良質米育種的演變與成果

Abstract

臺灣良質米育種早在民國60年代末期悄悄進行，當時以良質親本選擇與白米 外觀選拔為育種重點，臺中189號、臺農70號與臺南9號可為其中的代表。民國74 年至87年由稻作育種小組主導良質選育，採統一雜交、分區汰選品系的育種方式， 總計育成17個稉稻品種、1個秈稻品種、4個糯稻品種，曾列入良質米推薦品種有9 個，惟其中有9個為小組成立前由各場所選拔者。此時期的良質選育多以糙(白)米 外觀與產量為主，其他米質特性則在穩定世代後檢定。民國87年恢復各場所自行 雜交、選育與命名，總計87~95年間育成的品種有臺農71號、臺東30號等22個品種， 曾列入良質米推薦品種有5個，而在育種小組之下選育者有8個。在此期間各場所 的良質米選拔指標除糙(白)米外觀外，也運用食味計、味度計等相關儀器作為食味 選拔的指標，新品種的白米外觀明顯的優於舊品種，食味也增進中。在良質育種 目標漸傾向地區性的品種與多樣化與營養成份的領域，此種情形在95年水稻品種 納入植物品種及種苗法規範後更為明顯，累計至今已有19個品種申請品種權。調 查試驗改良場所對育種目標的排序，並進行加權平均後，各場所對育種目標的重 視程度分別為食味品質＞外觀品質＞產量或株型＞抗(耐)生物逆境＞抗(耐)環境逆 境＞貯藏性。 The good-quality rice breeding, was selected good-quality parents for crossing and good rice appearance during breeding process, was started in the late 1970’ decade. Taichung 189, Tainung 70 and Tainan 9 were breeding in this way at that time. The good-quality rice breeding was organized by The Rice Breeding Team, set up according to the policy of Taiwan Province Government, during 1985-1998, was crossed in the Taiwan Research Institute and Taichung District Agricultural Improvement Station and selected in different station during breeding descendants. The yield and rice appearance were the goals of good-quality rice and total 17 japonica, 1 indica, 4 glutinous rice varieties had been released during that time. 9 varieties had been selected by each station before 1985 and 9 varieties had been recommended good-quality rice by government. After 1998, the crossing and selecting of rice breeding are returned to each institutes and stations. Beside rice appearance, the eating quality, detected by AN-800 and MA-30A machines, were the goals of good-quality rice and total 22 rice varieties had been released during that time. 8 varieties had been selected by Taiwan Rice Breeding Team before 1998 and 5 varieties had been recommended good-quality rice by government. The rice appearance and eating quality of new varieties is brtter than that of olds’. After 2006, rice releasing system has been followed The Seeds and Seedlings of Plant Variety Law. The good-quality rice goal is extending to nutrition and alterative utilization. From that time, 19 varieties have been applied in this system. The good-quality rice breeding goals of research institute and stations have been investigated recently. The rank of good-quality rice breeding goals is follow by eating quality ＞ rice appearance ＞ yield or plant type ＞ biological stress tolerance ＞ physiological stress tolerance ＞ storage tolerance