[[alternative]]對個數為三個相異質數的積之群的研究

碩士[[abstract]]對於個數為 2qr 的群 ,q,r 為質數 ,且q<r , 這些群結構的數量 ,可以歸納成兩類 :一類是當 q∤r−1 , 另一類是當 q | r−1 . 所以我將對於這兩類 不同形式的群最分.[[abstract]]The number of groups with order 2qr,where q < r are primes,depends on whether q divides r-1.In this paper,we explore the possible structures of these groups.[[tableofcontents]]1.Introduction....................................1 2.Main Results...................................13 References.......................................33[[note]]學號: 799190029, 學年度: 10

The Detection of Duck Picornavirus by Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction and Serological Survey among Bird Species in Taiwan

鴨病毒性肝炎(DVH)在小鴨是一種高死亡率的疾病，可分為三型，其中第1、3型病原為小RNA病毒(picornavirus)，台灣分別於1972及1990年曾爆發DHV大流行，在本研究中，針對1990年在高雄分離的Tw90A株鴨小RNA病毒(duck picornavirus; DPV)之3D核酸部位設計特異性引子，建立DPV之Nested-RT-PCR之快速診斷技術，經檢測其敏感性可達100.025 TCID50，口服接種感染無DPV抗體之一日齡北京鴨，接種後定期採集檢體，並以Nested-RT-PCR偵測DPV特異性核酸片段，結果發現DPV於接種後8小時到48小時於小鴨體內呈全身性分佈，直至接種後21天尚可由小腦、食道、心肌、腿肌、肝臟、脾臟、腎臟、胰臟等器官檢測出病毒核酸反應，其中以肝、脾、心肌、腿肌、腎臟等檢體之反應訊息最強。小鴨接種DPV其增重明顯小於控制組 (p&lt;0.01)。調查台灣多種鳥禽之DPV中和抗體分布情形，其抗體陽性率分別為鴨32.95%、雞1.50%、鴿22.50% 和鵝7.06%。而鴨隻陽性率顯著高於其他鳥禽類 (p&lt;0.01)。而vDHV及DHV之分別為1.1%和62.3%，DHV鴨隻抗體陽性率顯著高於DPV及vDHV。Duck viral hepatitis (DVH) is a high mortality disease in ducklings. Three types of DHV have been reported, and type 1 and type 3 caused by viruses belonging to Picornavidiae. In Taiwan, outbreaks of DVH were reported in 1972 and 1990, respectively. A strain of the duck pricornavirus (DPV), Tw90A, isolated in the 1990 Kaohsiung outbreak was studied. Two pairs of primers were designed based on the conserved region of 3D and were used in nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (Nested-RT-PCR) to detect DPV. Day-old to 21 days-old Peking ducks without DPV antibody were inoculated with Tw90A isolate. Various organs were collected from 8 hours to 21 days after inoculation and Nested-RT-PCR was used to detect the presence of the DPV genome. The results showed that DPV persisted in the infected ducklings for at least 21 days. Most of the other organs, such as the liver, spleen, heart muscle, skeletal muscle, and kidney, became are tested positive in samples collected between 8 to 48 hours after inoculation. The detection of the DPV genome was limited to the cerebrum, esophagus, heart muscle, skeletal muscle, liver, kidney, spleen, and pancreas at 21 days post-inoculation (DPI). The weight gains of duckling inoculated with DPV were significantly lower than the un-inoculated control ducklings (p&lt;0.01). Seroprevalence of DPV among bird species in Taiwan was also studied. The results showed positive rates of 32.95% in duck, 1.50% in chicken, 22.50% in pigeon, and 7.06% in goose. DPV positive rate was significantly higher in duck than in other species (p&lt;0.01). Seroprevalence of vDHV and in duck were 1.1% and 62.3% respectively. DHV positive rate was significantly higher in duck than DPV and vDHV (p&lt;0.01).致謝………………………………………………………………ii 中文摘要……………………………………………………iii 英文摘要………………………………………………………...iv 目次………………………………………………………………..vi 表次……………………………………………………………..vii 圖次……………………………………………………………..viii 第一章 緒言……………………………………………………..1 第二章 文獻回顧 第一節 Picornavirus簡介…………………………………….2 第二節 鴨病毒性肝炎簡介………………………………………..3 第三節 鴨病毒性肝炎2型簡介……………………………………9 第四節 鴨病毒性肝炎3型簡介………………………………11 第三章 材料與方法 第一節 病毒定性試驗……………………………………14 第二節 設計RT-PCR檢測引子………………………….16 第三節 DPV台灣分離株動物人工感染試驗………………….18 第四節 DPV、DHV及vDHV台灣分離株之血清抗體調查…………20 第四章 結果 第一節 病毒增殖與定性………………………………………..22 第二節 Nested-RT-PCR檢測引子之建立………………………..22 第三節 DPV台灣分離株動物人工感染試驗…………………….24 第四節DPV、DHV及vDHV台灣分離株之血清抗體調查…………25 第五章 討論……………………………………….....27 表、圖…………………………………………. ……....31 參考文獻…………………………………………………. 59 附錄…………………………………………………. 6

Cloning, expression and DNA sequence of phosphomannose isomerase gene from xanthomonas campestris pv. campestrin

十字花科蔬蕃黑腐病菌(Xanthomonas campestr is pv.campestris簡稱X.C.) 是引起 十字花科黑腐病的病原菌。亦是黃杆菌膠之工業生產菌。本實驗將 X.campestris 基 因庫中具有合成XPS (xantnan polysaccharide synthesis)能力之 3.8 kb DNA 片段 P2401, 予以次選殖至pBR325上, 挑選其一純系命名為pBEP24, 用pBEP24以各稱鑒識 繪切割, 經洋菜膠電泳分析, 而定出了鑒識繪拼圖。進一步做缺失圖譜, 然后經接全 作用送到XPS 合成缺失突變株P24 中, 篩選恢復株, 發現可縮小DNA 長度至2 kb之EC oRI-PstI片段仍保有恢復能力。 將此 P2401 DNA片段予以核 定序, 發現其上有一phosphomannoseisomerase (pmi) 基因。其openreading frame 在415 到1809個核 之間, 主導465 個氨基酸, 推算分 子量為50609 dalton。此基因之核 序列與 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 之pmi 序列有 高達69﹪的同質性, 而以電腦程式轉譯為氨基酸后, 比較此二基因之蛋白質初級結構 ,疏水性, 與次級結構, 均非常相似。進一步將P2401 次選殖在載體pBR325 上, 再送 入迷你細胞內進行基因表現。結果確有一分子量為52 kd 之蛋白被合成。配合其他缺 失純系之資料, 顯示出coding region 被擊除掉者, 即不再合成此蛋白。依據Pseudo monas aeruginosa 之PMI 酵素活性亦被測定出來, 結果證明P2401 DNA 片段確實帶 有pmi 基因。且PMI 酵素活性高者, Xanthan 產量亦提高。根據DNA-DNA 雜記與物理 圖譜的資料, 顯示p2401 位于另一DNA 片段P2402B (24 kb)右側邊界2.4 kb處; 而P2 402B, P4201B 及 SD202B 為相連的連續片段。可知XPS 基因應為成串(cluster) 排 列。 最后將 pP2401重組 DNA 送入 X.C. 野生型XC17中, 可提高黃杆菌膠之產達12﹪之高 。顯示利用基因劑量之提高可達到改進品系之目的

Source and sink relationship of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) plants during reproductive growth period

以大連豆為供試品種，於７３年９月種植於中興大學農場。自植株開化後每隔一週調 查不同節位葉片及莢果、種子生理性狀及成分含量變化，來探討大豆植株不同節位供 源葉片和積儲種子之間的關係，以期了解莢果種子發育中養分的供應。 不同節位葉片由於葉齡不同，表現出極明顯的生理差異，高節位葉片由於葉齡較小， 各種成分含量較高，生理活性較大，比葉重亦較大；由下部節位葉片至部節位葉片表 現上發生時序的差異。在生殖期間，供源葉片最大的變化為葉片發生老化。老化的型 式有二，大豆植株自開化後，葉片首先由下部節位以漸進性方式向上發生老化，至開 化後６週，全株則發生單熟性老化。葉片進行漸進式老化時，葉片內可溶性蛋白質含 量反而增加，此時葉片老化與蛋白質含量表現不一致；當葉片發生單熟性老化時，可 溶性蛋白質含量才明顯地減少。 生殖時期積儲種子最大的變化為乾物質累積。試驗結果顯示不同節位莢果及種子的生 長也發生時物序的差異，上部節位莢果﹑種子發育雖然較下部節位為遲，但上部節位 莢果卻以較高累積速率進行乾物質累積，以致在收穫時，反以上部節位總莢果重及總 種子重較大。而單一莢果、單一種子重則沒有明顯差異。反成分含量在生育期間亦發 生時序的變化，但不若葉片明顯。 植株上端各節位積儲大小（Sink size ）較大，需要養分較多，上端各節位葉片活性 也較大。碳水化合物及各元素濃度也較高，以配合養分的需求。大豆在開化後第５週 ，種子快速充實期需要行光合產物，葉片內光合作用所產生的物質似乎己不足夠供給 ，必須由葉片中輸出養分至種子。愈 位葉片中TNC輸出愈多，葉片內TNC濃度降低 幅度也愈大。葉片中N、P、K也發生轉移至 現象。惟Ca、Mg 因為不易移動，自葉 中轉移至種子量較少

良質米育種的演變與成果

臺灣良質米育種早在民國60年代末期悄悄進行，當時以良質親本選擇與白米 外觀選拔為育種重點，臺中189號、臺農70號與臺南9號可為其中的代表。民國74 年至87年由稻作育種小組主導良質選育，採統一雜交、分區汰選品系的育種方式， 總計育成17個稉稻品種、1個秈稻品種、4個糯稻品種，曾列入良質米推薦品種有9 個，惟其中有9個為小組成立前由各場所選拔者。此時期的良質選育多以糙(白)米 外觀與產量為主，其他米質特性則在穩定世代後檢定。民國87年恢復各場所自行 雜交、選育與命名，總計87~95年間育成的品種有臺農71號、臺東30號等22個品種， 曾列入良質米推薦品種有5個，而在育種小組之下選育者有8個。在此期間各場所 的良質米選拔指標除糙(白)米外觀外，也運用食味計、味度計等相關儀器作為食味 選拔的指標，新品種的白米外觀明顯的優於舊品種，食味也增進中。在良質育種 目標漸傾向地區性的品種與多樣化與營養成份的領域，此種情形在95年水稻品種 納入植物品種及種苗法規範後更為明顯，累計至今已有19個品種申請品種權。調 查試驗改良場所對育種目標的排序，並進行加權平均後，各場所對育種目標的重 視程度分別為食味品質＞外觀品質＞產量或株型＞抗(耐)生物逆境＞抗(耐)環境逆 境＞貯藏性。 The good-quality rice breeding, was selected good-quality parents for crossing and good rice appearance during breeding process, was started in the late 1970’ decade. Taichung 189, Tainung 70 and Tainan 9 were breeding in this way at that time. The good-quality rice breeding was organized by The Rice Breeding Team, set up according to the policy of Taiwan Province Government, during 1985-1998, was crossed in the Taiwan Research Institute and Taichung District Agricultural Improvement Station and selected in different station during breeding descendants. The yield and rice appearance were the goals of good-quality rice and total 17 japonica, 1 indica, 4 glutinous rice varieties had been released during that time. 9 varieties had been selected by each station before 1985 and 9 varieties had been recommended good-quality rice by government. After 1998, the crossing and selecting of rice breeding are returned to each institutes and stations. Beside rice appearance, the eating quality, detected by AN-800 and MA-30A machines, were the goals of good-quality rice and total 22 rice varieties had been released during that time. 8 varieties had been selected by Taiwan Rice Breeding Team before 1998 and 5 varieties had been recommended good-quality rice by government. The rice appearance and eating quality of new varieties is brtter than that of olds’. After 2006, rice releasing system has been followed The Seeds and Seedlings of Plant Variety Law. The good-quality rice goal is extending to nutrition and alterative utilization. From that time, 19 varieties have been applied in this system. The good-quality rice breeding goals of research institute and stations have been investigated recently. The rank of good-quality rice breeding goals is follow by eating quality ＞ rice appearance ＞ yield or plant type ＞ biological stress tolerance ＞ physiological stress tolerance ＞ storage tolerance