Kuruluşundan Kapatılışına Kadar Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi İçerisinde Köy Enstitülerine Yönelik Muhalefet

Köy Enstitüleri Türk Eğitim sistemine özgü, dünya üzerinde baÄ¢ka bir örneği olmayan bir eğitim sistemidir. Türk Devrimini köye götürmeye yönelik ortaya konan bu sistem getirmiÄ¢ olduğu radikal değiÄ¢imlerle, daha baÄ¢langıçta TBMM'de kendisine bir muhalefet oluÄ¢turmuÄ¢tu. Ä smet Ä nönü'nün desteği ile birlikte, Milli Eğitim Bakanı Hasan Ali Yücel ve Ä lköğretim Genel Müdürü Ä smail Hakkı Tonguç'un çabalarıyla Köy Enstitüleri sistemi, TBMM içersindeki sessiz muhalefete rağmen, birkaç yıl aksamadan uygulanmıÄ¢tır. Fakat Ä kinci Dünya SavaÄ¢ı sonrası içte ve dıÄ¢ta ortaya çıkan siyasi geliÄ¢meler, Köy Enstitüleri sisteminin sonunu hazırlamıÄ¢tır. TBMM içersindeki sessiz muhalefet ortaya çıkarak, önce Hasan Ali Yücel'in ve ardında Ä smail Hakkı Tonguç'un görevden alınmasıyla, sistem içersinde 1947 yılı ile birlikte değiÄ¢imler baÄ¢lamıÄ¢tır. 1954 yılında kapatılana kadar sistem devamlı surette değiÄ¢ime uğrayacak ve sonunda öğretmen okulları ile birleÄ¢tirilerek ortadan kalkacaktır. Bu çalıÄ¢mada kuruluÄ¢undan kapatılıÄ¢ına kadar, zabıt ceridelerine göre TBMM içersinde sisteme yönelik muhalefet irdelenmeye çalıÄ¢ılacaktır

Electropolymerization And Characterization Of Synthesized Thiophene And Nonylbithiazole Based Comonomers

Tez (Doktora) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2006Thesis (PhD) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2006Bu çalışmada yeni elektron alıcı verici alıcı türündeki bis(3,4-etilen-dioksitiyofen)-(4,4’-dinonil-2,2’-bitiyazol) komonomerinin sentezi, karakterizasyonu ile karbon fiber, Pt elektrotlar ve İTO kaplı cam üzerine elektrokimyasal polimerizasyonu çalışılmıştır. Polimerin 0.1 M’lık Et4NBF4 / CH2Cl2 elektrolit çözelti ortamındaki döngülü voltametrisi cok iyi ve tersinir redoks davranışı göstermektedir. Ayrıca bu komonomer hem p-katkılandırma hem de n-katkılandırma özelliklerine sahiptir. Polimerin yarı dalga (E1/2) potansiyeli Ag/AgCl referans elektroda karşı 0.303 V ve 0.814 V değerlerinde olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Polimer elektrokromiktir: -* geçişleri için başlangıç potansiyelinden (Eg) değeri 1,75V ve λmax `değeride 2.15 eV dur. Polimerin homojen ve kaliteli filmi 0.25 s `den daha az zamanda anahtarlama özelliği ile kararli optik ozellikler sunmaktadir. Morfolojik çalışmalar ise polimerin karbon fiber mikroelektrot yüzeyine homojen ve sürekli şekilde biriktirildiğini göstermektedir. Bütün bu özellikler polimerin elektronik cihazlarda kullanıma elverişli olduğunun bir göstergesidir. Karbon fiber mikroelektrot/poli (3,4-etilen-dioksitiyofen)-(4,4’-dinonil-2,2’-bitiyazol)`in kapasitif davranışı ilk defa sabit akımda 5C cm-2 yük ile hazırlanmış olan polimer filmin dikdortgen şekil gösteren döngülü voltamogramında farkedilmiştir. Polimer filmin spesifik kapasitansı yaklaşık olarak ~340 mF cm-2 elde edilmistir. İki adet eşdeğer devre, elektrokimyasal impedans verileri ile önerilen bileşenlerin nümerik değerlerini bulabilmek icin eşleştirilmistir. Filmin sabit akımda yükleme/boşaltma özelliği, çözücünün ve biriktirme yükünün filmin kapasitif davranışı üzerindeki etkisi de incelenmiştir. Elektrokimyasal olarak farkli biriktirme yükleri ile hazırlanmış filmlerın morfolojisi FE-SEM ile görüntülenmiştir.In this study, the synthesis and characterization of a novel donor acceptor donor type bis(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene)-(4,4’-dinonyl-2,2’-bithiazole) comonomer and its electrochemically prepared polymer on carbon fiber, Pt button and ITO plate is reported. Cyclic voltammetry of the polymer in 0.1 M Et4NBF4/CH2Cl2 exhibits a very well defined and reversible redox processes and this comonomer can be either p-doped or n-doped. The half-wave oxidation potentials of the polymer (E1/2) were observed at 0.303 V and 0.814 V versus Ag/AgCl. The polymer is electrochromic; the onset for the  to * transition (Eg) of 1.75 eV with a λmax at 2.15 eV and the homogeneous and high quality film of the polymer is stable of its optical properties offering fast switching time which is less than 0.25s. The morphological studies reveal that the polymer was deposited as a continuous and very well adhering film to surface of the carbon fiber microelectrode. All these properties make this polymer favorable for use in electronic devices. Capacitive behavior of the carbon fiber microelectrode/poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene)-(4,4’-dinonyl-2,2’-bithiazole) film was firstly noticed from CV experiments which exhibit a rectangular shape, for a galvanostatically prepared polymer film with a charge of 5 C cm-2 which specific capacitance value was obtained about ~340 mF cm 2. The electrochemical impedance data were fitted two equivalent circuit models to find out numerical values of the proposed components. The galvanostatic charge/discharge characteristic of a film was investigated and the morphology of the films electrodeposited at different deposition charges were monitored using FE-SEM engineering.DoktoraPh

Awareness and Prevalence of Traditional and Complementary Medicine in Patients’ Application to Orthopedics and Traumatology Outpatient Clinic

Purpose: The objective of this study was to assess the awareness of complementary and alternative medicine practices and the frequency of their utilization among patients attending an orthopedic outpatient clinic. Materials and Methods: Patients who presented to the orthopedics outpatient clinic of the University Hospital between November 15 and December 30, 2022, were invited to participate in this study. A questionnaire containing 16 questions about eight different traditional and complementary approaches, designed to determine patients' knowledge of and attitudes toward each of these practices, was administered by the responsible physician through face-to-face interviews. The questionnaires were administered to 637 volunteers. The results were recorded, and statistical analysis was applied. Results: The volunteers were % 54.7 male and 45.3.2% female participants. The mean age of the participants was 41.52±16.349. It was determined that gender (p=0.3) and education level (p=0.207) did not affect awareness of traditional treatment. However, it was determined that the settlement area affected the awareness of traditional treatment (p<0.05). Conclusions: The popularity of traditional treatment methods and practices is steadily increasing. The public needs more professional health service providers to reach such treatment approaches and raise awareness. Despite this, it was observed that awareness was low among patients who applied to the orthopedics outpatient clinic. There is a need to educate professional health service providers to facilitate public access to these treatment approaches and to enhance social awareness

Nonylbithiazol centered comonomer synthesis and electrochemical characterization

Bu &ccedil;alışmada yeni elektron alıcı-verici-alıcı t&uuml;r&uuml;ndeki bis(3,4-etilen-dioksitiyofen)-(4,4&rsquo;-dinonil-2,2&rsquo;-bitiyazol) komonomerinin sentezi, karakterizasyonu ile karbon fiber, Pt elektrot ve İTO kaplı cam &uuml;zerine elektrokimyasal polimerizasyonu &ccedil;alışılmıştır. Polimerin 0.1 M&rsquo;lık Et4NBF4 /DCM elektrolit &ccedil;&ouml;zelti ortamındaki d&ouml;ng&uuml;l&uuml; voltamogramı &ccedil;ok iyi ve tersinir redoks davranışı g&ouml;stermektedir. Ayrıca bu komonomer hem p-katkılandırma hem de n-katkılandırma &ouml;zelliklerine sahiptir. Polimerin yarı dalga&nbsp; (E1/2) potansiyeli Ag/AgCl referans elektroda karşı 0.303 V ve 0.814 V değerlerinde olduğu g&ouml;zlemlenmiştir. Polimer elektrokromiktir: p-p* ge&ccedil;işlerinin başlangıcından band aralığı (Eg) değeri 1.75V olarak hesaplanmıştır ve &lambda;max `değeri de 2.15 eV dur. Polimerin homojen ve kaliteli filmi 0.25 s`den daha az zamanda anahtarlama &ouml;zelliği ile kararlı optik &ouml;zellikler sunmaktadır. Morfolojik &ccedil;alışmalar ise polimerin karbon fiber mikro elektrot y&uuml;zeyine homojen ve s&uuml;rekli şekilde biriktirildiğini g&ouml;stermektedir. B&uuml;t&uuml;n bu &ouml;zellikler polimerin elektronik cihazlarda kullanıma elverişli olduğunun bir g&ouml;stergesidir. Karbon fiber mikroelektrot/poli (3,4-etilen-dioksitiyofen)-(4,4&rsquo;-dinonil-2,2&rsquo;-bitiyazol)`in kapasitif davranışı ilk &ouml;nce sabit akımda (5C cm-2) y&uuml;k ile hazırlanmış olan polimer filmin dikd&ouml;rtgen şekil g&ouml;steren d&ouml;ng&uuml;l&uuml; voltamogramında fark edilmiştir. Polimer filmin spesifik kapasitansı yaklaşık olarak ~340 mF cm?2 elde edilmiştir. İki adet eşdeğer devre, elektrokimyasal empedans verileri ile &ouml;nerilen bileşenlerin n&uuml;merik değerlerini bulabilmek i&ccedil;in eşleştirilmiştir. Filmin sabit akımda y&uuml;kleme/boşaltma &ouml;zelliği, &ccedil;&ouml;z&uuml;c&uuml;n&uuml;n ve biriktirme y&uuml;k&uuml;n&uuml;n filmin kapasitif davranışı &uuml;zerindeki etkisi de incelenmiştir. Elektrokimyasal olarak farklı biriktirme y&uuml;kleri ile hazırlanmış filmlerin morfolojisi FE-SEM ile g&ouml;r&uuml;nt&uuml;lenmiştir.&nbsp;Anahtar Kelimeler: EDOT, iletken polimerler, karbon fiber, EES, s&uuml;perkapasit&ouml;r, eşdeğer devre.Since the first appearance of the conducting polymers in the late 70s, many researchers have been focused on the conducting polymers to commercialize them with applications such as thin film transistors, polymer light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and electrochromic devices. The poly(alkylbithiazoles) has received considerable attention because of its n-doping capability and usage in light emitting diode construction, this new class of conjugated polymer exhibit interesting thermochromic and electrochemical behavior especially nonyl derivative shows unusual optical properties. The most general use of carbon fibers is to reinforce composite materials due to its unique properties such as high strength, high modulus and low density. In order to achieve this, the surface properties them were studied recently and modification surfaces by electropolymerizing 3-methyl thiophene, ter-thiophene, pyrrole, EDOT and their copolymers and by electrocopolymerizing acrylamide, carbazole, thiophene, carbazole, pyrrole, carbazole, indole onto the fibers have investigated in detail. Conducting polymers, such as polypyrrole, polyaniline, polythiophene, and their derivatives, were reported as electrode materials for supercapacitors. Supercapacitors can be classified into two types the double-layer which store the energy within the electrochemical double-layer at the electrode-electrolyte interface and the redox supercapacitors. For redox supercapacitors, among several types of electrode materials employing of conducting polymers has received much attention due to their use in both aqueous and organic electrolytes and their wide potential working range. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is one of the most effective and the reliable method to extract information about electrochemical characteristics of the electrochemical system for instance double-layer capacitance, diffusion impedance, determination of the rate of the charge transfer and charge transport processes, solution resistance etc. EIS was used to explain behavior of the polymer coated electrodes by established theories employing two models which are known as uniform and porous medium. In this study, the synthesis and characterization of a novel donor acceptor donor type ENBTE comonomer and its electrochemically prepared polymer on carbon fiber, Pt button and ITO plate is reported. Cyclic voltammetry of the polymer in 0.1 M Et4NBF4/CH2Cl2 exhibits a very well defined and reversible redox processes and this comonomer can be either p-doped or n-doped. The half-wave oxidation potentials of the polymer (E1/2) were observed at 0.303 V and 0.814 V versus Ag/AgCl. The polymer is electrochromic; the onset for the p to p* transition (Eg) of 1.75 eV with a ?max at 2.15 eV and the homogeneous and high quality film of the polymer is stable of its optical properties offering fast switching time which is less than 0.25s. The morphological studies reveal that the polymer was deposited as a continuous and very well adhering film to surface of the carbon fiber microelectrode. All these properties make this polymer favorable for use in electronic devices. Capacitive behavior of the carbon fiber microelectrode/PENBTE film was firstly noticed from CV experiments which exhibit a rectangular shape, for a galvanostatically prepared polymer film with a charge of 5 C cm-2 which specific capacitance value was obtained about ~340 mF cm-2. EIS studies revealed that high capacitance values observed in lower frequency region. The electrochemical impedance data were fitted two equivalent circuit models to find out numerical values of the proposed components. Simulation results showed that proposed electrical equivalent circuit was successfully applied to the experimental data to explain the interface between the carbon fiber microelectrode, the polymer film and the electrolyte. The slope the galvanostatic charge/discharge curve is 0.9985 and -0.9998 respectively indicates that IR drop is negligible and triangular shape of the charge discharge curve is typical for ideal capacitor behavior suggest that very good capacitive performance. The galvanostatic charge/discharge characteristic of a film was investigated and the morphology of the films electrodeposited at different deposition charges were monitored using FE-SEM. From the obtained results, we can conclude the employed comonomer in polymer electrode shows very good capacitive behavior on carbon fiber microelectrode. The measured capacitance values are quite promising for supercapacitor constructions with a good engineering. Keywords: EDOT; carbon fiber, conducting polymer; equivalent circuit EIS, supercapacitors

Evaluation of Dynamic Foraminal Stenosis with Positional MRI in Patients with C6 Radiculopathy-Mimicking Pain: A Prospective Radiologic Cohort Study

Objective. Patients with a C6 radiculopathy-mimicking complaint are always in the gray zone if the diagnosis is not clear. The aim of the study is to make the diagnosis clear if the neck and shoulder pain is caused by a dynamic stenosis of the neural foramen at the C5-C6 level. Methods. Patients with a C6 radiculopathy-mimicking complaint were included in the study. Patients had a cervical spine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at the normal limits, or a minimal protrusion at the C5-C6 level underwent a dynamic MRI procedure. We measured the foraminal area and spinal cord diameter (SCD) at the C5-C6 level by using the PACS system ROI irregular are determination integral embedded to PACS. Inter- and intraobserver reliability of measurements was evaluated. Results were analyzed statistically, and a p value< 0.05 was accepted as statistically meaningful. Results. A total of 23 patients between January 2019 and June 2019 were included in the study. There were 10 men and 13 women, and the mean age was 41.3 (range 33-53). Foraminal area decrease at C5-C6 in extension and increase in flexion when compared with the neutral position was statistically significant (p[removed]0.05). Interobserver and intraobserver reliability of measurements were classified as in almost perfect agreement. Conclusions. Our present work presented dynamic and positional foraminal changes in MRI with radiculopathy-mimicking patients. Soever, we did not find a difference between the clinical complaint side and the opposite side in radiculopathy-mimicking patients. Cervical radiculopathy pain should not be attributed only to foraminal sizes. PACS embedded irregular area measurement integral allows the easy measure of a big number of patients without additional set-up and digital work requirements. © 2022 Ozcan Kaya et al

Performance comparison of CVD grown carbon nanofiber based on single- and multi-layer graphene oxides in melt-compounded PA6.6 nanocomposites

In the present study, newly design hybrid nanostructures were produced by growing long carbon nanofibers (CNF) on single- and multi-layer graphene oxide (GO) sheets in the presence of catalyst by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Chemical composition analysis indicated the formation of Fe-C bonds by the deposition of carbon atoms on catalyst surface of Fe2O3 and increasing in C/O atomic ratio confirming CNF growing. These hybrid additives were distributed homogeneously through polyamide 6.6 (PA6.6) chains by high shear thermokinetic mixer in melt phase. Spectroscopic studies showed that the differences in the number of graphene layer in hybrid structures directly affected the crystalline behavior and dispersion state in polymer matrix. Flexural strength and flexural modulus of PA6.6 nanocomposites were improved up to 14.7% and 14% by the integration of 0.5 wt% CNF grown on multi-layer GO, respectively, whereas there was a significant loss in flexural properties of single-layer GO based nanocomposites. Also, the integration of 0.5 wt% multi-layer GO hybrid reinforcement in PA6.6 provided a significant increase in tensile modulus about 24%. Therefore, multi-layer GO with CNF increased the degree of crystallinity in nanocomposites by forming intercalated structure and acted as a nucleating agent causing the improvement in mechanical properties

PVA/PANI/rGO ternary electrospun mats as metal-free anti-bacterial substrates

Successful performance of biocompatible hybrid systems in various biomedical applications such as wound healing patches, and scaffolds for stem cell preparation have been reported. However, relatively poor structural properties and further bacterial infection have been the major drawbacks for their commercialization. In order to improve the antimicrobial property of such structures, transition metals have been previously added to the media. However, the potential risk of metal pollution as well as hardship of processing has put this approach into obsolescence. Herein the ternary polyvinyl alcohol/reduced graphene oxide/polyaniline fibrous nanocomposites, as substitute for transition metal-containing nanocomposites, were prepared via electrospinning. The mats' structural properties (e.g. rheological, morphological, electrical and mechanical properties) and their antibacterial properties against E. coli bacteria cultures after two different treatments (including thermal and acid doping approaches) were systematically investigated. It was shown that in addition to significant structural improvement, an over 80% antibacterial property enhancement in treated mats in comparison to pristine PVA fibers were achieved. Finally the interaction and main effect analyses were used for suggesting the optimum antibacterial specimen conditions

New hybrid nano additives for thermoplastic compounding: CVD grown carbon fiber on graphene

Nano additives have unique characteristics widely used in high technology applications due to their ultrahigh mechanical and thermal properties. They are not preferred in price sensitive sectors especially in automotive applications because of their high cost. On the other hand, there is a growing interest to use graphene as a reinforcing agent in composite production. At this point, graphene platelet (GNP) produced from the recycle source was used as a template for carbon nanofiber production by using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique to overcome commercialization harrier. This bicomponent and novel structure is a good candidate to be used as a reinforcing agent in compound formulations. This produced hybrid additive was dispersed in thennoplastic resin by thennokinetic mixer to get homogeneous dispersion and provide strong interfacial interactions. In the current work, the outstanding properties of graphene with carbon fibers were combined into one type structure. With the further research, the number of graphene layer were adjusted in this hybrid structure to bring a new insight in graphene and its composite applications. After the fabrication of graphene and carbon fiber-based reinforcements with different graphene sources, mechanically and thermally improved Polyamide 6.6 were developed at very low loadings by a thermokinetic high shear mixer. This developed technology will utilize an innovation to produce advanced thermoplastic prepregs including graphene and its hybrid additives with high mechanical properties and increased recycling degree by decreasing manufacturing costs