Primitive neuroectodermal tumor coexistent with anaplastic ganglioglioma

Abstract Primitive neuroectodermal tumors are among the most common tumors of childhood and th

Polyorchidism: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Polyorchidism is defined by the presence of more than two testicles. It is a very rare anomaly. In this paper, we report a case of polyorchidism that presented as a painless scrotal mass. Undrained types require histological evaluation. Increased risk of malignancy should be taken into consideration in patients with nonscrotal supernumerary testes. We did not recommend any treatment to our patients who had scrotal supernumerary testicle and two children and decided to follow-up with scrotal ultrasound

Microwave dielectric property based classification of renal calculi: Application of a kNN algorithm

The proper management of renal lithiasis presents a challenge, with the recur- rence rate of the disease being as high as 46%. To prevent recurrence, the first step is the accurate categorization of the discarded renal calculi. Currently, the discarded renal calculi type is determined with the X-ray powder diffraction method which requires a cumbersome sample preparation. This work presents a new approach that can enable fast and accurate classification of discarded renal calculi with minimal sample preparation requirements. To do so, first, the measurements of the dielectric properties of naturally formed renal calculi are collected with the open-ended contact probe technique between 500 MHz to 6 GHz with 100 MHz intervals. Cole–Cole parameters are fitted to the measured dielectric properties with the generalized Newton–Raphson method. The re- nal calculi types are classified based on their Cole–Cole parameters as calcium oxalate, cystine, or struvite. The classification is performed using nearest neigh- bors (kNN) machine learning algorithm with the 10 nearest neighbors, where accuracy as high as 98.17% is achieved

Microwave dielectric spectroscopy of renal calculi: A large scale study on dielectric properties from 500 MHz to 18 GHz

Inherent dielectric property discrepancy between biological anomalies and healthy tissue enables the microwave diagnostic and therapeutic technologies. To reveal this discrepancy, microwave dielectric properties of many different biological tissues are tabulated. Although the dielectric properties of biological tissues are well documented in the literature, the knowledge on microwave dielectric property behavior of the renal calculi is limited. This work presents ultra wideband dielectric properties of three renal calculi types between 500 MHz to 18 GHz to pave the way for possible application of microwave technologies for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of urolithiasis. Microwave dielectric spectroscopy is performed on a total of 66 natural stone samples with open-ended coaxial probe technique. The samples belong to three commonly diagnosed renal calculi categories, namely calcium oxalate, cystine, struvite. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test is performed on fitted Cole-Cole parameters and it was concluded that there is a statistically significant difference between the dielectric properties of the renal calculi types. A patient-to-patient statistical test is also performed and it was concluded that there is no statistical difference between the samples belonging to the same renal calculi category. To this end, based on the relative permittivity discrepancy between the renal calculi types, the category of renal calculi can be identified by measuring the dielectric properties of renal calculi with open-ended coaxial probe technique

Are the Complication Rates for the Open Approach in the Surgical Treatment of Bladder Stones Higher Than Rates for Endoscopic Approaches? A Comparative Multivariate Analysis Study

Objective:To compare the effectiveness, safety and complication rates of open vs endoscopic approach for bladder stone surgery and investigate the predictive factor for success and complication rate in patients with bladder stone.Materials and Methods:The records of 128 patients, who underwent stone surgery between November 2010 and June 2017, were analyzed. The patients were divided into two groups according to surgical approach as endoscopic or open group. Duration of surgery and catheterization and length of hospital stay were recorded. Multivariate analyses were done using logistic regression test to determine the risk factors for complications.Results:A total of 130 procedures were performed in 128 patients included in the study. Of them, 93 were treated via endoscopic approach and 37 via open approach. The overall success rate in endoscopic and open groups was 92.5% and 100%, respectively (p=0.44). Increased age, type of surgical approach and using lithotripsy were found to be risk factors for complications in univariate analysis. Only the type of surgery was found to be an independent risk factor for complications in multivariate analysis (p=0.006).Conclusion:Open and endoscopic approaches showed similar effectiveness in patients with bladder stone. The only significant risk factor for complications was the type of surgical approach

Recent scoring systems predicting stone-free status after retrograde intrarenal surgery; a systematic review and meta-analysis

Introduction Several scoring systems and nomograms have been developed to predict the success of retrograde intrarenal surgery. But no meta-analysis for the performance of scoring systems has yet been performed. The aim of this study was to compare predictive ability of recent scoring systems for stone-free rate of retrograde intrarenal surgery. Materials and methods PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched systematically between April and May 2021. The scoring systems which were validated externally or studied at least by two different researcher groups were selected for further analysis. Of 59 records, 14 studies met the inclusion criteria (n = 4137). Area under curve (AUC) values of selected scoring systems were pooled in random or fixed effects. Thertest was used to quantify heterogeneity. Results Eight, 5, 8, 4 and 3 studies included in meta-analyses for the modified Seoul National University Renal Stone Complexity Score (S-ReSC), R.I.R.S., Resorlu-Unsal Score (RUS), S.T.O.N.E., and Ito's Nomogram, respectively. We found pooled AUC values 0.709 (95% CI 0.670-0.748), 0.704 (95% CI 0.668-0.739), 0.669 (95% CI 0.646 to 0.692), and 0.771 (95% CI 0.724 to 0.818), for first four of them, respectively. Heterogeneity was very high to pool AUC values for Ito's nomogram. Conclusions Although S.T.O.N.E. score showed higer pooled AUC value, this systematic review and meta-analysis has not revealed superiority of any scoring system. High heterogeneity between studies and dependencies between scoring systems make it difficult to design a comparative statistical model to generalize the findings. Also, limitations aside, neither scoring system has demonstrated good predictive/discriminative performance

Pediatric stone disease: Current management and future concepts

Treatment of pediatric urolithiasis consists of medical and surgical approaches. The main goal of the treatment is to prevent stone recurrence by avoiding multiple surgical interventions. In recent years, many innovations have been reported in the medical diagnostic evaluation protocol and in surgical treatment. According to recent reports, single mutations could be responsible for a larger proportion of renal stones. This etiologic feature holds the potential to change the management in stone prevention from metabolically directed therapy to more specific approaches. In addition, miniaturized instruments have been adopted in clinical practice. In recent years, minimally invasive endoscopic surgery is the treatment of choice in pediatric urolithiasis. This review aims to assess the current literature on medical and surgical treatment options for pediatric urolithiasis. We also aim to provide an overview of potential future advances