An investigation of ensemble learning methods in classification problems and an application on non-small-cell lung cancer data

This study aims to classify NSCLC death status and consists of patient records of 24 variables created by the open-source dataset of the cancer data site. Besides, basic classifiers such as SMO (Sequential Minimal Optimization), K-NN (K-Nearest Neighbor), random forest, and XGBoost (Extreme Gradient Boosting), which are machine learning methods, and their performances, and voting, bagging, boosting, and stacking methods from ensemble learning methods were used. Performance evaluation of models was compared in terms of accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, precision, and Roc curve. The basic classifier performances of random forest, SMO, K-NN, and XGBoost classifiers, their performances in the bagging ensemble learning method, and their performances in the boosting ensemble learning method are evaluated. In addition, Model 1 (random forest + SMO), Model 2 (XGBoost + K-NN), Model 3 (random forest + K-NN), Model 4 (XGBoost+SMO), Model 5 (SMO+K-NN + random forest), Model 6 (SMO+K-NN+XGBoost) and Model 7 (SMO+K-NN + random forest + XGBoost) the performances of in different metrics were expressed. The boosting ensemble learning method, which provides the maximum classification performance with XGBoost, achieved a 0.982 accuracy value, 0.971 sensitivity value, 0.989 precision value, 0.989 specificity value, and 0.998 ROC curve. It is recommended to use ensemble learning methods for classification problems in patients with a high prevalence of cancer to achieve successful results

Investigation of Turkish dentists’ clinical attitudes and behaviors towards the COVID-19 pandemic: a survey study

Currently, the whole world is under the threat of the COVID-19 pandemic, and dentists are at high risk. The aim of this study was to investigate what kind of precautions Turkish dentists take in dental clinics during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study population consisted of dentists in Turkey. An online questionnaire (23 questions–57 items) was sent to a sample of Turkish dentists from March 16 to March 20, 2020. The questionnaire comprised a series of questions about dentists’ demographic characteristics, their concerns, and the measures taken in dental clinics against COVID-19. This study included a total of 1,958 Turkish dentists. A total of 1,274 (65.1%) were general dentists, and 684 (34.9%) were specialists. Five hundred twenty-two (26.7%) dentists attended an informational meeting on COVID-19. Of these dentists, 69.8% were aware of COVID-19 according to their self-assessed knowledge scores. More than 90% of the dentists were concerned about themselves and their families. Only 12% of the dentists wore an N95 mask. Although Turkish dentists took some precautionary measures, they did not take enough precautions to protect themselves, the dental staff, and other patients from COVID-19. As the number of COVID-19 cases increased, the measures taken slightly increased in dental clinics as well. Dentists are strongly recommended to take maximum precautions in the clinical setting. The guidelines about the COVID-19 pandemic should be sent to all dentists by the regional and national dental associations

Investigation of the effect of apocynin on experimental traumatic cataract model

Amaç: Yeni bir travmatik katarakt modeli oluşturmak ve nikotinamid adenin dinükleotid fosfat (indirgenmiş) oksidaz inhibitörü olan aposinin molekülünün travmatik katarakt üzerine olan etkisini incelemektir. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışma için erişkin ve sağlıklı Yeni Zelanda cinsi tavşanlar kullanıldı. Yirmi bir tavşan eşit olarak üç gruba ayrıldı. 1. Grup: Kontrol grubu, 2. Grup: Santral 5 mm ön kapsülün künt spatül ile süpürülerek (polisaj) katarakt (perforasyonsuz) oluşturulup ilaçsız bırakılan grup, 3. Grup: Santral 5 mm ön kapsülün künt spatül ile polisaj yapılarak katarakt (perforasyonsuz) oluşturulup 21 gün boyunca intraperitoneal 20 mg/kg/gün aposinin verilen grup idi. Tavşanlara günlük olarak biyomikroskobik muayene yapıldı. Katarakt varlığı ve ilk oluşum zamanları kayıt edildi. Yirmi birinci gün kataraktlı bölge çapları ölçüldü. Ötanazi sonrası lens çıkarılarak kapsüler histopatolojik incelemeler yapıldı. Bulgular: Kontrol grubundaki hiçbir tavşanda katarakt oluşumu gözlenmez iken, 2 ve 3. Gruptaki bütün tav- şanlarda travmatik kataraktın 7. günde başladığı saptandı. Oluşan kataraktların 21. gündeki çapları 2. Grupta ortalama 7,60,5 mm, 3. Grupta ise ortalama 3,40,5 mm idi ve sonuç istatistiksel olarak anlamlıydı (p 0,0001). Sonuç: Günümüze kadar deneysel travmatik katarakt modelleri lens kapsülünün perfore edilmesi ile yapılıyordu. Bu çalışmada, ilk defa kapsül perforasyonu yapmadan travmatik katarakt modeli oluşturuldu. Kullanılan aposinin molekülünün katarakt gelişimini tam olarak engelleyemediği, ancak anlamlı şekilde katarakt progresyonunu azalttığı saptandı.Objective: To create a new traumatic cataract model and to evaluate the effect of Apocynin which is a reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase intibitor on traumatic cataract formation. Material and Methods: Experiments were performed on healthy adult New Zealand rabbits. Twenty one animals were equally assigned to the following 3 Groups: Group 1: Control, Group 2: Central 5 mm anterior capsular area was polished to create cataract (nonperforated) by blunt spatula and monitored without apocynin. Group 3: Central 5 mm anterior capsular area was polished to create cataract (nonperforated) by blunt spatula and intraperitoneal 20 mg/kg/day apocynin was given for 21 days. The animals were examined daily. The presence of cataract and first appearance time of cataract was recorded. Cataract diameters were measured in 21. day. The animals were euthanized and lens was extracted for histopathological examinations. Results: There wasn’t any cataract formation in the control group. Cataract started in all animals in the Group 2 and Group 3 at 7. days. The mean diameters of cataract were 7.60.5 mm in the Group 2 and 3.40.5 mm in the Group 3 at 21. days. The difference was statistically significant (p 0.0001). Conclusion: Experimental models of traumatic cataract have been done by the lens capsule perforation until today. In our study, we created the model of traumatic cataract without capsule perforation for the first time. We found that apocynin couldn’t prevent cataract formation but provided a significant decrease in cataract progression

Toplam Kolesterol, Ldl, Hdl ve Trigliserit Seviyelerinin Yaşa Göre Değişiminin Farklı Regresyon Modelleriyle İncelenmesi

Amaç: Bu çalışmada hiperlipidemi hastalarının Toplam Kolesterol, LDL, Trigliserit, HDL seviyelerinin farklı regresyon modelleriyle tahmini ve yaşa göre değişiminin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla, doğrusal ve doğrusal olmayan regresyon modelleri ile analiz yapılmıştır. Yöntemler: Çalışmamız, İnönü Üniversitesi Turgut Özal Tıp Merkezi Kardiyoloji bölümüne müracaat eden 1278 hiperlipidemili hasta üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Retrospektif çalışmamızda veri toplama aracı olarak hasta dosyaları ve vaka kayıtları kullanılmıştır. Kayıtlardan toplanan veriler paket programlarla analiz edilerek modellemeler yapılmıştır. Bulgular: Araştırmamızda 1278 hiperlipidemili hastanın 671’i (%52,4) erkek ve 607’si (%47,6) kadındır. Büyüme eğrilerinin uyumunun incelenmesinde açıklayıcılık katsayısı (R2), Hata Kareler Ortalaması (HKO), Akaike Bilgi Kriteri ( AIC) ve Schwarz Bilgi Kriteri (SIC) hesapları dikkate alındığında, kadın hastalarda; Kolesterol değerleri için en iyi büyüme modeli Kuadratik model, LDL için Gompertz model, Trigliserit için Lojistik model, HDL için Ustel modeldir. Erkek hastalarda ise; Kolesterol değerleri için en iyi büyüme modeli Gompertz model, LDL için Doğrusal model, Trigliserit için Üstel model, HDL için Doğrusal modeldir. Sonuç: Doğrusal olmayan hiperlipidemik değerlerin tahmininde değişik modellerin farklı performans gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Hiperlipidemi değerleri izleminde bu modellerden elde edilen büyüme eğrilerinin kullanılmasının, Kolesterol, LDL, HDL ve Trigliserit değerlerinin tahmin edilebilmesinde ayrıca normal değerlerden sapmaların değerlendirilmesinde yararlı olacağı düşünülmektedir

Examination of Pediatric Trauma Patients Admitted to the Emergency Department

Aim: The aim of this study was to analyze the demographic and laboratory data of pediatric trauma patients admitted to the emergency department. Materials and Methods: Our study was conducted by retrospectively analyzing the files of 573 patients from the computer registry system of pediatric trauma cases aged between 0 and 16. In addition, information such as age and gender of the patients, monthly admissions, mechanism of trauma, the place where the trauma occurred, the consultations requested, the services where the patients were followed, the body parts exposed to the trauma, radiological and laboratory findings, and the treatments given were specified. Results: The most common mechanisms among trauma etiologies were falling and impact on pediatric traumas. Head and neck injuries occurred first when body parts exposed to trauma were examined. It was determined that head and neck injuries increased as age decreased. It was found that the frequency of abdominal trauma increased as age decreased, and those with abdominal injury had lower hemoglobin and hematocrit values and higher alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase values compared with those without abdominal injuries. Conclusion: It has been determined that in terms of the incidence of pediatric traumas, there were different etiological causes and trauma areas, their frequency varied seasonally, and a good evaluation of the blood tests was critical in the assessment and follow-up of patients and to avoid missing some injuries

The prediction of atherosclerosis in radial artery and affecting risk factors

Bu çalışmada, koroner arter hastalarında greft olarak kullanılan radial arterde aterosklerozun tahmini ve etki eden risk faktörlerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Radial arterde ateroskleroz saptanan 10 hastanın oluşturduğu grubun (Grup 1) verileri, radial arterde ateroskleroz saptanmayan 15 hastanın (Grup 2) verileriyle karşılaştırılmıştır. Hastaların yaş, cinsiyet, diabetes mellitus, hipertansiyon, sigara içme, obezite, aile öyküsü, kolesterol, trigliserit, yüksek dansiteli lipoprotein, düşük dansiteli lipoprotein, çok düşük dansiteli lipoprotein, apoprotein A, apoprotein B, lipoprotein A, C-reaktif protein, katalaz, glutat peroksidaz ve süperoksid dismutaz değişkenlerden oluşan on dokuz adet klinik parametre, Grup 1 ve 2’den elde edilmiştir. Risk faktörlerinin incelenmesinde gruplar istatistiksel olarak karşılaştırılmıştır. Ayrıca tek ve çok değişkenli lojistik regresyon analizi uygulanarak sonuçlar yorumlanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, geleneksel ve yeni risk faktörlerin ölçülebilen değer ve oranları, koroner arter hastalarına oranla radial arterde ateroskleroz saptanan koroner arter hastalarında daha yüksektir. Risk faktörlerinin incelenmesinde çok değişkenli istatistik yöntemlerinin daha büyük bir örnekte uygulanması daha yararlı olacaktır.In this study, the prediction of atherosclerosis in radial artery in patients with coronary artery disease and risk factors affecting atherosclerosis were studied. The data of the Group 1 which consist of ten patients for whom atherosclerosis was determined in radial artery were compared with the data of Group 2 which consist of fifteen patients for whom atherosclerosis does not exist. Nineteen clinical parameters containing age, gender, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, smoking, obesity, family history, collesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, very low density lipoprotein, apoprotein A, apoprotein B, lipoprotein A, C-reactive protein, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase variables were obtained from the groups. The groups were compared statistically. Also, univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were applied and the results were evaluated. As a result, the measurable values and proportions of the traditional and new risk factors are higher for atherosclerosis in radial artery in patients with coronary artery disease compared with coronary artery patients. It would be more useful that multivariate statistical methods should be applied to greater sample in the study of risk factors

Apendektomi Olgular�Nda Parazitoz

Aim: Obstruction of lumen of appendix vermiformis causes inflammation and requires surgery. The study aimed to detect any parasitosis in appendiceal specimens brought to pathology laboratory. Method: A total 916 appendectomy specimens from Faculty of Medicine at Inonu University between 2002 and 2005 were examined for inflammation and luminal parasitosis. Result: Adult worms and eggs of Enterobius vermicularis were detected in 23 (2.5%) of all cases, while Taenia spp. were found in only 2 (0.2%) cases. Also parasites were found in 8 of (2.0%) of 391 construction appendicitis, and in 5 (1.3%) of 384 acute appendicitis cases. Moreover, plasma cells and polymorphonuclear leukocytes were observed, respectively, in 18, and 2 of Appendix vermiformis cases with parasite. Eosinophils in lamina propria were detected in all cases. Conclusion: Therefore, the intestinal parasitosis should be considered in the differential diagnoses of appendicitis. Education on how to prevent parasitosis should be included in training programs to avoid any unnecessary surgery.Amaç: Appendiks vermiformisin lümeninin tıkanması inflamasyona neden olur ve operasyon gerektirir. Bu çalışmada patoloji laboratuarına götürülen appendiks örneğinde parazitoz varlığının tespiti amaçlandı. Metod: İnönü Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesinde 2002-2005 yılları arasında toplam 916 apendektomi örneği inflamasyon ve luminal parazitoz yönünden incelendi. Bulgular: Enterobius vermikularisin erişkin kurt ve yumurtaları toplam vakaların 23 (%2,5)’inde tespit edilirken, tenya türleri sadece vakaların 2 (%0,2)’sinde bulundu. Ayrıca 391 konstrüksiyon apandisitin 8 (%2,0)’inde ve 384 akut apandisitin 5 (%1,3)’inde parazit bulundu. Aynı zamanda sırasıyla 18 ve 2 parazitli appendiks vermiformis vakasında plazma hücreleri ve polimorfonükleer lökositler izlendi. Lamina propriada eozinofiller tüm vakalarda tespit edildi. Sonuç: Bu nedenle intestinal parazitler apandisitin ay considered in the differential diagnoses of appendicitis. Education on how to prevent parasitosis should be included in training programs to avoid any unnecessary surge

Dental age assessment: The applicability of Demirjian method in southwestern of eastern Anatolia region Turkish children

<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Age estimation plays an important role in forensic medicine and orthodontics. Many methods of age estimation have been suggested. Demirjian method is the most frequently used one of these. In the literature, there is a little known about applicability of this method in Turkish children. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the reliability of Demirjian method of dental age estimaiton and for description of mandibular permanent tooth formation in Turkish children from the southwest Eastern Anatolia region.</p> <p><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>A retrospective study was performed on 1015 panoramic radiographs and 5-15 years of age South western of Eastern Anatolia Regionof Turkish children. The stages of dental maturity of the mandibular left seven permanent teeth for each subject using the eight radiographic dental maturity stages demonstrated by Demirjian’s method were evaluated. A pired t-test was used for statistical analysis.</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean difference between the chronological and dental ages ranged 0,28 to 1,10 years in boys and from 0,18 to 0,68 years in girls. South western of Eastern Anatolia Region ofTurkish children were generally delayed in dental maturity compared with children in Demirjian sample. The differences between the chronological and dental ages were statistically significant in 6-6.9, 8-8.9, 9-9.9, 10-10.9, 11-11.9 years in boys and in 8-8.9, 9-9.9,11-11.9 years in girls.</p> <strong>Conclusions: </strong>Turkish children from the southwest Eastern Anatolia region are significantly more delayed in dental maturity compared to Demirjian’s French-Canadian sample. The applicability of Demirjian data is not suitable for Southwestern of Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkish children