137 research outputs found
The Use of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory in Comprehensive Rehabilitative Treatment of Low Back Pain
์ํ๊ณผ/์์ฌ[์๋ฌธ]
[ํ๊ธ]
๋ค๋ฉด์ ์ธ์ฑ๊ฒ์ฌ(MMPI;Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory)๋ ์ํต์ด ๊ฐ๋
๋ณตํฉ์ฑ์ค ์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์์ธ์ ๋ํ ํ๊ฐ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์์ ์๊ฒฌ๊ณผ ์์ฃผ ๋น๊ต ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋์ด ์๋ค
.
์ ์๋ ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ๊ธฐ์ง์ ์ํต์ผ๋ก ์
์ํ 79๋ช
์ ํ์์ ์ ์ ๋์กฐ๊ตฐ 35๋ช
์ ๋์์ผ
๋ก ๋ค๋ฉด์ ์ธ์ฑ๊ฒ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ค์ํ์ฌ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ฌํ๊ณ ํ์๊ตฐ์ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ํน์ฑ, ์
์ ์๊ฒฌ ๋ฐ
์น๋ฃ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ๋น๊ต ๊ฒํ ํ ๋ฐ ์ฃผ์ํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค.
1. ์ํต ํ์๊ตฐ์ ๋ค๋ฉด์ ์ธ์ฑ๊ฒ์ฌ ์ฒ๋์ค ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ฆ ์ฒ๋, ์ฐ์ธ์ฆ ์ฒ๋ ๋ฐ ํ์คํ
๋ฆฌ ์ฒ๋
์ ํ๊ท T-์ ์๊ฐ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 59.7์ , 55.9์ ๋ฐ 59.6์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ ๋์กฐ๊ตฐ์ ๋นํ์ฌ ์ ์ํ๊ฒ ๋
์ ์ ์๋ฅผ ๋ํ๋๋ค(P<0.01).
2. ๋ณ๋ ฅ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ด 6๊ฐ์ ์ด์์ธ ๋ง์ฑ ํ์์ ๋ค๋ฉด์ ์ธ์ฑ๊ฒ์ฌ ์ฒ๋์ค์์ ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ฆ ์ฒ๋,
์ฐ์ธ์ฆ ์ฒ๋ ๋ฐ ํ์คํ
๋ฆฌ ์ฒ๋์ ํ๊ท T-์ ์๊ฐ ๊ธ์ฑ ํ์์ ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ๋นํ์ฌ ํ์์ ๊ทธ๊ฒ
์ ๋นํ์ฌ ์ ์ํ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค(P<0.01)
3. ํด์ ๋น์ ์น๋ฃ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด 59๋ก(74.7%)์์ ๋ง์กฑํ ๋งํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ ๊ฒ์ ๋น๋กฏํ
์ฌ ์ ์ฒด์ 95%์์ ์ฆ์ธ์ ํธ์ ์ ๋ณด์๋๋ฐ, ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ฆ ์ฒ๋, ์ฐ์ธ์ฆ ์ฒ๋ ๋ฐ ํ์คํ
๋ฆฌ ์ฒ๋
์ ํ๊ท T-์ ์๋ ์น๋ฃ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์ ์ํ ์๊ด์ฑ์ด ์์๋ค(P<0.01).
4. ํ๊ท ์
์๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ 23.6์ผ์ด์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฆ 3์ฃผ์ง์ T-์ ์์ ์
์ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ํ
์๊ด์ฑ์ ์์๋ค.
5. ๋ณด์๊ณผ ๊ด๊ณ๋ 3๋ก๋ ์ ์ฒด ํ์๊ตฐ์ ๋นํ์ฌ ์น๋ฃ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ ์ข์ง ์์๊ณ ์
์ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ๋ ๊ธธ
์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ฆ ์ฒ๋, ์ฐ์ธ์ฆ ์ฒ๋,ํ์คํ
๋ฆฌ ์ฒ๋, ํธ์ง์ฆ ์ฒ๋, ์ ์ ์ ์ฝ์ฆ ์ฒ๋, ์ ์ ๋ถ
์ด์ฆ ์ฒ๋ ๋ฐ ์ฌํ์ ๋ดํฅ์ฑ ์ฒ๋์ T-์ ์๊ฐ ์ ์ํ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค(P<0.01).
์ด์์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ก ๋ณด์ ์ํต์ ํฌ๊ด์ ์ฌํ ์น๋ฃ์ ์์ด์ ๋ค๋ฉด์ ์ธ์ฑ๊ฒ์ฌ๋ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์์ธ
์ ๋ํ ํ๊ฐ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ฉํ ๊ฒ์ฌ๋ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฃ๋๋ค.
The Use of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory in Comprehensive
Rehabilitative Treatment of Low Back Pain
Young Hee Lee
Department of Medica1 Science The Graduate School, Yonsei University
(Directed by Prof. Jung Soon Shin, M.D.)
The MMPI(Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) has been used frequently in
evaluating psychological factors which play an important role in determining the
nature and course of low back pain, and for comparison with clinical findings.
In this study the MMPI was applied to 79 patients who were admitted due to
organic low back pain and 35 control subjects.
Results of the MMPI were analyzed and compared with partient๏ผs general
characteristics, clinical findings and treament results.
The major results are as follows :
1. Mean T-score of hypochondriasis (Hs) scale, depression (D) scale and hysteria
(Hy) scale of MMPI were 59.7, 55.9 and 59.6 respectively, which were significantly
higher than that of control group (p<0.01).
2. For the chronic patients whose symptoms had been present for 6 months or
longer, the mean T-score of hypochondriasis scale, depression scale and hysteria
scale of MMPI were significantly higher than that of the acute patients whose
symptoms had been present for less than 6 months (p<0.01).
3. At the time of discharge, 74.7% of all patients showed favorable results and
95% showed symptomatic improvement. There was significant correlation between
treatment results and each of the hypochondriasis, depression and hysteria scales
of MMPI (p<0.01).
4. The average hospital stay was 23.6 days. There was no significant correlation
between hospital days and the T-scores of the neurotic triad.
5. Characteristics of the 3 litigation cased in the patient group were studied
which revealed generally unfavorable treatment results, longer hospital days and
higher T-scores of hypochondriasis, depression, hysteria, paranoia, psychasthenia,
schizophrenia and social introversion scales.
According to the above results, MMPI is considered as a useful test in evaluating
psychological factors in comprehensive rehabilitative treatment of low back pain.restrictio
(The) relationship between job satisfaction and burnout experience among preceptors in hospital.
๊ฐํธํ๊ต์ก ์ ๊ณต/์์ฌ[ํ๊ธ]
์ต๊ทผ ์๋ฃ์๋น์๋ค์ ๊ถ๋ฆฌ ์์์ด ๊ธ๊ฒฉํ ๊ณ ์กฐ๋๊ณ ์๊ณ ์๋ฃ๋น์ ํจ๊ณผ์ฑ์ ๋ํ ๊ด์ฌ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐํ๋ฉด์ ๋ณ์๋ค์ ์์ฝ๋ถ์
, ์๋ฃ๊ฐ๋ฐฉ, DRG๋์
๋ฑ์ ๋ง์ ์ธ์ ์ธ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์ผ๋ฉฐ ์์กด์ ์ํ ๊ฒฝ์๋ ฅ ํ๋ณด์ ํ์ ๊ธฐ์ธ์ด๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ฒฝ์๋ ฅํ๋ณด์ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์ ์ค ํ๋๋ก ์ธ์ ์์ ๊ด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋๋๋๊ณ ๋ณ์์กฐ์ง์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ง์ ์ ๋ฌธ์ธ๋ ฅ์ ๊ตฌ์ฑํ๊ณ ์๋ ๊ฐํธ์ธ๋ ฅ์ ๋ํ ๊ด์ฌ์ด ๋์์ง์ผ๋ก ๊ฐํธ์ธ๋ ฅ์ ์ฒด๊ณ์ ์ธ ๊ด๋ฆฌ์ ๋๋ถ์ด ๊ต์กํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ด ์๊ตฌ๋์๊ณ ์ด์ ๊ฐํธ๋จ์์์ Preceptor๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ ์ค๋ฌด์์ฃผ์ 1:1 ๊ต์ก๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ํตํด ๋ณด๋ค ์น๋ฐํ ๊ด๊ณ ์์์ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ํ
์ด์
์ ์ํํ๋ ์๋ก์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก Preceptorship์ด ๋์
๋์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ๊ตญ๋ด์ ๋์
๋ ํ ์์ง๊น์ง ๋ง์ ๋ณ์์์ ํ์ฉ๋์ง ๋ชปํ๊ณ ์๊ณ ๋ง์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ค์ด ์ผ๋ถ ์ํ๋ณ์์ ์์ฃผ๋ก ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ฒ์๊ฐ ๊ตญํ๋์ด์๋ค.
๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ Preceptor์ ์ง๋ฌด๋ง์กฑ์ ๋์ ์์ง๊ฒฝํ์ ๋๋ฅผ ํ์
ํ์ฌ ์ด๋ค์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๊ท๋ช
ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ Preceptorship์ ํ๋ฐํ ์ด์๊ณผ ํจ์จ์ ๊ด๋ฆฌ์ ํ์ํ ๊ธฐ์ด์๋ฃ๋ก ํ์ฉํ๊ณ ์ ์๋ํ์๋ค.
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ Preceptor์ ์ง๋ฌด๋ง์กฑ๋์ ์์ง๊ฒฝํ์ ๋๋ฅผ ํ์
ํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ์์ ์ ์กฐ์ฌ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ด๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์ํด 2002๋
3์ 18์ผ๋ถํฐ 4์ 12์ผ๊น์ง Preceptorship์ ์ํํ๋ 6๊ฐ์ ๋ํ๋ณ์์์ Preceptor 112๋ช
์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ์กฐํ๋ ์ค๋ฌธ์ง๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ์์งํ์๋ค.
์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋ ๋๊ตฌ๋ Slavitt(1978)์ ์ง๋ฌด๋ง์กฑ์ธก์ ๋๊ตฌ์ Pines(1981) ๋ฑ์ ์์ง๊ฒฝํ์ธก์ ๋๊ตฌ๋ฅผ Preceptorship์ ๊ดํ ๋ฌธํ๊ณ ์ฐฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ์ํด ์์ ๋ณด์๋ ์ค๋ฌธ์ง๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ์๋ค. ์ง๋ฌด๋ง์กฑ์ธก์ ๋๊ตฌ(Cronbachโs ฮฑ=.8455)๋ ๋ณด์, ์์จ์ฑ, ์
๋ฌด์๊ตฌ, ์กฐ์ง์๊ตฌ, ์ํธ์์ฉ, ์ ๋ฌธ์ง ๋ฑ์ 6๊ฐ ์์ญ, 30๋ฌธํญ์ผ๋ก ์์ง๊ฒฝํ์ธก์ ๋๊ตฌ (Cronbachโs ฮฑ=.9191)๋ ์ ์ฒด์ , ์ ์์ , ์ ์ ์ , 3๊ฐ ์์ญ 21๊ฐ ๋ฌธํญ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑํ์๋ค.
์๋ฃ๋ถ์์ SPSS WIN(Ver10.0)์ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉ์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ํ๊ท ๊ณผ ํ์คํธ์ฐจ, t-test์ ANOVA, Pearsonโs Correlation, ๋จ๊ณ์ ๋ค์คํ๊ท๋ถ์์ผ๋ก ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค.
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์์ฝํ๋ฉด ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค.
1. Preceptor์ ์ง๋ฌด๋ง์กฑ๋๋ ํ๊ท ํ์ 5์ ๋ง์ ์ 3.14์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํ๋ถ์์ญ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์, ์์จ์ฑ, ์
๋ฌด์๊ตฌ, ์ํธ์์ฉ, ์กฐ์ง์๊ตฌ, ์ ๋ฌธ์ง ๋ฑ์ 6๊ฐ ์์ญ์ ์ธก์ ํ์๊ณ ์์จ์ฑ์์ญ์ด 3.66์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋๊ฒ ๋ํ๋ฌ๊ณ ๋ณด์์์ญ์ด 2.69์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ฎ๊ฒ ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค.
Preceptor์ ์์ง๊ฒฝํ์ ๋๋ ํ๊ท ํ์ 5์ ๋ง์ ์ 2.65์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๊ณ ์์ญ๋ณ๋ก๋ ์ ์ฒด์ ํ์ง์ด 2.94์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋๊ณ , ์ ์ ์ ํ์ง์ด 2.44์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฎ์๋ค.
2. ์ผ๋ฐ์ ํน์ฑ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์ง๋ฌด๋ง์กฑ๋์ ์์ง๊ฒฝํ์ ๋์์ ๊ด๊ณ์์๋ ์ด ๊ทผ๋ฌด๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ(F=3.656, P=.029)๊ณผ Preceptor ์ญํ ๋ง์กฑ์ ๋(F=8.471,P=.000), Preceptor ์ญํ ์ง์์์ง(t=3.272,P=.002)๊ฐ ์ง๋ฌด๋ง์กฑ๋์ ์ ์ํ ๊ด๊ณ๊ฐ ์์๊ณ , Preceptor ์ญํ ๋ง์กฑ์ ๋(F=17.629, P=.000), Preceptor ์ญํ ์ง์์์ง(t=-6.137, P=.000), Preceptor ์
๋ฌด๋ (F=5.3, P=.023) ๋ฑ์ด ์์ง๊ฒฝํ์ ๋์ ํต๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ํ ๊ด๊ณ๊ฐ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค.
3. Preceptor์ ์ง๋ฌด๋ง์กฑ๋์ ์์ง๊ฒฝํ์ ๋์์ ์๊ด๊ด๊ณ๋ ํต๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ํ ์ญ ์๊ด๊ด๊ณ(r=-.571, P=.000)๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค.
4. Preceptor์ ์์ง์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ฃผ์ ์์ธก์์ธ ๋ถ์๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ Preceptor์ ์ง๋ฌด๋ง์กฑ๋๊ฐ ์์ง์ ๋ํด 32.7%์ ์ค๋ช
๋ ฅ์ ๋ณด์๊ณ ์ญํ ์ง์์์ง, ์ญํ ๋ง์กฑ์ ๋๋ฅผ ํฌํจ์ํค๋ฉด ์ ์ฒด ์ค๋ช
๋ ฅ์ ์ด 52.0%์ธ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค.
์ด์์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์์ Preceptorship์ ํตํ ์ง์๊ณผ ์ ๊ท๊ฐํธ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ง์ ํ์ฅ๊ต์ก ์ํจ ๊ฒฝํ์ด ๊ฐ์ธ์ ์๊ธฐ์ฑ์ฅ์ ์๊ทนํ๊ณ ์กฐ์ง๊ตฌ์ฑ์์ผ๋ก์์ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ๊ฐ๋ฐ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ์ง๋ง ๋ฐ๋ณต๋๋ ๊ณผ์คํ ์
๋ฌด๋์ ์ฆ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์์ง๊ฒฝํ์ ์ฆ๊ฐ์ํฌ ์ ์์์ ์ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ Preceptor์ ์์ง์ ๊ฐ์์ํค๊ณ ์ง๋ฌด๋ง์กฑ์ ๋์ฌ์ฃผ๋ Preceptor๋ค์ ์
๋ฌด์ํ์ ๋ํ ์ ์ ํ ๋ณด์๊ณผ Preceptor๊ฐ ์์ ์ ์ญํ ์ ์ถฉ์คํ ์ดํํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ์ง์ ์ธ ๊ฐํธ์ ์ ๊ท๊ฐํธ์ฌ ๊ต์ก์ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ํํ ์ ์๋ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ด ํ์ํ๋ค๊ณ ํ๊ฒ ๋ค.
[์๋ฌธ]
The purpose of this study was to describe preceptor''s job satisfaction and the level of burnout experience and to provide the baseline data for the active operation and efficient management of preceptorship.
The sample size for the study was 112 subjects from six university hospitals that have preceptorship. The data were collected using a structured questionnaire from March 18 to April 12. 2002.
The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson''s Correlation, and stepwise multiple regression using SPPS WIN.(Ver.10.0)
The results of the study were as follows.
1. The mean score of preceptor''s job satisfaction was 3.14, with a possible range of 1-5. As for sub domains, autonomy(M= 3.66) had the highest score, and pay (M= 2.69) had the lowest. The mean score of preceptor''s burnout experience level was 2.65, with a possible range of 1-5. As for sub domains, physical exhaustion (M= 2.94) had the highest score, and mental exhaustion (M= 2.44) had the lowest.
2. Job satisfaction of the preceptors was significantly correlated with the length of clinical experience (F=3.656, P=.029), the degree of preceptor''s role satisfaction (F=8.471, P=.000), and preceptor''s willingness for role continuation (t=3.272, P=.002). The burnout experience of preceptors was significantly related with the degree of preceptor''s role satisfaction(F=17.629, P=.000), preceptor''s willingness for role continuation(t=-6.137, P=.000), and preceptor''s the workload(F=5.3,P=.023).
3. Preceptor''s job satisfaction was negatively correlated with the level of burnout experience (r=- .571, P=. 000), which is statistically significant.
4. The stepwise multiple regression indicated that the preceptor''s job satisfaction, preceptor''s the willingness for role continuation and the degree of preceptor''s role satisfaction explained 52% of burnout experience.
In conclusion, the appropriate rewards for preceptors to decrease their burnout and increase job satisfaction will be needed in hospital settings. In addition, a plan for systemic preceptorship training program is needed to provide high quality
nursing education for preceptees(orientees) effectively.ope
Caries experience pattern in permanent teeth in Korea : the significant caries index and caries experience by tooth and surface types in 2000. : 2000๋ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ตฌ๊ฐ๊ฑด๊ฐ
์น์ํ๊ณผ/๋ฐ์ฌ[ํ๊ธ]
ํ๊ตญ์ธ์ ์ฐ๋ น๋ณ ์๊ตฌ์น ์น์์ฐ์์ฆ ์์์ ์์๋ณด๊ณ ์ 2000๋
๋ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ตฌ๊ฐ๊ฑด๊ฐ์คํ์กฐ์ฌ์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ์ฌ ์๊ตฌ์น ์น์์ฐ์์ฆ ์ํ์ ๋ํ ๋ถ์์ ์ํํ์๋ค. ์๊ตฌ์น๊ฐ ๋งน์ถํ๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ ์๊ธฐ์ธ 6์ธ ์ด์๋ง์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋์์ผ๋ก ์ ์ ํ์ฌ ์ฐ๋ น๋ณ DMFT ๋ถํฌ, DMFT index์ SiC index, ์น์ด ๋ด ์น์์ข
๋ฅ๋ณ ์ฐ์์ ๋ณ๋ฅ ๊ณผ ์ 1๋๊ตฌ์น์์ ์น๋ฉด๋ณ ์ฐ์์ฆ ์ํ์ ๋ํด ์กฐ์ฌํ์ฌ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ป์๋ค.1. ์น์์ฐ์์ฆ์ ๋ชจ๋ ์ฐ๋ น์์ ์ ๊ท๋ถํฌํ์ง ์์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ฐ์๋ณ์์ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ฐจ์งํ๋ ์์์ ์ง๋จ, ์ฆ ์น์์ฐ์์ฆ ๊ณ ์ํ๊ตฐ์ด ์กด์ฌํจ์ ํ์ธํ์๊ณ , ์ฐ์์ ๋ณ๋ฅ ์ด ํ์ชฝ์ผ๋ก ์น์ฐ์น ๋ถํฌ ์์(rightly skewed distribution)์ ๋ํ๋ด์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฌํ ํธํฅ์ฑ(skewness)์ ์ฐ๋ น์ด ๋ฎ์์ง์๋ก ๋๋๋ฌ์ก๋ค. 2. 12์ธ ์๋์ DMFT index๋ 2.86, SiC index๋ 6.14๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค..3. SiC index๋ DMFT index๋ณด๋ค ์ฝ 1.4๏ฝ3.0๋ฐฐ ๋์๋ค.4. ์ฑ๋ณ ๋ถ์์์ DMFT index๋ ๋ชจ๋ ์ฐ๋ น์์ ๋จ์๋ณด๋ค ์ฌ์๊ฐ ๋์๊ณ (p<0.01), SiC index๋ 6-8์ธ, 10-13์ธ์์ ๋จ์๋ณด๋ค ์ฌ์๊ฐ ๋์๋ค(p<0.05). 5. ์ง์ญ๋ณ ๋ถ์์์ DMFT index๋ 8์ธ, 14์ธ์์๋ ๋์ด๋ณด๋ค ๋์๊ฐ, 60-69์ธ๋ ๋์๋ณด๋ค ๋์ด์ด ๋์๊ณ , SiC index๋ 6-8์ธ, 14์ธ, 30-49์ธ๋ ๋์๋ณด๋ค ๋์ด์ด ๋์๊ณ , 60์ธ ์ด์์์๋ ๋์ด๋ณด๋ค ๋์๊ฐ ํต๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ํ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค(p<0.05). 6. DMFT index์ SiC index๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ฑ์ฑ๋ถ์ธ ์ฐ์, ์ถฉ์ , ์์ค๋ก ๋๋์ด ๋ถ์ํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 6์ธ์์๋ ์ฐ์์ด, 7์ธ์์ 49์ธ๊น์ง๋ ์ถฉ์ ์ด, 50์ธ ์ดํ๋ก๋ ์์ค์ด ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ฃผ๋ ๊ตฌ์ฑ์์์๋ค.7. ์น์ด ๋ด ์น์์ข
๋ฅ๋ณ ์ฐ์๊ฒฝํ๋ฅ ์ ์ 1๋๊ตฌ์น๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์์
์ 1๋๊ตฌ์น๋ณด๋ค ํ์
์ 1๋๊ตฌ์น๊ฐ ๋ ๋์๋ค.8. ์น๋ฉด๋ณ ์ฐ์๊ฒฝํ ๋ถ์์์ ์์
์ 1๋๊ตฌ์น๋ 6์ธ์์ 49์ธ๊น์ง๋ ๊ตํฉ๋ฉด, ์ค๋ฉด, ๊ทผ์ฌ๋ฉด, ์์ฌ๋ฉด, ํ๋ฉด ์์ผ๋ก 50์ธ ์ดํ๋ก๋ ๊ตํฉ๋ฉด, ๊ทผ์ฌ๋ฉด, ์์ฌ๋ฉด, ์ค๋ฉด, ํ๋ฉด ์์ผ๋ก, ํ์
์ 1๋๊ตฌ์น๋ 6์ธ์์ 29์ธ๊น์ง๋ ๊ตํฉ๋ฉด, ํ๋ฉด, ๊ทผ์ฌ๋ฉด, ์์ฌ๋ฉด, ์ค๋ฉด ์์ผ๋ก 30์ธ ์ดํ๋ก๋ ๊ตํฉ๋ฉด, ํ๋ฉด, ์์ฌ๋ฉด, ๊ทผ์ฌ๋ฉด, ์ค๋ฉด ์์ผ๋ก ์ฐ์ ๋ฐ ์ถฉ์ ์ด ๋ง์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฐ์ ๋ฐ ์ถฉ์ ์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ง์ด ์ดํ๋ ์น๋ฉด์ด ๊ตํฉ๋ฉด์ด์๋ค. 9. ์ 1๋๊ตฌ์น๋ฅผ ์์คํ๊ฒ ๋๋ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ฃผ๋ ์์ธ์ ์ฐ์์ด์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ SiC index๋ ์ฐ์๊ฒฝํ์ ๋ํ๋ด๋ ์๋ก์ด ์ง์๋ก ์ด์ฉ๋ ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์๋ก์ด ์ง์๋ก ์น์์ฐ์์ฆ ๊ณ ์ํ๊ตฐ์ ๋ํ ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ํ๋ณดํ ์ ์์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ ์ฌ๋ฃ๋๋ค. ๋ํ ๊ณต์ค๊ตฌ๊ฐ๋ณด๊ฑด ์ ์ฑ
์ ๊ธฐํํ๊ณ ์คํํจ์ ์์ด ๊ณ ์ํ๊ตฐ ์ง์ค๊ด๋ฆฌ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ์๋ฐฉ ์ ๋ต์ ์ ํ์ด ์๊ตฌ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๊ณ ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ SiC index๊ฐ ์ ์ฉํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋๋ถ์ด SiC index๋ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ๋ณด๊ฑด์ ์ํ ์๋ก์ด ๋ชฉํ ์ค์ ์๋ ์ด์ฉ๋ ์ ์์์ ์์ฌํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
[์๋ฌธ]
A population-based epidemiologic survey about dental caries status of permanent teeth was conducted over 6 years old Korean people who were selected through a random sampling method. The purpose of this study was to assess the current status of caries distribution, the DMFT index, the SiC index, and tooth and surface pattern of dental caries by age. The results are as follows; 1. A detailed analysis of the caries prevelance showed skewed distribution of the disease: at specific age, a subgroup had high or very high DMFT values, while the rest of the population showed low DMFT or were totally caries-free. Therefore, expressing caries prevalence as the mean DMFT value does not correctly reflect the skewed distribution, leaving high caries groups to remain undiscovered in the population. 2. The DMFT index of the 12-year-olds was 2.86 and the Sic index was 6.14. 3. The study showed almost an linear relation between the mean DMFT values and the SiC index. The SiC index increased (decreased) by around 3 DMFT units when the mean DMFT included in this study increased (decreased) by around 2 units. 4. Females experienced more caries than males(p<0.01). The SiC index in females was higher than in males at the age of 6-8 and 10-13 years(p<0.05). 5. The DMFT index in urban areas was higher than in rural areas at the age of 8 and 14 years, and vice versa at the age of 60-69 years. The SiC index in rural areas was higher than in urban areas at the age of 6-8, 14, and 30-49 years, and vice versa at the age over 60 years.6. D(Decayed) was the major component of the DMFT index by 6 years old children in Korea. F(Filled) was the major component of the DMFT index in Korean population aged 7-49 years. M(Missing) was the major component of the DMFT index in Korean population aged over 50 years. 7. Caries prevalence rate of the first permanent teeth was the most highest of all tooth types. Caries prevalence rate of the lower first permanent molar was more higher than the upper first permanent molar.8. Occlusal surfaces were the most common site for caries in first permanent molars. In upper first permanent molars, the order of caries susceptible surface sites was occlusal, palatal, mesial, distal, and buccal surfaces at the age of 6-49 years and the order was occlusal, mesial, distal, palatal, and buccal surfaces at the age over 50 years. In lower first permanent molars, the order of caries susceptible surface sites was occlusal, buccal, mesial, distal, and lingual surfaces at the age of 6-29 years and the order was occlusal, buccal, distal, mesial, and lingual surfaces at the age over 30 years.9. The major reason for missing of first permanent teeth was caries. Based on the results, the caries prevelance shows skewed distribution of the disease and there was a high caries risk group. Caries prevalence rate of the first permanent teeth was the most highest of all tooth types and occlusal surfaces were the most common site for caries in first permanent molars. The newope
Information Superhighway and the Change of production System in U.S.
This study aims to explain how the building of information superhighway has changed the production system of manufacturing industry in U.S. The research questions of this study are as follows.
1) Which programs the private corporations has propelled to strengthen the competitiveness of manufacturing industry related to the information superhighway? And by which policy the government has supported the programs of private corporations?
2) How the information superhighway has changed the production system of manufacturing corporations?
3) How these changes of production system have effected the other aspects of manufacturing industry?
The findings of this study can be summarized as in the following.
1) The diffusion of information technology related to the information superhighway has changed the mode of coordination inside the corporations and between the corporations. Inside the corporations the mode of coordination is changing from human-centered to information technology-centered. In the relation between the corporations arms length transactions have been activated on the basis of telecommunication networks.
2) However, these changes of productions system have adversely effected the other aspects of manufacturing industry. First, these change has decreased the demand of employment and menaced the stability of employees. Second, the character of relation between the corporations is being unequal rather than being open and equal
์งํ๋ฉด ๊ฑฐ์น ๊ธฐ ๊ธธ์ด์ ๋ณํ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ๋๊ธฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ์ธต์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ณํ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(์์ฌ)--์์ธๅคงๅญธๆ ก ๅคงๅญธ้ข :ๅคงๆฐฃ็งๅญธ็ง,1996.Maste
Design and implementation of a flash memory controller for heterogeneous NAND flash memories
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(์์ฌ)--์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ :์ ๊ธฐยท์ปดํจํฐ๊ณตํ๋ถ,2007.Maste
- โฆ