Evaluation of the hygiene profile in cattle carcasses and their offal according to the criteria in legal regulations

Çalışmada, kasaplık sığırların karkas ve sakatatlarının Türk Gıda Kodeksi (TGK) Mikrobiyolojik Kriterler Yönetmeliği Üretim Hijyeni Kriter leri gereklilikleri dahilinde mikrobiyolojik kalitesinin belirlenmesi hedeflendi. Bu amaç ile, Marmara Bölgesinde 2013-2015 yılları arasında, 3 kombina ve 1 mezbahadan toplam 400 adet örnek alındı. Alınan 100 adet karkas örneği, Aerobik Koloni Sayısı (AKS) ve Enterobacteriaceae sayısı (ES)’nın belirlenmesi ve Salmonella varlığı yönünden, her bir karkasa ait olmak üzere toplamda 300 adet yenilebilir sakatat (100 ka raciğer, 100 dalak, 100 böbrek) örneği ise Salmonella varlığı açısından, ilgili uluslararası standartlar olan ISO 4833-1:2003 (AKS), ISO 21528- 2:2004 (ES) ve ISO 6579:2002 (Salmonella) kullanılarak analiz edildi. İncelenen karkas örneklerinde AKS, 3,0x102- 4,0x105 kob/cm2 aralığında olup ortalama 3,1 x 104 kob/cm2, ES ise 0,1 x 101- 8,5 x 102 kob/ cm2 aralığında olup ortalama 1,9 x 102 kob/cm2 olarak bulundu. AKS ve ES sonuçlarının birbirinden bağımsız olarak ilgili yönetmeliğe göre değerlendirilmesi sonucunda, örneklerin AKS yönünden; %34’ü ‘Uygun’, %56’sı ‘Kabul Edilir’ ve %10’u ‘Uygun Değil’, ES yönünden de %57’si ‘Uygun’, %34’ü ‘Kabul Edilir’ ve %9’u ‘Uygun Değil’ olduğu tespit edildi. TGK Mikrobiyolojik Kriterler Yönetmeliği Üretim Hijyeni Kriterleri’ne göre AKS ve ES yönünden sırasıyla %90 ve %91, AKS ve ES sonuçları birlikte değerlendirildiğinde ise %84 oranında uygun bulunan sığır karkaslarının, ayrıca sakatatları dahil Salmonella içermediği göz önünde bulundurulduğunda, örnekleme yapılan dönem içinde hijyenik kalitesinin oldukça iyi düzeyde olduğuna karar verildi.This study aimed to determine the Aerobic Colony Count (ACC), Enterobacteriaceae Count (EC), and the presence of Salmonella spp. in cattle carcasses and offals based on the Turkish Food Codex (TFC) Regulation on Microbiological Criteria Process Hygiene Criteria Require ments. For this, a total of 400 samples were collected between 2013-2015 from 3 meat processing plants and from 1 slaughterhouse located in the Marmara region. One hundred carcass samples were analysed for Aerobic Colony Count (ACC) and Enterobacteriaceae Count (EC), and for the presence of Salmonella spp. by the international standards as ISO 4833-1:2003 (ACC), ISO 21528-2:2004 (EC) ve ISO 6579:2002 (Salmonella), respectively, while 300 edible offal (100 liver, 100 spleen, 100 kidney) samples, belonging to each of the 100 carcasses were ex amined for Salmonella spp. presence by the related standard indicated above. ACC results of 100 carcass samples were in the range of 3,0 x 102 - 4,0 x 105 cfu/cm2 with a mean count of 3,1 x 104 cfu/cm2; while EC counts were between 0,1 x 101 - 8,5 x 102 cfu/cm2 with a mean count of 1,9 x 102 cfu/cm2. When ACC and EC results were evaluated individually, 34%, 56%, 10% of the samples had ‘Acceptable’, ‘Satisfactory’, and ‘Unacceptable’ ACC; while EC of the samples were 57% ‘Satisfactory’, 34% ‘Acceptable’, and 9% ‘Unacceptable’. Additionally, none of the carcass and offal samples were found to carry Salmonella spp. The cattle carcasses, which were 90% and 91%, and 84% in accordance with the Process Hygiene Criteria Requirements of TFC Regulation on Microbiological Criteria in the individual and combined evaluation of ACC and EC, respectively, which also did not harbor Salmonella including their offal, were regarded to have considerably good hygienic quality within the sampling period

DETERMINATION OF INDIVIDUALS' QUALITY OF LIFE AND EXERCISE HEALTH BELIEF LEVELS

The aim of this research is to determine the quality of life and exercise health belief levels of individuals residing in Sakarya and to determine the differentiation status of quality of life and exercise health belief levels according to their demographic characteristics. The sample of the study consists of 349 people selected by simple random sampling method from these participants. Personal Information Form, The Health Belief Model Scale for Exercise (HBMS-E)  and World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale - Short Form were used as data collection tools. In the analysis of the data, the t-test for pairwise comparisons and the One-Way Anova Test for multiple comparisons were applied to examine the differences between the variables. It was determined that the general averages of the participants' exercise health belief scale did not differ according to variables such as gender, marital status, regular exercise, age and income levels (p< 0.005). A statistically significant difference was found between the general averages of the quality of life scale and the age variable (p< 0.05). It was determined that there was a statistically significant difference between the general averages and all sub-dimensions of the exercise health belief scale and the education variable (p< 0.05). As a result, it has been determined that the educational status of the individuals participating in the research has a positive effect on their exercise health belief levels. As the age of individuals increases, it has been thought that it is an important determining factor in their quality of life

Effects of Multiple Sprint Test on Average Speed and Exercise Heart Rate in Amateur Soccer Players

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of multiple sprints on average speed and exercise heart rate of U18 female and U18 male amateur soccer players. In this study, totally 42 amateur soccer players including U18 (n= 21) and U18 (n=21) players performed 7 repetitive sprints of 34.2 meters with a 25 seconds jog of 50 meters distance. During exercise and recovery period, heart rate per minute was recorded by Polar Heart Rate Telemetry. In statistical analyzes, t-tests were used in two groups comparisons, while the effects of other variables on average speed and cardiovascular parameters were determined by two way analyzes of variance.Results of this study, U18 male players’ average speed of 5.14 m/ sec is higher than the U18 female players’ average speed of 4.62 m/sec. The physical characteristics of U18 male and U18 female amateur soccer players were different in favors of the U18 male players, and that gender was significantly effective on the average speed rather than the number of sprints.  Heart rate per minute has continually increased in different characteristics at the start, finish and recovery periods of the sprints until the finish of the seventh sprint in both amateur U18 male and U18 female. It found increase in the Sprint time were as follows; U18 female 0.40 sec and U18 male 0.20 second. Decrease in the average speed was U18 female 0.28 sec., and U18 male 0.15 second.Conclusion, in multiple speed tests, maximum and average speed of the U18 amateur female and male soccer players, the decrease rate in their speed and their cardiovascular responses show differences. In U18 Amateur, males seem to be faster and have the ability of keeping speed at a high level, and the ability of intensity and recovery in maximal level in a short time than the females.  In the Bangsbo test, the recovery time in men should be less than 25 seconds

Effects of Beta Vinasse Supplementation on Performance, Meat Quality and Ilio-Caecal Microflora in Quail Rations

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Beta (?)-vinasse supplementation on the live weight (LW), live weight gain (LWG), feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), carcass yield, meat quality, and ilio-caecal bacteriological flora of quails. A total of 240 5-d-old Japanese (Coturnix coturnix Japonica) quails, including both males and females, were divided into 3 groups 80 quails and treated as follow: a control group (1) with 0 g ?-vinasse/ kg ration; (2) 15 g/kg ?-vinasse and (3) 30 g/kg ?-vinasse. The study lasted for 6 weeks. At the end of the experiment, supplementation with ?-vinasse did not have a significant effect on FI and FCR. Dietary supplementation with 30 g/ kg ?-vinasse significantly (P < 0.05) increased LW (21 d)and LWG (5 to 21 d). The dietary treatment of quails with different levels of ?-vinasse did not affect hot carcass weight, cold carcass weights, hot and cold carcass yields, and breast and thigh pH.The lightness (L*) and yellowness (b*) of breast values were significantly (P<0.05) increased by 30 g/kg supplementation. Different levels of ?-vinasse significantly increased Lactobacillus spp. in faeces. As a result, it was concluded that ?-vinasse (by-product obtained from molasses) can be used in quail diets as an alternative feed source that will meet the nutritional needs of the animal and have positive effects on the digestive system, especially on the intestinal health (an increase in Lactobacillus spp. counts). © 2023, Derya Yesilbag YeşilbağThe authors thank Integro for supplying the feed additive supplement

Effect of Dietary Oregano and Rosemary Essential Oil Supplementation on Growth Performance and Cecal Microbiota of Broilers

In this study, the effect of dietary supplementation of oregano and rosemary essential oils (EO) on growth performance and cecal microbiota of broilers were investigated. A total of 450 1-d-old male Ross-308 broilers were divided into 5-experimental groups (10 replicates of 9 chickens): a Control (C), fed a basal diet; four treatments, which received a basal diet supplemented with oregano and rosemary EOs individually (O, 300 mg/kg oregano EO; R, 300 mg/kg rosemary EO) and combined (OR1, 150 mg/kg oregano EO + 150 mg/kg rosemary EO; OR2, 200 mg/kg oregano EO + 200 mg/kg rosemary EO). Body weight (BW), feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG), feed conver-sion ratio (FCR), and cecal microbiota (coliforms, clostridia and lactobacilli) were determined weekly, and at 42 d, re-spectively. BW in R (p < 0.05) and OR2 (p < 0.001), and BWG and FCR in OR2 (p < 0.05) were significantly higher than C at 42 d, despite no difference in FI in any group during experimental period. Counts of cecal coliforms (p < 0.001) and clostridia (p < 0.01) decreased, and lactobacilli (p < 0.001) increased substantially between C and treatment groups. Results indicated that combined oregano and rosemary EO (200 mg/kg ea) supplementation significantly increased BW and BWG, improved FCR in 1-42 d, lowered coliform and clostridial, and increased lactobacilli counts suggesting a beneficial shift in cecal microbiota.Bursa Uludag Uni-versity Scientific Research Unit Grant [HDP (V) -2014/45]ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This study was funded by the Bursa Uludag Uni-versity Scientific Research Unit Grant, Project No: HDP (V) -2014/45

Comparison of Quadriceps Q-Angle Values of Soccer Players and Wrestlers

The aim of this study is to compare according to different positions the mean right and left knee Q angle of footballers and wrestlers. In this study, found the female soccer and wrestlers mean age 20.51 ± 3.47 years, height 165.43 ± 4.82 cm, weight 58.23 ± 5.18 kg. Male soccer and wrestlers has with mean age 21.30 ± 3.45 years, height 173.28 ± 5.45 cm, weight 65.66 ± 5.73 kg. One-way ANOVA, Student t, and Duncan post hoc test were used for statistical analysis. In this study, found that the mean right and left knee Q angles of male athletes were 15.08 ± 1.79° and 14.49 ± 1.82° for the standing position, 14.26 ± 1.84° and 13.29 ± 1.82° for the supine position.The mean right and left knee Q angles of Female athletes were 18.11 ± 1.32° and 17.90 ± 1.35° for the standing position, 17.52 ± 1.36°and 16.82 ± 1.29° for the supine position. In this study, were found abnormal results. The difference between the Q angle values of footballers and wrestlers was found to be statistically significant (p <0.001). The Q angle values for male soccer players were found 15.35 for standing right Q angle and 15.12 degrees for standing left Q angle and same values 14.80 and 13.86 degrees in the male wrestlers. Q angle values for women footballers were found 17.32 decrees for standing right Q angle and 17.22 degrees for standing left Q angle, and same values 18.90 and 18.58 degrees in the women wrestlers. Standing and supine Q angle values of Wrestlers in both men and women were found to be wider than the Q angle values of soccer athletes (p<0.001). The right Q- angle values of the athletes in the standing and supine position were found higher than the left Q-angle values (p <0.05).Conclusion: The Q angles were within the normal range for footballers and wrestlers. In standing positions Q angle is higher than from supine positions Q angle. Athlete's sex, pelvic width, tibia and femur length and dominant foot may increase the quadriceps Q angle

Feature selection by genetic algorithm for wind power prediction

Sürdürülebilir gelişim için yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarına olan ihtiyaç her geçen gün artmaktadır. Bu kaynaklardan birisi de rüzgar enerjisidir. Rüzgarın stokastik yapısı nedeniyle rüzgar hızı ve rüzgar gücünün tahmini son yıllarda araştırmacılar tarafından oldukça ilgi çeken bir konu haline gelmiştir. Yapılan çalışmada Türkiye’de yer alan bir rüzgar türbini için 2018 yılı boyunca SCADA sistemi ile elde edilen veri seti ile aynı konum için NASA tarafından paylaşılan meteorolojik veri seti kullanılarak rüzgar gücü tahmini gerçekleştirilmiştir. Girdi değişkenleri olarak SCADA sisteminden çekilen rüzgar hızı, rüzgar yönü ve teorik güç eğrisi; NASA sisteminden çekilen meteorolojik parametreler ve rüzgar gücüne ait geçmiş veriler kullanılmıştır. Modelde yer alan ve hesaplama karmaşıklığına neden olan gereksiz öznitelikler model performansını artırmak amacıyla sarmal seçim yöntemi ile modelden çıkarılmıştır. Sarmal seçim yöntemi olarak Genetik Algoritma (GA) kullanılmıştır. Yapılan çalışmada hem farklı makine öğrenme algoritmalarının tahmin gücü, farklı performans ölçütlerine göre karşılaştırılmış hem de öznitelik seçiminin modele etkisi değerlendirilmiştir. GA ile önerilen nihai modelde değişken sayısı 47’den 9’a indirgenerek gereksiz değişkenler modelden uzaklaştırılmış ve en az sayıda değişken ile R2 değeri 0,98 olan güçlü bir tahmin modeli elde edilmiştir.The need for renewable energy sources for sustainable development has been increasing every day. One of these sources is wind energy. Due to the stochastic nature of the wind, the estimation of wind speed and wind power has been a subject of great interest to researchers in recent years. In this study, wind power estimation was carried out for a wind turbine in Turkey, using the data set obtained by the SCADA system during 2018 and the meteorological data set shared by NASA for the same location. Wind speed, wind direction, and theoretical power curve were taken from the SCADA system as input variables; Meteorological parameters were taken from the NASA system and historical data of wind power were used. Unnecessary features in the model that cause computational complexity are removed from the model with the wrapper selection method to increase model performance. Genetic Algorithm (GA) was used as the wrapper selection method. In the study, the predictive power of different machine learning algorithms was compared according to different performance criteria and the effect of feature selection on the model was evaluated. In the final model proposed by GA, the number of variables was reduced from 47 to 9, unnecessary variables were removed from the model, and a strong prediction model with R2 value of 0.98 was obtained with the least number of variables

The Effects of Pilates and Aerobic Exercise on Blood Pressure, Heart Rates, and Blood Serum Lipids in Sedentary Females

The aim of this study was to determinate the effects of 12 weeks pilates and aerobic exercise on blood pressure, heart rates, and blood serum lipids in sedentary females. 18 sedentary women with an average age of 45.52 years, height of 161.14 cm and weight of 72.5 kg have been selected and put through a plates and aerobic exercise programmer one hour a day for three days a week. Exercises in each training session were arranged in such a way as to make each woman’s heart rate to reach a level of 130-140 a minute. The waist and hip circumferences were measured using a measuring tape. BMI and waist hip ratio were calculated by standard formulas. Triglyceride (TG), Total Cholesterol (TC), High density lipoprotein (HDL-C) and Low density lipoprotein (LDL-C) levels were determined by Hitachi 717 auto analyzer. Analysis was performed on SPSS 21 version. Paired-t tests were done statistical analysis. Body Weight found before 12 weeks plates and aerobic exercise 72.5 kg and after 63.8 kg. At the end of the 12 weeks exercise program, a decrease of %12.00 in body weight, %14.03 in systolic, %3.96 in diastolic, %13.85 in cholesterol, %25.30 in Triglyceride, and %22.33 in LDL-C have been registered. However, there were increases of %16.34 in HDL-C. The effects of aerobic exercise is on Triglyceride, HDL-C, LDL-C and total cholesterol since (p<0.01). At the end of the 12 weeks exercise program, a decrease %13.34 hip circumference and %4.19 waist circumference. Waist to hip ratio found before 12 weeks plates and aerobic exercise 0.87 cm and after 0.78 cm. The effects of aerobic exercise is on Body weight, Systolic blood pressure, Heart rate, hip and waist circumference since (p<0.05; p<0.01). In this study, together Pilates and aerobic exercise was effective in sedentary women with initially high total cholesterol, triglyceride, and Low density lipoprotein levels. At end of the cycles of 12 weeks Pilates and aerobic exercises, has a positive effect of waist to hip ratio, blood pressure, and heart beats in sedentary females. Risk of heart and vascular disease is reduced. Pilates and aerobic exercises are recommended for decrease risk

The Effect of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Administration on Fertility and Embryonic Loss in Goats during the Anoestrus Period

Background: Following the induction of oestrus out of season in small ruminants, low fertility and variations in fertility rates are associated with embryonic losses. One of the main causes of embryonic loss is luteal dysfunction. Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) supports the luteal structure, and increasing progesterone levels may be beneficial in terms of promoting embryonic life. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of GnRH administration following an oestrus induction protocol in the anoestrus season for preventing embryonic loss in goats having failure to conceive during the season. Materials, Methods & Results: In the study, 106 Damascus goats aged 3-5 years and weighing 45-60 kg were used. The oestrus of 106 goats in the anoestrous group was stimulated with progesterone and pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) treatment. Out of breeding season, goats were divided into the 4 following groups: GnRH0 (n = 27), GnRH7 (n = 26), GnRH0+7 (n = 27) and control (n = 26). In each goat, an intravaginal sponge (IS) containing 20 mg of fluorogestone acetate (FGA) was placed into the vagina and left for 9 days. With the withdrawal of the sponge, 550IU PMSG and 125 μg of d-cloprostenol were injected intramuscularly. Oestrus detection was made via teaser bucks for 3 days starting 24 h after withdrawal of the IS. Eighteen bucks known to be fertile were used for breeding. Goats in the oestrus period were mated via natural breeding. The GnRH analogue lecirelin was injected intramuscularly at breeding in the GnRH0 group, on day 7 post-breeding in the GnRH7 group, and both at breeding and on day 7 post-breeding in the GnRH0+7 group. No injections were given to the control group. Blood samples for progesterone measurement were taken by jugular vena puncturing on days 3, 6, 7, 10, 13, 16, and 19 after breeding from 10 randomly chosen goats in all groups. The goats with a level of > 3.5 ng/mL of progesterone on day 21 post-breeding were evaluated as pregnant. Pregnancy was also viewed on day 50 after breeding by real-time ultrasonography (USG) with a 5-7.5 MHz convex probe. The oestrus rate was 96.23% (102/106) in the goats. The rates of onset of oestrus between 36-48 h, 48-60 h and 60 h and beyond were 38.7% (41/106), 21.7% (23/106) and 35.8% (38/106), respectively. The total pregnancy rate was 35.8% (38/106). There were no statistically significant differences (P > 0.05) found for the pregnancy rate, embryonic death rate or progesterone concentration of the groups. However, serum progesterone levels were statistically different in the GnRH7 group compared with the control group (P < 0.05).Discussion: After synchronisation, various anti-luteolytic strategies can be used to support corpus luteum development and elevate progesterone concentration in the luteal phase to decrease embryonic loss and increase reproductive performance. Therefore, application of GnRH to support the luteal structure and to increase progesterone levels may be beneficial in terms of supporting embryonic life. The results showed that GnRH treatment on the day 7 post-breeding following oestrus induction, including FGA and PMSG, can increase serum progesterone levels in Damascus goats in the anoestrus period. However, following oestrus induction in the anoestrus period, it was seen that GnRH treatment at breeding or on day 7 after breeding did not have any positive effect on embryonic loss or reproductive performance. In conclusion, it was considered that this protocol could be implemented successfully, yielding a 35% pregnancy rate in Damascus goats in the anoestrus period, but embryonic loss must be deeply studied in detail

Sığır Karkas ve Sakatatlarında Hijyen Profilinin Yasal Mevzuat Kriterleri ile Değerlendirilmesi

Çalışmada, kasaplık sığırların karkas ve sakatatlarının Türk Gıda Kodeksi (TGK) Mikrobiyolojik Kriterler Yönetmeliği Üretim Hijyeni Kriterleri gereklilikleri dahilinde mikrobiyolojik kalitesinin belirlenmesi hedeflendi. Bu amaç ile, Marmara Bölgesinde 2013-2015 yılları arasında, 3 kombina ve 1 mezbahadan toplam 400 adet örnek alındı. Alınan 100 adet karkas örneği, Aerobik Koloni Sayısı (AKS) ve Enterobacteriaceae sayısı (ES)’nın belirlenmesi ve Salmonella varlığı yönünden, her bir karkasa ait olmak üzere toplamda 300 adet yenilebilir sakatat (100 karaciğer, 100 dalak, 100 böbrek) örneği ise Salmonella varlığı açısından, ilgili uluslararası standartlar olan ISO 4833-1:2003 (AKS), ISO 21528- 2:2004 (ES) ve ISO 6579:2002 (Salmonella) kullanılarak analiz edildi. İncelenen karkas örneklerinde AKS, 3,0x102- 4,0x105 kob/cm2 aralığında olup ortalama 3,1 x 104 kob/cm2, ES ise 0,1 x 101- 8,5 x 102 kob/ cm2 aralığında olup ortalama 1,9 x 102 kob/cm2 olarak bulundu. AKS ve ES sonuçlarının birbirinden bağımsız olarak ilgili yönetmeliğe göre değerlendirilmesi sonucunda, örneklerin AKS yönünden; %34’ü ‘Uygun’, %56’sı ‘Kabul Edilir’ ve %10’u ‘Uygun Değil’, ES yönünden de %57’si ‘Uygun’, %34’ü ‘Kabul Edilir’ ve %9’u ‘Uygun Değil’ olduğu tespit edildi. TGK Mikrobiyolojik Kriterler Yönetmeliği Üretim Hijyeni Kriterleri’ne göre AKS ve ES yönünden sırasıyla %90 ve %91, AKS ve ES sonuçları birlikte değerlendirildiğinde ise %84 oranında uygun bulunan sığır karkaslarının, ayrıca sakatatları dahil Salmonella içermediği göz önünde bulundurulduğunda, örnekleme yapılan dönem içinde hijyenik kalitesinin oldukça iyi düzeyde olduğuna karar verildi