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    ๋„์‹œ ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์˜ํ–ฅ์š”์ธ๊ณผ ๋„์‹œ์ˆฒ์˜ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์น˜์œ ์  ํ™œ์šฉ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ์กฐ๊ฒฝํ•™,2019. 8. ์ด๋™๊ทผ.In Korea, most of the population resides in cities owing to the increase in urbanization. Urban older adult population formed 76.6% of the total urban population in 2014, and it has been steadily increasing. People living in the urban environment are more vulnerable to mental health problems such as stress and depression, caused by lack of contact with green spaces, and social isolation, caused by fewer opportunities for communication. Older adults are vulnerable to mental health problems such as stress and depression due to a decrease in their social and economic status as well as an increase in their physical illnesses. Mental health is related to physical and social health, and consequently affects the burden of health care and the overall survival rate. Therefore, it is important to study the mental health problems of older adults in urban areas as social problems, and not merely as personal problems, to strengthen preventive measures and to identify the factors that affect mental health. In addition, it is necessary to identify the factors that affect mental health in older adults in relation to social, demographic, physiological, and psychological aspects of their lives. Further, urban parks and green areas are known to help improve mental health by promoting social contact and interaction among people and by reducing psychological stress. In recent years, national and local governments in Korea have recognized the importance of the health benefits of forest therapy (forest bathing), and the implementation of forest therapy programs using urban as well as other forests is increasing. However, most of them target the general public, and the urban forest therapy program targeting specific vulnerable groups such as low-income groups or older adults living alone is at the pilot stage. In addition, there is relatively insufficient study focusing on how urban forests affect mental health positively. The psychological healing effect of urban forests varies according to peoples age and life cycle stage and is reported to be the strongest in older adults as well as middle-aged people. Therefore, it is necessary to implement forest therapy programs utilizing urban forests separately to target older adults or middle-aged people. This is empirical case studies of an urban forest therapy program for mental health of older adults and middle-aged people. We found socio-demographic factors affecting mental health of older adults in Chapter 1. The predictive indicators of subjective stress level were female gender, younger age, belonging to a third-generation household, low income, comorbidity, being a smoker, and participation in manual labor. The predictive indicators of depressive experience were female gender, living alone, low income, comorbidity, not working, being a smoker, being a non-drinker, and non-participation in periodic social activities. Additionally, the lower the urban green ratio in the administrative district, the higher the subjective stress levels and depression. In older adults, the presence or absence of periodic physical activity was not correlated with mental health, but the presence of social activity was significantly correlated with mental health. Based on the results of this study, we analyzed the effects of social capital on depression in Chapter 2. It was found that trust factor in social capital reduced depression through social capital satisfaction and self-esteem. In other words, we found that qualitative social capital is more effective in dealing with depression than quantitative social capital. It is necessary to identify and manage vulnerable groups through demographic and social characteristics and suggest such policies for improving trust factor in social capital that are effective in improving and promoting the mental health of older adults. In Chapter 3, we implemented a forest therapy program targeting older adults living alone on low income and receiving medical aid, using the urban forest near their living area as healing resources. As a result, the relationship between self, others (neighbors), and nature is formed through the process of awareness and flow in nature, and the sense of isolation is reduced, and self-coping, healthy lifestyle habits, were instilled. This implies that the utilization of urban forests contributed to the formation of social relations, and the formation of social capital results in not only mental health but also physical health improvement. In Chapter 4, we conducted the urban forest therapy program for middle-aged women preparing for the old age. We found that negative emotions are replaced by positive emotions through the recognition of inherent negative emotions in nature, recovering self-esteem through internal immersion process, and acquiring coping ability based on nature's providence. It is necessary to be careful while generalizing these results to other groups because each result is for a specific group. However, the results of this study will be helpful in establishing the policy direction of green welfare for the future through the understanding of mental health issues of older adults and middle-aged people in an aging society and in-depth analysis of the effects of therapy programs using urban forests.ํ•œ๊ตญ์€ ๋„์‹œํ™”์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๋„์‹œ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋„์‹œ ๋…ธ์ธ์€ 2014๋…„ 76.6%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ถ”์„ธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋„์‹œํ™˜๊ฒฝ์€ ๋…น์ง€์˜ ์ ‘์ด‰์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋‹จ์ ˆ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์†Œํ†ต์˜ ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ ์–ด ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ๋ฐ ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋”์šฑ ์ทจ์•ฝํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด๋‹ค. ๋…ธ์ธ์€ ์‹ ์ฒด์  ์งˆ๋ณ‘์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ, ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ง€์œ„์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค, ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๋‹ค. ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์€ ์‹ ์ฒด์ , ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ด€๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ถ€๋‹ด๊ณผ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ƒ์กด์œจ์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋„์‹œ ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”์‹œ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์ , ์ธ๊ตฌํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์ , ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ , ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ํŠน์„ฑ๋“ค์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๊ณต์›๊ณผ ๋…น์ง€๋Œ€๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ ‘์ด‰๊ณผ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ์žฅ๋ คํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ €๊ฐ์‹œ์ผœ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„์›€์„ ์ค€๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ž์น˜๋‹จ์ฒด์—์„œ ์ˆฒ์น˜์œ ์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋„์‹œ์ˆฒ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์น˜์œ  ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ์‹œ๋ฒ”์  ์ ์šฉ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ €์†Œ๋“์ธต ๋˜๋Š” ๋…๊ฑฐ๋…ธ์ธ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํŠน์ • ์ทจ์•ฝ๊ณ„์ธต์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๋„์‹œ์ˆฒ ์น˜์œ  ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ์‹œ๋ฒ” ์šด์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋„์‹œ์ˆฒ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ์ด ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๊ฐœ์„ ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ํŽธ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ๋„์‹œ์ˆฒ์˜ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ์น˜์œ  ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ น ๋ฐ ์ƒ์• ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋…ธ์ธ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ค‘์žฅ๋…„๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋„์‹œ์ˆฒ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์น˜์œ  ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ์‹ค์ฆ์  ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์ธต์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ์šฉํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋…ธ๋…„๊ธฐ ์ทจ์•ฝ๊ณ„์ธต๊ณผ ์ค‘๋…„์ธต์˜ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋„์‹œ์ˆฒ ์น˜์œ  ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ค์ฆ์  ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, chapter 1์—์„œ๋Š” ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ธ๊ตฌ์‚ฌํšŒํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก์ง€ํ‘œ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ, ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๋…ธ๋…„, 3์„ธ๋Œ€ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ, ์ €์†Œ๋“์ธต, ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ดํ™˜์ž, ํก์—ฐ์ž, ๋…ธ๋™ํ™œ๋™ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž, ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์  ์‚ฌํšŒํ™œ๋™ ๋น„์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์šฐ์šธ๊ฐ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก์ง€ํ‘œ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ, 1์ธ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ, ์ €์†Œ๋“์ธต, ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ดํ™˜์ž, ๋…ธ๋™ํ™œ๋™ ๋น„์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž, ํก์—ฐ์ž, ๋น„์Œ์ฃผ์ž, ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์  ์‚ฌํšŒํ™œ๋™ ๋น„์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ–‰์ •๊ตฌ์—ญ ๊ตฌ๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ์ƒํ™œ๊ถŒ ๋„์‹œ๋ฆผ ๋ฉด์  ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋‚ฎ์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์™€ ์šฐ์šธ๊ฐ์ด ๋†’์€ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์  ์‹ ์ฒด ํ™œ๋™์˜ ์œ ๋ฌด๋Š” ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ณผ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์‚ฌํšŒ ํ™œ๋™์˜ ์œ ๋ฌด๋Š” ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ chapter 2์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ ํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž๋ณธ์ด ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž๋ณธ ์ค‘ ์‹ ๋ขฐ ์š”์ธ์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž๋ณธ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์™€ ์ž์•„์กด์ค‘๊ฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์‹œ๋งํ•ด, ์–‘์ ์ธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž๋ณธ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์งˆ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž๋ณธ์ด ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์ž„์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๊ฐœ์„ ๊ณผ ์ฆ์ง„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ธ๊ตฌ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ทจ์•ฝ๊ณ„์ธต์„ ํŒ๋ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž๋ณธ ์ค‘ ์‹ ๋ขฐ ์š”์ธ์˜ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์ด ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ž„์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. chapter 3์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ €์†Œ๋“์ธต ๋…๊ฑฐ๋…ธ์ธ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒํ™œ๊ถŒ ๋„์‹œ์ˆฒ์„ ์น˜์œ ์ž์›์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆฒ์น˜์œ  ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ž์—ฐ ์†์—์„œ ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ฆผ(awareness)๊ณผ ๋‚ด๋ฉด์  ๋ชฐ์ž…(flow) ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž์•„, ํƒ€์ธ (์ด์›ƒ), ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๊ฐ์ด ์ €๊ฐ๋˜๊ณ , ์ž๊ธฐ๋Œ๋ด„ ๋Œ€์ฒ˜๋Šฅ๋ ฅ(coping)์˜ ์ผํ™˜์ธ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒํ™œ์Šต๊ด€์˜ ๋™๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋„์‹œ์ˆฒ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž๋ณธ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ์€ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๊ฐœ์„  ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‹ ์ฒด์  ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นจ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, chapter 4์—์„œ๋Š” ๋…ธ๋…„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘๋…„๊ธฐ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์—๊ฒŒ ๋„์‹œ์ˆฒ ์น˜์œ  ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋‚ด์žฌ๋œ ๋ถ€์ •์  ๊ฐ์ •์„ ์ž์—ฐ ์†์—์„œ ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๋‚ด๋ฉด์  ๋ชฐ์ž… ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž์•„์กด์ค‘๊ฐ์˜ ํšŒ๋ณต๊ณผ ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ์„ญ๋ฆฌ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ฒ˜๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ๋จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋ถ€์ •์  ๊ฐ์ •์ด ๊ธ์ •์  ๊ฐ์ •์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ํŠน์ • ๊ทธ๋ฃน์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๊ธฐ์— ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”์— ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ นํ™” ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋…„์ธต์˜ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด์™€ ๋„์‹œ์ˆฒ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์น˜์œ  ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ฌ์ธต์  ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ–ฅํ›„ ๋…น์ƒ‰ ๋ณต์ง€์˜ ์ •์ฑ…์  ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค.1. INTRODUCTION 2. CHAPTER 1: Do Sociodemographic Factors and Urban Green Space Affect Mental Health Outcomes Among the Urban Elderly Population? 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Materials and Methods 2.3. Results 2.4. Discussion 2.5. Conclusions 2.6. References 3. CHAPTER 2: Relationships between Social Capital, Social Capital Satisfaction, Self-esteem, and Depression among Elderly Urban Residents: Analysis of Secondary Survey Data 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Materials and Methods 3.3. Results 3.4. Discussion 3.5. Conclusions 3.6. Appendix 3.7. References 4. CHAPTER 3: Qualitative Assessment of Experience on Urban Forest Therapy Program for Preventing Dementia of the Elderly Living Alone in Low-Income Class 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Research Methods 4.3. Results and Discussion 4.4. Conclusion 4.5. References 5. CHAPTER 4: Healing experiences of middle-aged women through an urban forest therapy program 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Materials and Methods 5.3. Results 5.4. Discussion 5.5. Conclusions 5.6. References 6. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 7. REFERENCESDocto

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    ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ•™๊ต์™€ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„, ๊ฐ€์ • ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ํญ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ํ•™๋Œ€ ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋™โ€ค์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ฑ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‚ด๋ฉดํ™” ๋ฌธ์ œํ–‰๋™์ธ ์šฐ์šธยท๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ด ๋งค๊ฐœํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ํญ๋ ฅ์ด๋‚˜ ํ•™๋Œ€ ํ”ผํ•ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ์•„๋™โ€ค์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚ด๋ฉดํ™” ๋ฌธ์ œํ–‰๋™์ด๋‚˜ ์™ธํ˜„ํ™” ๋ฌธ์ œํ–‰๋™์— ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ”ผํญ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ํ”ผํ•™๋Œ€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ๋ณ€์ธ์ด ์šฐ์šธ ๋ฐ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ, ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์•„๋™โ€ค์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์™ธํ˜„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋น„ํ–‰ํ–‰๋™, ๊ฐ€ํ•ดํ–‰๋™, ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ํ–‰๋™๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ–‰์œ„์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ฑ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด๋ก ์œผ๋กœ Berkowitz(1989)์˜ ์ขŒ์ ˆ-๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ฑ ์ด๋ก ์ด ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ผ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํญ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ํ•™๋Œ€ ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์•„๋™โ€ค์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ ์žํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ขŒ์ ˆ-๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ฑ ์ด๋ก ์—์„œ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ฑ์— ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ •์ด ๋งค๊ฐœ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ”, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํญ๋ ฅ์ด๋‚˜ ํ•™๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋‹นํ•œ ํ”ผํ•ด์•„๋™ยท์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์ด ์ผ๊ด€๋˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์šฐ์šธ๊ณผ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ ์ฆ์ƒ์ด ๋งค๊ฐœํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•œ๊ตญ์•„๋™์ข…ํ•ฉ์‹คํƒœ์กฐ์‚ฌ์— ์‘๋‹ตํ•œ ๋งŒ 18์„ธ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์˜ 2,497๋ช…์„ ๋ถ„์„๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ฃผ์š”๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ์˜ ํญ๋ ฅ ํ”ผํ•ด ๊ฒฝํ—˜, ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„ ์ƒ์˜ ํญ๋ ฅ ํ”ผํ•ด ๊ฒฝํ—˜, ๊ฐ€์ • ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ ํ•™๋Œ€ ํ”ผํ•ด ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ฑ์— ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€์™€ ํ”ผํญ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ํ”ผํ•™๋Œ€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ฑ์— ์šฐ์šธยท๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ด ๋งค๊ฐœํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์ค‘ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ํ”ผํญ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ํ”ผํ•™๋Œ€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ฑ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํ•™๊ตํญ๋ ฅ ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„ํญ๋ ฅ ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฒฝํ—˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ • ๋‚ด ํ•™๋Œ€ ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฒฝํ—˜ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ฑ์— ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ํ”ผํญ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ํ”ผํ•™๋Œ€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ฑ ๊ฐ„์— ์šฐ์šธยท๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ด ๋งค๊ฐœํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํ•™๊ตํญ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์ • ๋‚ด ํ•™๋Œ€ ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ฑ์— ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ฅผ, ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„ํญ๋ ฅ ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ ์™„์ „ ๋งค๊ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด, ์ขŒ์ ˆ-๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ฑ ์ด๋ก ์ด ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ฑ์— ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ •์ด ๋งค๊ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์„ค๋ช…์ด ์ง€์ง€๋จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํ”ผํ•ด ์•„๋™ยท์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ฑ ์™„ํ™” ๋ฐ ํšŒ๋ณต์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์šฐ์šธ๊ณผ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ๊ฐ์„ ํ•ด์†Œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ž…์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•จ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค.The purpose of this study is to understand the impact of school violence, cyber violence, and domestic abuse on aggression among children and adolescents, and to examine whether depression and anxiety are mediated. Prior studies have shown that negative events such as violence and abuse experiences can negatively affect internalizing problem behavior or externalizing problem behavior. However, it did not comprehensively look at the relationship between depression and aggression that the variable of the violence and abuse experience. Furthermore, prior studies of aggression in children and adolescents focus primarily on observable behaviors, such as externally revealed misbehavior, or violent behavior even though there are a wide aspects of aggression among adolescents. Frustration-aggression theory explains that negative emotions play a role as a mediator. Based on Frustration-aggression theory(Berkowitz, 1989), this study primarily seeks to examine whether violence and abuse experiences affect to the aggression of adolescents. Based on Frustration-Aggression theory, the research questions of this study are as follow : (1) Does the experience of violence and abuse in adolescents affect aggression? (2) Does the experience of violence and abuse affect aggression through the mediation of depression and anxiety? To verify these research questions, 2,497 students who responded to the Korean Children's Comprehensive Survey were subject to analysis and descriptive statistics were conducted focusing on major variables. In addition, multiple regression analyses were conducted to determine how violence damage experiences in school violence, cyber violence, and domestic abuse affect to aggression with depression and anxiety as a mediator. Major findings are as follows. First, the impact of school and cyber violence, and domestic abuse experience was found to have a negative impact on aggression. Second, school and cyber violence, and domestic abuse experience influenced on the aggression through the mediation of the depression and anxiety. The results show that the aggression and anxiety partially mediates in the experience of school violence and domestic abuse. On the other hand, the aggression and anxiety completely mediates in the experience of cyber violence and aggression and anxiety. These findings confirmed that the explanation of negative events and negative emotions mediated in aggression which was claimed by the frustration-aggression theory was supported. It indicates that the intervention of relieving depression and anxiety is necessary in order to alleviate the aggression of children and adolescents.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ 5 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 6 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ฑ 6 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ขŒ์ ˆ-๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ฑ ์ด๋ก  10 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ํ”ผํญ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ํ”ผํ•™๋Œ€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ฑ 16 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์šฐ์šธยท๋ถˆ์•ˆ 20 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชจํ˜• ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€์„ค 25 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชจํ˜• 25 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€์„ค 26 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 26 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„ ์ž๋ฃŒ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ 26 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ •์˜์™€ ์ธก์ • 27 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 36 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 38 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํŠน์„ฑ 38 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ 39 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๊ฐ€์„ค๊ฒ€์ฆ 43 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  61 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์š”์•ฝ 61 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋…ผ์˜ 63 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•จ์˜ 66 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 73 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 75 Abstract 92์„

    ์†Œ๋“, ์ž์‚ฐ, ์†Œ๋น„์ง€์ถœ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    Shefrin & Thaler(1988)์˜ ํ–‰๋™ํ•™์  ์ƒ์• ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ€์„ค์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ž์›์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์™€ ์†Œ๋น„์ž ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์†Œ๋น„์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ํšจ์šฉ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณธ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ˆ๊ณผ ํ–‰๋ณต์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ˆ์„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ž์›์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ž์›์ด ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์ž์›์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์™€ ์†Œ๋น„์ž์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ž์›์„ ์†Œ๋“, ์ž์‚ฐ(๊ธˆ์œต์ž์‚ฐ, ์‹ค๋ฌผ์ž์‚ฐ, ์ˆœ์ž์‚ฐ), ์†Œ๋น„์ง€์ถœ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ž์›์ด ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ „์ฒด ์†Œ๋น„์ž์™€ ์—ฐ๋ น๋Œ€๋ณ„๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ž์›์ด ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ง€์ , ์ฆ‰ ํฌํ™”์ ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ž์›์ด ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ  ์ƒ๋Œ€์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด 2017๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2019๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•œ๊ตญ๋ณต์ง€ํŒจ๋„ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์†Œ๋“, ๊ธˆ์œต์ž์‚ฐ, ์‹ค๋ฌผ์ž์‚ฐ, ์ˆœ์ž์‚ฐ, ์†Œ๋น„์ง€์ถœ์ด ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ OLS ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„, ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ 2์ฐจํ•ญ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๋น„์„ ํ˜•ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ ๋“ฑ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‘ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ž์›์˜ ํฌํ™”์ ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ chow ๊ฒ€์ •๊ณผ ์ด์›๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋ถ„์„ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ž์›์ด ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์—ฐ๋ น๋Œ€๋ณ„๋กœ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ OLS ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ž์›์ด ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ  ์ƒ๋Œ€์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ถœํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๊ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ž์›์ด ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์†Œ๋“, ๊ธˆ์œต์ž์‚ฐ, ์‹ค๋ฌผ์ž์‚ฐ, ์ˆœ์ž์‚ฐ, ์†Œ๋น„์ง€์ถœ์€ ํ–‰๋ณต๊ณผ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ •(+)์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ž์›๋งˆ๋‹ค ํฌํ™”์ ์ด ๋„์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ž์›์˜ ํฌํ™”์ ์€ ์†Œ๋“ ์•ฝ 1์–ต4์ฒœ๋งŒ์›(์—ฐ์†Œ๋“), ๊ธˆ์œต์ž์‚ฐ ์•ฝ 4์–ต5์ฒœ๋งŒ์›, ์‹ค๋ฌผ์ž์‚ฐ ์•ฝ 30์–ต์›, ์ˆœ์ž์‚ฐ ์•ฝ 27์–ต์›, ์†Œ๋น„์ง€์ถœ ์•ฝ 950๋งŒ์›(์›”์ง€์ถœ)์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋„์ถœ๋œ ํฌํ™”์ ์„ ์—ฐ๋„๋ณ„ ํ‰๊ท ๊ฐ’ ๋Œ€๋น„ ๋น„์œจ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉด ์†Œ๋“ 3.2โˆผ4.2๋ฐฐ, ์†Œ๋น„์ง€์ถœ 3.3โˆผ3.7๋ฐฐ, ๊ธˆ์œต์ž์‚ฐ 8.4โˆผ16.8๋ฐฐ, ์‹ค๋ฌผ์ž์‚ฐ 10.1โˆผ16.1๋ฐฐ, ์ˆœ์ž์‚ฐ 5.5โˆผ9.8๋ฐฐ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์—ฐ๋ น๋Œ€๋ณ„๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ž์›์ด ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์†Œ๋“์€ 40๋Œ€>50๋Œ€>60๋Œ€ ์ด์ƒ>20-30๋Œ€ ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ธˆ์œต์ž์‚ฐ์€ 20-30๋Œ€์—์„œ ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฐ๋ น๋Œ€๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์‹ค๋ฌผ์ž์‚ฐ๊ณผ ์ˆœ์ž์‚ฐ์€ 50๋Œ€์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ž์›์ด ํ–‰๋ณต์— ์ฃผ๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์•˜๊ณ , 20-30๋Œ€์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค. ์†Œ๋น„์ง€์ถœ์€ 20-30๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฐ๋ น๋Œ€๋ณด๋‹ค ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค. ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ 20-30๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ž์›์ด ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฐ๋ น๋Œ€๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์†Œ๋“, ์ž์‚ฐ, ์†Œ๋น„์ง€์ถœ์ด ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€์  ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ „์ฒด ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•  ๋•Œ ์†Œ๋“>๊ธˆ์œต์ž์‚ฐ>์‹ค๋ฌผ์ž์‚ฐ ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์†Œ๋“ ๋Œ€์‹  ์†Œ๋น„์ง€์ถœ์„ ํˆฌ์ž…ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์†Œ๋น„์ง€์ถœ>๊ธˆ์œต์ž์‚ฐ>์‹ค๋ฌผ์ž์‚ฐ ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ์†Œ๋“๊ณผ ์†Œ๋น„์ง€์ถœ์ด ์ €๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ๊ธˆ์œต์ž์‚ฐ, ์‹ค๋ฌผ์ž์‚ฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํ–‰๋ณต์— ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ž์›์ด ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ์—ฐ๋ น๋Œ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 20-30๋Œ€๋Š” ์†Œ๋“>๊ธˆ์œต์ž์‚ฐ ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ , ์‹ค๋ฌผ์ž์‚ฐ์€ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์†Œ๋“ ๋Œ€์‹  ์†Œ๋น„์ง€์ถœ์„ ํˆฌ์ž…ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ธˆ์œต์ž์‚ฐ๋งŒ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 40๋Œ€๋Š” ์†Œ๋“>๊ธˆ์œต์ž์‚ฐ ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ , ์†Œ๋“ ๋Œ€์‹  ์†Œ๋น„์ง€์ถœ์„ ํˆฌ์ž…ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ธˆ์œต์ž์‚ฐ>์†Œ๋น„์ง€์ถœ ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์‹ค๋ฌผ์ž์‚ฐ์€ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. 50๋Œ€๋Š” ์†Œ๋“>๊ธˆ์œต์ž์‚ฐ>์‹ค๋ฌผ์ž์‚ฐ ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ , ์†Œ๋“ ๋Œ€์‹  ์†Œ๋น„์ง€์ถœ์„ ํˆฌ์ž…ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ธˆ์œต์ž์‚ฐ>์†Œ๋น„์ง€์ถœ>์‹ค๋ฌผ์ž์‚ฐ ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ํ–‰๋ณต์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 60๋Œ€ ์ด์ƒ์€ 50๋Œ€์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์†Œ๋“>๊ธˆ์œต์ž์‚ฐ>์‹ค๋ฌผ์ž์‚ฐ, ์†Œ๋น„์ง€์ถœ์„ ํˆฌ์ž…ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ธˆ์œต์ž์‚ฐ>์†Œ๋น„์ง€์ถœ>์‹ค๋ฌผ์ž์‚ฐ ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 50๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹ค๋ฌผ์ž์‚ฐ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜, ์ด๋“ค ์—ฐ๋ น๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹ค๋ฌผ ์ž์‚ฐ ์ถ•์ ์ด ํ–‰๋ณต์— ์ฃผ๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋„์ถœํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์†Œ๋“, ๊ธˆ์œต์ž์‚ฐ, ์‹ค๋ฌผ์ž์‚ฐ ์ˆœ์ž์‚ฐ, ์†Œ๋น„์ง€์ถœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ–‰๋ณต์˜ ํฌํ™”์ ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋„์ถœ๋œ ํฌํ™”์ ์€ ๊ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ž์›์˜ ์ƒ์œ„ 1โˆผ2%์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋†’์€ ๊ธˆ์•ก์œผ๋กœ, ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ž์› ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋†’์€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š” ์ž์›์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํ–‰๋ณต์„ ์ฆ์ง„์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ๋ˆ๊ณผ ํ–‰๋ณต์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด, ์†Œ๋“ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณธ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ž์›์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์†Œ๋“์€ ํ–‰๋ณต์— ์žˆ์–ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ํฌ๊ณ  ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ž์›์ด์ง€๋งŒ, โ€˜๋ฒ„๋Š” ๋ˆโ€™์ด ๋งŽ์œผ๋ฉด ํ–‰๋ณตํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋‹จ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋„์ถœํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์€ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์š•๊ตฌ ์ถฉ์กฑ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋น„ ๋˜ํ•œ ํ–‰๋ณต์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ž์›์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์š•๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์กฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ–‰๋ณต์— ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ž์›์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ์—ฐ๋ น๋Œ€๋ณ„๋กœ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ น๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํŠน์ง•๋“ค์ด ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ 20-30๋Œ€๋Š” ํ–‰๋ณต ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋†’๊ณ , ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ž์›์ด ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๋‚ฎ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ž์›์˜ ํฌํ™”์ ์ด ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” 20-30๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์• ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์ƒ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์ถœํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์š•๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์€๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ž์›์€ ์ ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด๋“ค ์—ฐ๋ น๋Œ€๋Š” ์†Œ๋น„์ง€์ถœ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธˆ์œต์ž์‚ฐ์ด ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๋” ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” MZ์„ธ๋Œ€, ์—์ฝ”์„ธ๋Œ€ ๋“ฑ ์ Š์€ ์—ฐ๋ น๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๋น„ ์„ฑํ–ฅ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ถ„์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์ฃผ๋กœ ํ•œ์ •ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋„ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‚˜, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผํƒ ๋ณด์œ ๋Š” ์ „์„ธ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ด์Šˆ์ž„์„ ๋ฐ˜์ฆํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 40๋Œ€, 50๋Œ€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ž์›์ด ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค. ์ƒ์• ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์ƒ ์ด๋“ค ์—ฐ๋ น๋Œ€๋Š” ์†Œ๋น„์ง€์ถœ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œ์ผœ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์š”๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์„ธ๋Œ€์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 50๋Œ€๋Š” ์‹ค๋ฌผ์ž์‚ฐ์ด ์ ˆ๋Œ€์  ์˜ํ–ฅ๊ณผ ์ƒ๋Œ€์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด 40๋Œ€์™€ ์ฐจ๋ณ„๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ƒ์• ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์ƒ ์€ํ‡ด๊ฐ€ ์ž„๋ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ผ์ • ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ž์‚ฐ์ด ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋œ ์•ˆ์ •๊ธฐ์— ์ ‘์–ด๋“œ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ธฐ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 60๋Œ€ ์ด์ƒ์€ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ์ง€์ถœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์š”๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ณ , ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ž์›์ด ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด 40๋Œ€, 50๋Œ€์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ž์›์ด ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ 40๋Œ€, 50๋Œ€์™€ ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ž์›์˜ ํฌํ™”์ ๋„ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋“ค์ด ์ด์ „์— ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ์ƒํ™œ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์Šต์„ฑ์ด ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 60๋Œ€ ์ด์ƒ์€, ์š•๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“œ๋Š” ์†Œ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๊ณ ๋ น์ธต์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž์•„์‹คํ˜„์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์„ธ๋Œ€์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค.According to the behavioral life cycle hypothesis of Shefrin & Thaler (1988), consumer utilities can vary depending on the type of financial resources and consumer preferences. This study defines money as financial resources, and assumes that financial resources affect happiness differently depending on the type of the resources and consumersโ€™ preferences. On this assumption, the research classifies the financial resources into income, assets(financial assets, real assets, net assets), and consumption expenditure, and examine the effect of each financial resource on happiness by overall consumers and by age groups. In addition, the research detects a satiation point of happiness, where each financial resource no longer has significant positive impacts on happiness. To this end, the research conducted OLS regression, nonlinear regression using data from the Korea Welfare Panel from 2017 to 2019. The chow test and two-way ANOVA were conducted as wel, to examine the difference by age group. The research results are as follows: First, happiness has significant positive relationship with each financial resource; income, financial assets, real assets, net assets, and consumption expenditure. Satiation points were detected for each economic resource; As of 2019 data, the satiation point was c.a. KRW 140 million in income(annual term), KRW 450 million in financial assets, KRW 3 billion in real assets, KRW 2.7 billion in net assets and KRW 9.5million in consumption expenditure(monthly term). When expressed as a ratio of the derived saturation point to the annual average, it corresponds to income 3.2 to 4.2 times, consumption expenditure 3.3 to 3.7 times, financial assets 8.4 to 16.8 times, real assets 10.1 to 16.1 times, and net assets 5.5 to 9.8 times. Converting to a ratio to the mean of the corresponding year, income was 3.2 to 4.2 times, consumption expenditure 3.3 to 3.7 times, financial assets 8.4 to 16.8 times, real assets 10.1 to 16.1 times, and net assets 5.5 to 9.8 times. There were differences in the effect of economic resources on happiness by age group. Income differed in influence in the order of those aged 40s > 50s > 60s or more > 20s and 30s. Financial assets had a lower effect on happiness in those in their 20s and 30s than in other age groups. Real assets and net assets had the highest impact in those in their 50s, and the lowest in those in their 20s and 30s. Consumer spending had a lower effect on happiness in their 20s and 30s than other age groups. Overall, the effects of economic resources on happiness in their 20s and 30s were lower than in other age groups. Comparing the relative influence of each financial resource. it was found that income > financial assets > real assets for all consumers. When consumption expenditure is input instead of income, consumption expenditure > financial assets > real assets are shown in the order. That means flow-type financial resources such as income and consumption expenditure have a higher relative effect on happiness compared to stock-type resources such as financial assets and real assets. The relative influence of financial resources on happiness differed by age group. Those in their 20s and 30s appeared in the order of income > financial assets. Real assets were not significant. When consumption expenditure instead of income was invested, only financial assets were found to be significant. In their 40s, income>financial assets were shown in the order, and if consumption expenditure was input instead of income, financial assets>consumption expenditure appeared in the order. Real assets were not significant. People in their 50s appeared in the order of income > financial assets > real assets, and when consumption expenditures were put in instead of income, they had an effect on happiness in the order of financial assets > consumption expenditures > real assets. For those in their 60s or older, income > financial assets > real assets, as in those in their 50s, financial assets > consumption expenditure > real assets when consumption expenditure is input. The effect of real assets was significant from the 50s, indicating that the effect of real asset accumulation on happiness is increasing from these age groups. The conclusions and implications drawn from the analysis results are as follows. First, there is a satiation point of happiness with respect to income, financial assets, net assets of real assets, and consumption expenditure. However, the saturation point is a very high level corresponding to the top 1-2% of each economic resource. Therefore, the increase in resources has the effect of enhancing happiness, except for some consumers with very high levels of economic resources. Second, speaking of money and happiness at the individual consumer level, it is necessary to consider financial resources from various perspectives as well as income. Income is the most influential and important financial resource for happiness, but it is hard to conclude that you are happy if you have a lot of 'money'. The conclusion drawn from this study is that not only satisfying current needs but also preparing for the future are important factors in happiness, and satisfying these needs through financial resources has a significant impact on happiness. Third, the influence of economic resources on happiness differs by age group, and it seems various characteristics that each age group has influence the results. Overall, those in their 20s and 30s showed a high level of happiness, a low effect of financial resources on happiness, and a low satiation point of economic resources for happiness. This might result from the reason that the 20s and 30s have relatively few needs to spend in their life cycle, but the available financial resources and the burden of using them are small. In addition, it was found that financial assets prepared for the future had a stronger effect on happiness than consumption expenditures in this age group. It is different from previous research results that show that the materialism and consumption tendencies of younger age groups such as the MZ generation and the eco- generation are strong. This may be partly because the analysis target of this study was limited to the household heads, but it also indicates that housing ownership is still an important issue for all generations of Korean consumers. In their 40s and 50s, economic resources have a high impact on happiness. life cycle phase. In these age groups, needs to be satisfied rise to peak such as education fees retirement funding. People in their 50s differ from those in their 40s in that the absolute and relative influence of real assets increases. This may be because retirement is imminent in 50s in their life cycle, and it is a time when the life cycle of assets enters a stable period. It can be predicted that those in their 60s or older will have less demand for essential expenditures, and the impact of financial resources on happiness will be relatively low compared to those in their 40s and 50s. However, the effect of financial resources on happiness was not significantly different from those in their 40s and 50s, and the satiation points of financial resources on happiness were also high. This may result from consumers' habit of maintaining previously established standards of living. In addition, it may resflect the characteristics of a new generation that actively pursues self-realization, rather than the passive elderly people in their 60s or older.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ œ๊ธฐ 1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์  ๋ฐ ์˜์˜ 4 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 6 ์ œ 1์ ˆ. ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋…ผ์˜ 6 1. ํ–‰๋ณต์˜ ์ •์˜ 6 2. ํ–‰๋ณต์˜ ์ธก์ • 13 ์ œ 2์ ˆ ๋ˆ๊ณผ ํ–‰๋ณต์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 22 1. ๋ˆ๊ณผ ํ–‰๋ณต์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์˜ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋…ผ์˜ 22 2. ๋ˆ๊ณผ ํ–‰๋ณต์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์˜ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋…ผ์˜ 28 3. ํฌํ™”์ ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜ 37 ์ œ 3์ ˆ ํ–‰๋ณต์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ž์› ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 41 1. ์†Œ๋“ 43 2. ์ž์‚ฐ 50 3. ์†Œ๋น„์ง€์ถœ 57 4. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 63 ์ œ 4์ ˆ ์—ฐ๋ น๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ž์›๊ณผ ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 65 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 75 ์ œ 1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ 78 ์ œ 2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ 78 1. ๋ถ„์„์ž๋ฃŒ 78 2. ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 79 3. ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 86 4. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํŠน์„ฑ 96 5. ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ„ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ๋‹ค์ค‘๊ณต์„ ์„ฑ 102 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 104 ์ œ 1์ ˆ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ž์›์ด ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 104 1. ์†Œ๋“์ด ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 104 2. ๊ธˆ์œต์ž์‚ฐ์ด ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 110 3. ์‹ค๋ฌผ์ž์‚ฐ์ด ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 114 4. ์ˆœ์ž์‚ฐ์ด ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 117 5. ์†Œ๋น„์ง€์ถœ์ด ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 120 ์ œ 2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๋ น๋Œ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ž์›๊ณผ ํ–‰๋ณต์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 124 1. ์—ฐ๋ น๋Œ€๋ณ„ ์†Œ๋“์ด ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 126 2. ์—ฐ๋ น๋Œ€๋ณ„ ๊ธˆ์œต์ž์‚ฐ์ด ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 133 3. ์—ฐ๋ น๋Œ€๋ณ„ ์‹ค๋ฌผ์ž์‚ฐ์ด ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 140 4. ์—ฐ๋ น๋Œ€๋ณ„ ์ˆœ์ž์‚ฐ์ด ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 147 5. ์—ฐ๋ น๋Œ€๋ณ„ ์†Œ๋น„์ง€์ถœ์ด ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 153 ์ œ 3์ ˆ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ž์›์ด ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€์  ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ ๋ถ„์„ 159 ์ œ 4์ ˆ ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 172 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  176 ์ œ 1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์š”์•ฝ 176 ์ œ 2์ ˆ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  179 ์ œ 3์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜์™€ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 185 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 188 Abstract 208๋ฐ•

    ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ผ๊ฐ„์ง€์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์•ˆ๊ณผ ์งˆํ™˜๊ด€๋ จ ๋ณด๋„์˜ ์ ์ ˆ์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„ : ํ™ฉ๋ฐ˜๋ณ€์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋…น๋‚ด์žฅ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ๋ณด๊ฑด๋Œ€ํ•™์›/์„์‚ฌ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์•ˆ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋งŒ์„ฑ ํ‡ดํ–‰์„ฑ ์งˆํ™˜์ด์ž ๋น„๊ฐ€์—ญ์  ์‹ค๋ช…์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ตœ๊ทผ ์–ธ๋ก  ๋งค์ฒด์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ณด๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™ฉ๋ฐ˜๋ณ€์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋…น๋‚ด์žฅ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๋‹น ๋ณด๋„์˜ ์ ์ ˆ์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋ฐœํ–‰๋˜๋Š” 12๊ฐœ ์ „๊ตญ ๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ์ข…ํ•ฉ ์ผ๊ฐ„์ง€์— 2005๋…„ 1์›” 1์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2014๋…„ 12์›” 31์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฒŒ์žฌ๋œ ํ™ฉ๋ฐ˜๋ณ€์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋…น๋‚ด์žฅ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์•ˆ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ „๊ณตํ•œ 2์ธ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›์— ์˜ํ•ด ์˜ํ•™์  ํŒ๋‹จ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋‹ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ๋ณ„๋œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 243๊ฐœ, 224๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ๋ณด๋„์˜ ์ ์ ˆ์„ฑ์„ ์˜ํ•™์  ๊ฑด์ „์„ฑ, ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์ •๋ณด์˜ ๋ˆ„๋ฝ, ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ณผ์žฅ์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ถ„์„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ฒซ์งธ, ์˜ํ•™์  ๊ฑด์ „์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€์—์„œ ์ „์ฒด 467๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ์ค‘ 366๊ฐœ(78.4%)๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์˜ํ•™์  ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ , 55๊ฐœ(11.8%)์˜ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ๋งŒ ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ๋น„์ค‘ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ๋ถ€ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‘ ์งˆํ™˜์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ณผํ•™ ๋ฐ ์˜ํ•™ ๋ฉด์— ๊ฒŒ์žฌ๋œ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฉด์˜ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์˜ํ•™์  ๊ฑด์ „์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ , ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ์ž‘์„ฑ์ž๋‚˜ ๋‰ด์Šค์›์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ ์ ˆ์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‘ ์งˆํ™˜ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ์˜ํ•™์ „๋ฌธ๊ธฐ์ž๋‚˜ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ธ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ž‘์„ฑ๋œ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์™€ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ ๋‰ด์Šค์›์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์„ฑ๋œ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์˜ํ•™์  ๊ฑด์ „์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์ •๋ณด์˜ ๋ˆ„๋ฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „์ฒด 467๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ์ค‘ 179๊ฐœ(38.3%)์˜ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์ •๋ณด์˜ ๋ˆ„๋ฝ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ๋ถ€์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํ™ฉ๋ฐ˜๋ณ€์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฉด์— ๊ฒŒ์žฌ๋œ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ 66.7%๋กœ ๊ณผํ•™ ๋ฐ ์˜ํ•™ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์˜ 32.3%์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„๋ฝ๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ž‘์„ฑ์ž์™€ ๋‰ด์Šค์›์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‘ ์งˆํ™˜ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ์˜ํ•™์ „๋ฌธ๊ธฐ์ž๋‚˜ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ธ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ž‘์„ฑ๋œ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ, ๋‰ด์Šค์›์ด ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ณ„์˜€๋˜ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์ •๋ณด์˜ ๋ˆ„๋ฝ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜ ๊ณผ์žฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „์ฒด 467๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ์ค‘ 91๊ฐœ(19.5%)์˜ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๊ณผ์žฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ๋ถ€ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‘ ์งˆํ™˜ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ธฐํš, ๋‰ด์Šค, ์นผ๋Ÿผ์ด ๊ธฐํƒ€๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋œ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ณผ์žฅ์ด ์ ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ์žฌ ๋ฉด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™ ๋ฐ ์˜ํ•™ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ๊ณผ์žฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ž‘์„ฑ์ž์™€ ๋‰ด์Šค์›์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‘ ์งˆํ™˜ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ์˜ํ•™์ „๋ฌธ๊ธฐ์ž๋‚˜ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ธ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ž‘์„ฑ๋œ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ, ๋‰ด์Šค์›์ด ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ณ„์˜€๋˜ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ณผ์žฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ ์ ˆ์„ฑ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์š”์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ณ„ ๋‰ด์Šค์›์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์„ฑ๋œ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋น„์˜๋ฃŒ๊ณ„ ๋‰ด์Šค์›์ด๋‚˜ ๋‰ด์Šค์› ์—†์ด ์ž‘์„ฑ๋œ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋†’์€ ์ ์ ˆ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์–ธ๋ก  ๋งค์ฒด์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜ํ•™ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ ํ–ฅ์ƒ ๋ฐ ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์ •๋ณด์˜ ๋ˆ„๋ฝ ๋ฐฉ์ง€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ „๋ฌธ ์ง€์‹์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ์ง‘๋‹จ๊ณผ์˜ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•œ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋‚˜ ๊ณผ์žฅ๋œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™๋ณด์„ฑ ๊ธ€์ด ๋ณด๋„ ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋ฐฐํฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๋Š” ์ ˆ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์š”๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค.ope

    The Funeral Ritual of Munhyo seja(ๆ–‡ๅญไธ–ๅญ), the Crown prince of King Jeongjo during King Jeongjo's reign, and its Character

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    ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ •์กฐ์˜ ์ฒซ์งธ ์•„๋“ค ๋ฌธํšจ์„ธ์ž์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ์„ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์™•์„ธ์ž์˜ ์ƒ์žฅ๋ก€์˜ ์ ˆ์ฐจ์™€ ๊ทธ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ์ž์˜ ์˜ˆ์žฅ ์ ˆ์ฐจ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ทœ์ •์ด ์กฐ์„  ์ค‘๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋งˆ๋ จ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 1752๋…„โ€ค1758๋…„์— ํŽธ์ฐฌ๋œ ๊ตญ์กฐ์ƒ๋ก€๋ณดํŽธ ์— ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ฑ๋ก๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์กฐ์„  ์™•์‹ค์˜ ์ƒ์žฅ๋ก€๋Š” 1758๋…„๋ณธ ๊ตญ์กฐ์ƒ๋ก€๋ณดํŽธ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์น˜๋Ÿฌ์กŒ๊ณ , ์ด ์ „๋ก€์„œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์น˜๋ฅธ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์†Œ์ƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฌธํšจ์„ธ์ž์˜ ์˜ˆ์žฅ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฌธ ํšจ์„ธ์ž์˜ ์ƒ์žฅ ์˜๋ก€๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ตญ์กฐ์ƒ๋ก€๋ณดํŽธ ์—๋งŒ ์ „์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜์กดํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๊ทœ์ •์€ ๊ตญ์กฐ์ƒ๋ก€๋ณดํŽธ ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋˜ ์‹ค์ œ ํ–‰๋ก€ํ•  ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ์˜์กฐ์˜ ๋ง์•„๋“ค ํšจ์žฅ์„ธ์ž์˜ ์˜ˆ์žฅ์„ ์ „๋ก€๋กœ ์‚ผ์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฌธํšจ์„ธ์ž๋Š” 1786๋…„ 5์›” 11์ผ์— ํ›™์„œํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์œค7์›” 19์ผ์— ํšจ์ฐฝ๋ฌ˜์— ๊ฐ€์„œ ์žฅ๋ก€๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ €๋‹ค. ์œค๋‹ฌ์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ํ›™์„œํ•œ ์ง€ 3์›”๋งŒ์— ์žฅ๋ก€๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ €๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ์ œ๋Š” ์˜ค์šฐ์ œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง€๋‚ด๊ณ , ๅ–ช ๆœŸ๋Š” ์‚ผ๋…„์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ธฐ๋…„์ด์—ˆ๊ธฐ์— ์†Œ์ƒ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž์ตœ๊ธฐ๋…„๋ณต์„ ์ž…์—ˆ๋˜ ์ •์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋ณต์„ ๋ฒ—์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ œ, ๋‹ด์ œ๋ฅผ ์ฐจ๋ก€๋กœ ์ง€๋ƒˆ๊ณ , ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐํ–‰๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ž…๋ฌ˜ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋Š” ๋‹ด์ œ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚ด๋Š” ๋‚  ๊ฑฐํ–‰๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌธํฌ๋ฌ˜์˜ ๊ฑด๋ฆฝ์ด ์ง€์—ฐ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฏธ๋ค„์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธํšจ์„ธ์ž ๋ณด๋‹ค 4๋‹ฌ ๋’ค์— ์กธํ•œ ์ƒ๋ชจ ์˜ ๋นˆ์„ฑ์”จ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋‹น๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณต์—ญ์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์™„๊ณต์ด ๋ฏธ๋ค„์ง€๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด 1789๋…„์— ๊ฐ€์„œ์•ผ ๋ฌธํฌ๋ฌ˜์— ๋ด‰์•ˆ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ์ž์˜ ์˜ˆ์žฅ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์˜์ ˆ ๋‹ด๋‹น์ž์˜ ์ง์œ„, ์†Œ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผํ’ˆ์ˆ˜, ๋™์›๋˜๋Š” ์ธ์›์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ ์˜์ ˆ์„ ๊ฑฐํ–‰ํ•  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๊ตญ์™•์˜ ๊ตญ์žฅ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ•œ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰ ๋‚ฎ์ถ˜ ์ฑ„ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ ํ–‰๋ก€ํ•  ๋•Œ ํšจ์žฅ์„ธ์ž์˜ ์˜ˆ์žฅ์„ ์ „๋ก€๋กœ ์‚ผ์•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ •์กฐ๋Š” ์ฐธ์ตœ์‚ผ๋…„์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ž์ตœ๊ธฐ๋…„์˜ ์ƒ๋ณต์„ ์ž…๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋…„์œผ๋กœ ์•„๋“ค์˜ ์žฅ๋ก€๋ฅผ ์น˜ ๋ €๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ˜„์ข…๋Œ€ ๋ณต์ œ ์˜ˆ์†ก์ด ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฌํŒŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์ƒ์žฅ๋ก€๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ฅด๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฌธํšจ์„ธ์ž์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ๊ณ  ์—ญ์ ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ณต๋ชจ, ๋…์‚ด์„ค์˜ ์ œ๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ ์ •์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋  ๋งŒํ•œ ์ผ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ •์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€๋ จ ์˜ํ˜น์„ ์ผ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜ํ˜น์˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ์„ ๋ง‰๊ณ ์ž ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ์ •์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ์—†์ด ์กฐ์šฉํžˆ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๋ฌธํšจ์„ธ์ž์˜ ์ƒ์žฅ๋ก€๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ „์ฒด ๋…ผ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ „๊ฐœํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทธ ํŠน์ง•์ด ๋šœ๋ ทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š ์€ ์ธก๋ฉด์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธ์ž์˜ ์˜ˆ์žฅ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ทธ ํŠน์ง•์ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฌธํšจ์„ธ์ž ์˜ˆ์žฅ์˜ ์ „๋ก€๊ฐ€ ๋œ ํšจ์žฅ์„ธ์ž์˜ ์ƒ์žฅ๋ก€ ๋ฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธ์ž์˜ ์ƒ์žฅ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์กฐ์„ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์„ธ์ž ์ƒ์žฅ๋ก€์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ์งš์–ด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ณผ์ œ๋กœ ์‚ผ๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค.์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ 2011๋…„ ์ •๋ถ€(๊ต์œก๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ถ€)์˜ ์žฌ์›์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๊ตญ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์žฌ๋‹จ์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž„(NRF-2011-327-A00032

    Hybrid Graph Ordering Technique in the Single Machine Based Graph Processing System

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2019. 2. ๋ฌธ๋ด‰๊ธฐ.์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ช‡ ๋…„๊ฐ„ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์†Œ์…œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์™€ ์›น ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋‚ ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ ํ”„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํฐ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ๋…ธ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋งŽ์€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋น„์šฉ ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๋ฐ”ํ‹€๋„ฅ ๋ฌธ์ œ, ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ๊ตฌํ˜„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–ด๋ ค์›€ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋‹จ์ผ ๋จธ์‹  ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„ ์—”์ง„๋“ค์ด ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์„ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์ผ ๋จธ์‹  ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ ํ•ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋””์Šคํฌ์— ์ €์žฅํ•ด๋‘๊ณ  ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๋Š” out of core ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ๊ณ„์ธต ๊ฐ„ ์†๋„ ์ฐจ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๋“ค์€ ์ €๋งˆ๋‹ค์˜ ๋…์ฐฝ์ ์ธ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์ž๋ฃŒ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๊ณผ ์ ์€ I/O ๋น„์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ๋‹จ์ผ ๋จธ์‹  ์—”์ง„์˜ ๋‹จ์ ์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ทธ ๋ž˜ํ”„์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ํŠน์ง•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„ ์ •๋ ฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์€ ์ž…๋ ฅ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์— ์ „ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž์ฃผ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋“ค์ด ๋””์Šคํฌ ์ƒ์—์„œ ์ธ์ ‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ €์žฅ๋˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ์ „ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„ ์—”์ง„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ˜• ์—†์ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์žฅ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„ ์—”์ง„์˜ ํŠน์ง•๊ณผ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜ ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„ ์ •๋ ฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋“ค์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•œ ํ›„, ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋“ค์˜ ๋‹จ์ ์„ ๋ณด์™„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ—ˆ๋ธŒ ์ •์ ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ฐ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„ ์ •๋ ฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ธ Horder๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ˆ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด Horder๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ ๋Šฅ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๊ณผ I/O ๋น„์šฉ ์ ˆ๊ฐ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„ ์ •๋ ฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋“ค์„ ์œ  ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜์˜€์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.For recent years as the demand for effectively processing social network data and web graphs increases, there are many studies in this area. To process the huge real world graphs, various distributed graph processing frameworks which utilize multiple machines have been proposed. However, because of cost issues about organizing the distributed environment, network bottleneck issues, and the difficulty of implementing the distributed algorithms, single machine based graph processing systems have been considered an attractive research topic. As single machine based graph engines store the data in the disk storage and access them, the speed gap between the memory hierarchy has been considered important issues. Recently, to deal with this problem, graph ordering technique which utilizes the characteristics of graph topology has been studied. This technique makes frequently accessed data to be stored adjacently by pre-processing the input graph data. In this paper we analyze the characteristics of single machine graph engine and topological properties of graph data and compare the various graph ordering techniques. And, we propose the hybrid graph ordering technique, Horder, which considers both properties of hub nodes and the graph topology. Our evaluation shows that Horder provides the improved performance and I/O cost efficiency compared to other ordering techniques.์š”์•ฝ i ๋ชฉ์ฐจ ii ํ‘œ ๋ชฉ์ฐจ iv ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ๋ชฉ์ฐจ v ์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  ..................................................................... 1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ .................................................................. 1 1.2 ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ............................................................... 3 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ............................................................... 4 2.1 ์ง€์—ญ์„ฑ ........................................................................ 4 2.2 ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ......................................................... 5 2.2.1 PageRank ............................................................ 6 2.2.2 Weakly Connected Component .............................. 6 2.2.3 K-Core Decomposition .......................................... 7 2.2.4 Breadth First Search ............................................. 8 2.3 ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ............................................................ 8 2.4 ๋‹จ์ผ ๋จธ์‹  ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„ ์—”์ง„ ....................................... 10 2.4.1 GraphChi ............................................................ 10 2.4.2 FlashGraph ......................................................... 11 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„ ์ •๋ ฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•................................................... 12 3.1 Gorder ..................................................................... 13 3.2 BFS Ordering ............................................................ 13 3.3 Hub Cluster Ordering ................................................ 14 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„ ์ •๋ ฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ................................. 16 4.1 ๋™๊ธฐ ........................................................................ 16 4.2 Horder ..................................................................... 17 4.2.1 ํ—ˆ๋ธŒ ์ •์ ์˜ ์ง€์—ญ์„ฑ ............................................. 17 4.2.2 ์ด์›ƒ-์ž๋งค ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ์ง€์—ญ์„ฑ ....................................... 18 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ................................................ 20 5.1 ์‹คํ—˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ............................................................... 20 5.2 ์ „ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ............................................................ 21 5.3 ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„ ์ •๋ ฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋ณ„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋น„๊ต ........................... 22 5.4 I/O ๋น„์šฉ .................................................................. 27 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ..................................................................... 28 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ ........................................................................... 29 Abstract ........................................................................... 32Maste

    ๋ถ„์ž๊ฐ„ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ lattice boltzmann method์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ์ฑ„๋„ ์œ ๋™ ํ•ด์„

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    Thesis (master`s)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ธฐ๊ณ„ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€,2002.Maste

    R. Schumannใ€Œํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ ์†Œ๋‚˜ํƒ€ 1 ๋ฒˆ Op. 11ใ€์˜ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์Œ์•…๊ณผ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ์ „๊ณต, 2016. 8. Ian Richard Hobson.๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ์„์‚ฌ๊ณผ์ • ์กธ์—… ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ, ์Šˆ๋งŒ (Robert Schumann, 1810โˆผ1856)์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์†Œ๋‚˜ํƒ€ Op. 11 ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์†Œ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋Š” ์Šˆ๋งŒ์˜ ์ด์ „ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์„  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ๋งค์šฐ ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐฉ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์Šค์ผ€์ผ์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•„์ž๋Š” ์‹œ๊ธฐ์  ํŠน์ง•, ์Šˆ๋งŒ์˜ ์ž์•„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์Šˆ๋งŒ์˜ ์ž‘๊ณก๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ๋“ฑ์„ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ณก์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹์„ ๋„“ํžˆ๊ณ , ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ ์•…์žฅ๋ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ํŠน์ง•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ œ 1์•…์žฅ์€ ๋„์ž…๋ถ€, ์ œ์‹œ๋ถ€, ๋ฐœ์ „๋ถ€, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žฌํ˜„๋ถ€๋กœ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋„์ž…๋ถ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” 5๋„, 7๋„, 9๋„์˜ ๋ฉœ๋กœ๋””์™€ ๋‚ด์„ฑ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ถˆํ˜‘ํ™”์Œ-ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆํ‹ฑํ•œ ์ง„ํ–‰์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ, ๋„์ž…๋ถ€ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ œ 2์•…์žฅ์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ์„ ์œจ์€ ๋‘ ์•…์žฅ๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ œ์‹œ๋ถ€๋Š” ์งง์€ ๋™๊ธฐ์™€ ํŒจํ„ด์ ์ธ ์›€์ง์ž„, ๊ทธ๋กœ์ธํ•œ ์ฃผ์ œ์™€ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ˜ผ๋ˆ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ „๋ถ€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ด๋–ค ์†Œ๋‚˜ํƒ€์—์„œ๋„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ํ™•์žฅ๋œ ๊ธธ์ด๋กœ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์ธ ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ์–ด๋ ต๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์žฌํ˜„๋ถ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•์กฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋‹จ์ถ•๋œ ์žฌํ˜„์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‹จ์ถ•์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํŠน์ง•์€ ์Šˆ๋งŒ์ด ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋„ ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ๊ณ„ํš์•ˆ์—์„œ ์ž‘๊ณกํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ œ 2์•…์žฅ์˜ ์•„๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” 1828๋…„ ์Šˆ๋งŒ์ด ์ž‘๊ณกํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฐ€๊ณก ใ€Š์•ˆ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒใ€‹๋ฅผ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ๊ณก์œผ๋กœ ํŽธ๊ณกํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์Šˆ๋งŒ์€ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์ž‘๊ณก๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ๋”์šฑ ํ’์„ฑํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ƒˆ๊ณ , ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด ์ฃผ์ œ ์„ ์œจ์€ ํด๋ผ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ ํ˜‘์ฃผ๊ณก Op. 7์˜ ์ œ 2์•…์žฅ์—์„œ ์ธ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ 3์•…์žฅ์€ ์Šค์ผ€๋ฅด์ดˆ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์Šค์ผ€๋ฅด์ดˆ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ trio ๋Œ€์‹  intermezzo๊ฐ€ ํ‘œ๊ธฐ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๊ณ  ABACA์˜ ๋ก ๋„ํ˜•์‹์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ํ•œ ์Šคํฌ๋ฅด์ž”๋„์™€ ๋Š์ž„์—†๋Š” ์‹ฑ์ฝ”ํŽ˜์ด์…˜์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋ฐ•์ž๊ฐ ์ƒ์‹ค, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ ˆ์น˜ํƒ€ํ‹ฐ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์—ฐ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์นด๋ด์ž๋กœ ํŒํƒ€์ง€์ ์ธ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ œ 4์•…์žฅ์€ ๋งˆ์น˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์ฃผ์ œ๋“ค์ด ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฏ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ํ•„์ž๋Š” ์Šˆ๋งŒ์˜ ์†Œ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋˜ ํ•™์ž, ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค ๋กœ์ฆˆ๋„ˆ์˜ ๋ณ‘ํ–‰ํ˜•์‹์„ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ธธ๊ณ  ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ฃผ์ œ๋“ค์„ ์„ธ๋ถ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์†Œ๋‚˜ํƒ€ Op. 11์„ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ ‘ํ•˜๋Š” ํ”ผ์•„๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ๋“ค์€ ์ด ๊ณก์˜ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๊นŠ์ด์™€ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด, ๊ณก์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋งŽ์€ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์„ ๊ฒช๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•„์ž๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์–ด๋ ค์›€๋“ค์ด ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์ด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์˜ ์Œ์•…์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ํ๋ ค๋†“๊ณ , ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ์Šˆ๋งŒ์˜ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ ์Œ์•… ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ•ด์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์†Œ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ฅผ ์ ‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์Œ์•…๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์Œ์•…์— ๋‹ด๊ธด ์Šˆ๋งŒ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋“ค์„ ๋” ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ๋Š๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฆ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž€๋‹ค.I. ์„œ๋ก  6 II. ๋ณธ๋ก  8 1. ์Šˆ๋งŒ์˜ Op. 11 8 2. ์•…์žฅ๋ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 10 ์ œ 1์•…์žฅ 10 ์ œ 2์•…์žฅ 33 ์ œ 3์•…์žฅ 39 ์ œ 4์•…์žฅ 44 III. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  55 IV. ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ 56 ABSTRACT 58Maste
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