synthesis of 3,4,5- and 1,3,5-pyrazoles from tertiary propargylic alcohols and para-tolylsulfonohydrazide has been accomplished. The pyrazoles are formed through a four-step cascade sequence, including FeCl3-catalyzed propargylic substitution, aza-MeyerSchuster rearrangement, base-mediated 6electrocyclization, and thermal [1,5] sigmatropic shift. In this reaction, the 3,4,5- and 1,3,5-pyrazoles are produced selectively according to different substituents in the starting alcohols

Treatment of distal tibial comminuted fractures using minimally invasive percutaneous anatomical lateral plate fixation

目的探讨解剖型钢板经皮微创固定治疗胫骨远段粉碎性骨折的临床疗效。方法采用X线监视下间接闭合复位,经皮微创插入解剖钢板治疗胫骨远段粉碎性骨折25例。结果患者均获随访,时间6~24个月。所有伤口均一期愈合,骨折愈合时间12~26周,平均15.6周。按Johner-Wruhs评价法,优18例,良5例,中2例。无骨延迟愈合及骨不连,无感染及内固定失败等并发症发生。结论解剖型钢板经皮微创固定治疗胫骨远段粉碎性骨折,具有损伤小、感染风险低、骨折愈合快、骨延迟愈合及骨不连发生率低等优点,是一种较好的治疗方法。Objective To study the clinical results of the treatment of distal tibial comminuted fractures using minimally invasive percutaneous anatomical lateral plate fixation.Methods 25 cases of distal tibial comminuted fractures were treated with closed reduction under image intensifier and minimally invasive percutaneous anatomical lateral plate fixation.Results All the patients were followed up for 6～24 months.The wounds in all patients healed primarily;the mean time of bone union was 15.6(12~25) weeks.According to Johner-Wruhs scoring,the results were excellent in 18 cases,good in 5 and fair in 2.No delayed union,nonunion,infection and failure of fixation happened.Conclusions Treatment of distal tibial comminuted fractures using minimally invasive percutaneous anatomical lateral plate fixation provides biological fixation with better healing and lower complication rate,which is an effective and economical methods

Chromosome karyotype of sevenband grouper Epinephelus septemfasciatus (Thunberg,1793)

采用PHA体内直接注射法制备了七带石斑鱼(EPInEPHEluS SEPTEMfASCIATuS)头肾组织染色体标本并分析其核型。结果表明,七带石斑鱼二倍体染色体数为48,24对染色体均为端部着丝粒染色体,其染色体臂数(nf)为48,核型公式为:2n=48T,nf=48。未发现与性别相关的异型染色体,第24对染色体长度明显小于其他染色体。通过与其他22种石斑鱼染色体核型进行比较,发现七带石斑鱼具有石斑鱼属鱼类的原始核型特征,属于石斑鱼属鱼类的原始类群。The metaphase chromosomes of Epinephelus septemfasciatus were obtained from head kidney tissue by the method of PHA and colchicine injection and the karyotype was analyzed.The results showed that there were 48 telocentric chromosomes in the diploid and their karyotypic formula was 2n=48t,NF=48.The length of the 24th chromosome was distinctively shorter than that of others,while there was no obvious difference in length among the other 23 chromosomes.By comparison with the chromosome karyotypes of other 22 Epinephelus species,it can be concluded E.septemfasciatus has the representative characteristics of ancestral karyotypic pattern and belongs to the primitive grouper.青岛市科技发展计划项目(08-2-3-6-hz);农业部948项目(2008-Z8

汉字处理相关大脑皮层区的功能磁共振成像

目的 使用功能磁共振成像（fMRI）对参与汉字处理的脑皮层区域进行确认，并对fMRI在人脑功能区定位方面的可靠性及重复性进行探讨。方法 对8例右利手、母语为汉语的正常年轻人进行了汉语同义字和同音字判断的测试，同时采集其脑部的fMRI数据。MRI检查分别在2台不同的机型上完成（1.5T GE Signa Horizon和1.5T Siemens Vision）。通过相关分析进行统计学处理并得到脑功能活动的图像。结果 对同义字和同音字进行判断均能明显激活Broca区、Wernicke区、侧纹外视区及双侧颞叶腹侧皮层。配对t检验显示执行同义字和同音字判断任务所激发的脑功能区之间无显著性差异（t=0.35,P>0.05），在2台不同机型的MRI仪上获得的结果无本质区别。结论 fMRI可以对汉语处理的有关大脑皮层区域进行定位，在不同临床MRI机型上得到的结果不仅可靠，而且具有很好的重复性

Mapping cortical areas associated with Chinese word processing with functional magnetic resonance imaging

目的　使用功能磁共振成像 (fMRI)对参与汉字处理的脑皮层区域进行确认 ,并对fMRI在人脑功能区定位方面的可靠性及重复性进行探讨。方法　对 8例右利手、母语为汉语的正常年轻人进行了汉语同义字和同音字判断的测试 ,同时采集其脑部的fMRI数据。MRI检查分别在 2台不同的机型上完成 (1.5TGESignaHorizon和 1.5TSiemensVision)。通过相关分析进行统计学处理并得到脑功能活动的图像。结果　对同义字和同音字进行判断均能明显激活Broca区、Wernicke区、双侧纹外视区及双侧颞叶腹侧皮层。配对t检验显示执行同义字和同音字判断任务所激发的脑功能区之间无显著性差异 (t =0 .35 ,P &gt;0 .0 5 ) ,在 2台不同机型的MRI仪上获得的结果无本质区别。结论fMRI可以对汉语处理的有关大脑皮层区域进行定位 ,在不同临床MRI机型上得到的结果不仅可靠 ,而且具有很好的重复性。</p