231 research outputs found

    Dupilumab Therapy Improves Stratum Corneum Hydration and Skin Dysbiosis in Patients With Atopic Dermatitis

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    Purpose: We aimed to investigate the effects of dupilumab on 1) the permeability and antimicrobial barrier, 2) the composition of the skin microbiome, and 3) the correlation between changes in skin barrier properties and microbiota in atopic dermatitis (AD) patients. Methods: Ten patients with severe AD were treated with dupilumab for 12 weeks. Disease severity was assessed using the Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI). Skin barrier function was evaluated by measuring transepidermal water loss, stratum corneum (SC) hydration, and pH. The following parameters were analyzed in the pre- and post-treatment SC samples; 1) skin microbiota using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, 2) lipid composition using mass spectrometry, and 3) human Ξ²-defensin 2 (hBD-2) expression using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results: SC hydration levels in the lesional and non-lesional skin increased after 12-week dupilumab therapy (24.2%, P < 0.001 and 59.9%, P < 0.001, respectively, vs. baseline) and correlated with EASI improvement (r = 0.90, P < 0.001 and r = 0.85, P = 0.003, respectively). Dupilumab increased the long-chain ceramide levels in atopic skin (118.4%, P = 0.028 vs. baseline) that correlated with changes in SC hydration (r = 0.81, P = 0.007) and reduced the elevated hBD-2 messenger RNA levels (-15.4%, P = 0.005 vs. baseline) in the lesional skin. Dupilumab decreased the abundance of Staphylococcus aureus. In contrast, the microbial diversity and the abundance of Cutibacterium and Corynebacterium species increased, which were correlated with an increase in SC hydration levels (Shannon diversity, r = 0.71, P = 0.027; Cutibacterium, r = 0.73, P = 0.017; Corynebacterium, r = 0.75, P = 0.012). Increased abundance of Cutibacterium species was also correlated with EASI improvement (r = 0.68, P = 0.032). Conclusions: Th2 blockade-induced normalization of skin microbiome in AD patients is associated with increased SC hydration.ope

    μˆ˜μƒλŒκΈ°κ°€μ‹œ ν˜•νƒœμ™€ ν₯λΆ„μ„± μ‹œλƒ…μŠ€ ν˜•μ„±μ„ μ‘°μ ˆν•˜λŠ” nArgBP2의 역할에 κ΄€ν•œ 연ꡬ

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ(박사)--μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› :μ˜κ³ΌλŒ€ν•™ μ˜κ³Όν•™κ³Ό,2019. 8. μž₯μ„±ν˜Έ.Dendritic spines are small postsynaptic protrusions on a dendrite that receive most of the excitatory synaptic input in the brain. The cytoskeleton of the dendritic spines is predominately composed of actin filaments which form the structural and functional network associating specialized substructures like postsynaptic density (PSD). The morphology of spines is highly variable and dynamically regulated with neuronal activity by actin-regulating proteins in PSD. An increasing number of postsynaptic proteins such as SAPAPs and SHANKs are implicated in different forms of mood disorders such as bipolar disorders, autism spectrum disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorders, and schizophrenia although their underlying mechanisms have not been fully understood. Accumulating evidence from recent studies suggests that the structural remodeling of dendritic spines is critical for synaptic plasticity and the mechanisms regulating actin cytoskeleton may contribute to spine pathology in these neuropsychiatric disorders. nArgBP2 was originally identified as a protein that directly interacts with SAPAP3, and. the previous study found that ArgBP2/nArgBP2 controls the balance between adhesion and motility by coordinating multiple signaling pathways converging on the actin cytoskeleton. A recent study found that genetic deletion of ArgBP2/nArgBP2 (SORBS2) in mice is known to cause behavioral phenotypes resembling human intellectual disability (ID). It has been, however, mostly unknown that how nArgBP2 deficiency leads to phenotypes observed in ID and more importantly, how nArgBP2 functions at postsynapses and its relevance to the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms that might be related to ID. To investigate the roles of nArgBP2 at synapses, based on the results from previous studies, I set up the following research hypotheses in my dissertation. 1) nArgBP2 is one of the key protein that regulates actin cytoskeleton at postsynapses, 2) nArgBP2 regulates the morphological changes of dendritic spines, 3) given that dendritic spines are major sites that receive most of the excitatory synaptic inputs, nArgBP2 controls the formation of excitatory synapses, 4) since excitatory-inhibitory synaptic balance(E/I balance) is the key mechanism that maintains homeostatic functional properties of nervous system, E/I imbalance caused by nArgBP2 deficiency might be the underlying factor associated with synaptic dysfunction observed in ID. I found that the knockdown (KD) of nArgBP2 by specific shRNA resulted in a dramatic change in dendritic spine morphology. The nArgBP2 KD also impaired the formation of excitatory synapses which largely terminated at dendritic shafts instead of dendritic spine heads in spiny neurons. The aberrant formation of excitatory synapses resulted in a reduced mean frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents. I also found that the morphological changes were associated with increased WAVE1/PAK/cofilin phosphorylation, and this effect was rescued by either inhibiting PAK or activating cofilin combined to sequestration of WAVE. Using live-cell imaging technique, I confirmed that a marked increase of actin cytoskeleton dynamics resulted in a significant increase in the motility of dendritic spines in nArgBP2 KD neurons. Surprisingly, nArgBP2 KD did not cause any morphological defect in the mature stage when the dendritic spines were stabilized. I inferred that nArgBP2 may be needed when significant structural remodeling is needed, such as developing stage. To test this idea, I decided to induce chemically-induced Long Term Potentiation (cLTP) in mature neurons. It is known to mimic many features of developing stages, including dramatic remodeling of pre-and postsynaptic structures in mature neurons. The cLTP significantly increased the size of the spine heads of control neurons while remained almost the same in nArgBP2 KD neurons. I also measured the 3D morphological features of dendritic spines under the same conditions and found that cLTP in nArgBP2 KD neurons could not induce normal head enlargement in dendritic spines. These results support my idea that nArgBP2 controls the actin cytoskeleton dynamics also in mature neurons. Together, my research suggests that nArgBP2 functions to regulate the actin cytoskeleton dynamics in dendritic spines. It plays a particularly important role when active structural remodeling is needed, such as spine morphogenesis and subsequent spine-synapse formation in developing stages and during synaptic plasticity in mature stages. The results also raise the possibility that the aberrant regulation of synaptic actin dynamics caused by reduced nArgBP2 expression may contribute to the synaptic excitatory/inhibitory imbalance observed in ID.μˆ˜μƒλŒκΈ°κ°€μ‹œλŠ” λ‡Œμ—μ„œ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ ν₯λΆ„μ„± μ‹œλƒ…μŠ€ μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό λ°›λŠ” μˆ˜μƒλŒκΈ° μƒμ˜ μ‹œλƒ…μŠ€ν›„ νŠΉμ΄κ΅¬μ‘°μ΄λ‹€. μˆ˜μƒλŒκΈ°κ°€μ‹œ κ΅¬μ‘°λŠ” 주둜 μ•‘ν‹΄ ν•„λΌλ©˜νŠΈλ‘œ 이루어져 있으며, μ•‘ν‹΄ κ³¨κ²©κ΅¬μ‘°λŠ” PSD와 같은 특수ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό ν¬ν•¨ν•˜λŠ” ꡬ쑰적 및 κΈ°λŠ₯적 λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬λ₯Ό ν˜•μ„±ν•œλ‹€. μˆ˜μƒλŒκΈ°κ°€μ‹œμ˜ ν˜•νƒœλŠ” 맀우 λ‹€μ–‘ν•˜λ©°, PSD에 μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λŠ” μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ μ•‘ν‹΄ 쑰절 λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆλ“€μ— μ˜ν•΄ μ—­λ™μ μœΌλ‘œ μ‘°μ ˆλœλ‹€. κ·Έ λ°œλ³‘ κΈ°μž‘μ΄ μ™„μ „νžˆ λ°ν˜€μ§€μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μ§€λ§Œ, SAPAP 및 SHANK와 같은 μ‹œλƒ…μŠ€ν›„ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆλ“€μ΄ μ–‘κ·Ήμ„± μž₯μ• , 자폐 μŠ€νŽ™νŠΈλŸΌ μž₯μ• , κ°•λ°•μž₯μ•  및 μ •μ‹  뢄열증과 같은 λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ ν˜•νƒœμ˜ κΈ°λΆ„μž₯애에 κ΄€λ ¨λ˜μ–΄ 있음이 μ•Œλ €μ§€κ³  μžˆλ‹€. 졜근 μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ μˆ˜μƒλŒκΈ°κ°€μ‹œμ˜ ꡬ쑰적 리λͺ¨λΈλ§μ΄ μ‹œλƒ…μŠ€ κ°€μ†Œμ„±μ— μ€‘μš”ν•˜λ©° μ•‘ν‹΄ 골격ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό μ‘°μ ˆν•˜λŠ” λ©”μ»€λ‹ˆμ¦˜μ΄ μ‹ κ²½μ •μ‹ μ§ˆν™˜μ—μ„œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λŠ” μˆ˜μƒλŒκΈ°κ°€μ‹œ 병리에 κΈ°μ—¬ν•  수 μžˆμŒμ„ μ‹œμ‚¬ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. nArgBP2λŠ” ν₯λΆ„μ„± μ‹œλƒ…μŠ€μ˜ ν˜•μ„±κ³Ό κΈ°λŠ₯에 μ€‘μš”ν•œ μ‹œλƒ…μŠ€ν›„ λ°œνŒλ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμΈ SAPAP3와 직접 μƒν˜Έ μž‘μš©ν•˜λŠ” λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆλ‘œ μ•Œλ €μ Έ μžˆλ‹€. 이전 μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ ArgBP2/nArgBP2κ°€ μ•‘ν‹΄ 골격ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό μ‘°μ ˆν•˜λŠ” μ‹ ν˜Έμ „λ‹¬κ²½λ‘œλ₯Ό μ‘°μ •ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨ μ„Έν¬μ˜ λΆ€μ°©κ³Ό μš΄λ™μ„± μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ κ· ν˜•μ„ μ œμ–΄ν•¨μ΄ μ•Œλ €μ‘Œλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ 졜근 연ꡬ에 λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄ μ₯μ—μ„œ ArgBP2/nArgBP2(SORBS2)의 μœ μ „μ  결싀은 μΈκ°„μ˜ 지적 μž₯μ•  (ID)와 μœ μ‚¬ν•œ 행동을 μœ λ°œν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μ•Œλ €μ‘Œλ‹€. ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ nArgBP2의 결핍이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 지적μž₯μ• μ˜ 증상을 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄κ²Œ λ˜λŠ”μ§€, nArgBP2κ°€ μ‹œλƒ…μŠ€μ—μ„œ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μž‘μš©ν•˜μ—¬ 지적μž₯μ• λ₯Ό μœ λ°œν•˜λŠ” 세포 및 λΆ„μžμ  λ©”μ»€λ‹ˆμ¦˜μ— 영ν–₯을 μ£ΌλŠ”μ§€μ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ™„μ „νžˆ μ•Œλ €μ§€μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€. 이전 μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό λ°”νƒ•μœΌλ‘œ μ‹œλƒ…μŠ€μ—μ„œ nArgBP2의 역할을 규λͺ…ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ λ‹€μŒκ³Ό 같이 가섀을 μ„€μ •ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 1)nArgBP2λŠ” μ‹œλƒ…μŠ€ν›„μ„Έν¬μ—μ„œ μ•‘ν‹΄ 골격ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό μ‘°μ ˆν•˜λŠ” μ£Όμš” λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μ΄λ©°, 2) nArgBP2λŠ” μˆ˜μƒλŒκΈ°κ°€μ‹œμ˜ ν˜•νƒœλ³€ν™”λ₯Ό μ‘°μ ˆν•˜κ³ , 3) μˆ˜μƒλŒκΈ°κ°€μ‹œλŠ” λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ ν₯λΆ„μ„± μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό λ°›λŠ” νŠΉμ΄κ΅¬μ‘°μ΄λ―€λ‘œ nArgBP2κ°€ ν₯λΆ„μ„± μ‹œλƒ…μŠ€μ˜ ν˜•μ„±μ„ μ‘°μ ˆν•  것이며, 4) ν₯λΆ„-μ–΅μ œμ„± μ‹œλƒ…μŠ€μ˜ κ· ν˜• (E/I κ· ν˜•)이 μ‹ κ²½κ³„μ˜ 항상성 κΈ°λŠ₯을 μœ μ§€ν•˜λŠ” μ€‘μš”κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—, nArgBP2 κ²°ν•μœΌλ‘œ μΈν•œ E/I λΆˆκ· ν˜•μ΄ 지적μž₯μ• μ—μ„œ κ΄€μ°°λ˜λŠ” μ‹œλƒ…μŠ€ 이상과 κ΄€λ ¨λœ 근본적인 μš”μΈμΌ 수 μžˆλ‹€. RNA 간섭에 μ˜ν•œ nArgBP2의 λ°œν˜„ μ €ν•΄λŠ” μˆ˜μƒλŒκΈ°κ°€μ‹œ ν˜•μ„±μ— 영ν–₯을 μ£Όμ–΄ 정상적인 ν˜•νƒœκ°€ μ•„λ‹Œ ν•„λ‘œν¬λ””μ•„(filopodia)의 ν˜•μ„±μ„ μ¦κ°€μ‹œμΌ°λ‹€. λ˜ν•œ 정상적인 μˆ˜μƒλŒκΈ°κ°€μ‹œ ν˜•μ„±μ˜ 결함은 μ–΅μ œμ„± μ‹œλƒ…μŠ€ ν˜•μ„±μ— 영ν–₯이 μ—†μ—ˆλ˜ 반면, ν₯λΆ„μ„± μ‹œλƒ…μŠ€κ°€ μˆ˜μƒλŒκΈ°κ°€μ‹œ 말단이 μ•„λ‹Œ μˆ˜μƒλŒκΈ° 좕에 ν˜•μ„±λ¨μ„ λ°œκ²¬ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. ν₯λΆ„μ„± μ‹œλƒ…μŠ€μ˜ 이상은 λ―Έλ‹ˆμ–΄μ²˜ ν₯λΆ„μ„± μ‹œλƒ…μŠ€ ν›„ μ „λ₯˜μ˜ 평균 λΉˆλ„λ₯Ό κ°μ†Œμ‹œμΌ°λ‹€. nArgBP2κ°€ μ €ν•΄λœ μ‹ κ²½μ„Έν¬μ—μ„œ μˆ˜μƒλŒκΈ°κ°€μ‹œμ˜ ν˜•νƒœλ³€ν™”λŠ” WAVE1/PAK/cofilin의 인산화와 관련이 있으며, WAVEμ™€μ˜ μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ΄ μ €ν•΄λœ μƒνƒœμ—μ„œ PAK을 μ–΅μ œν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ cofilin을 ν™œμ„±ν™”μ‹œν‚΄μœΌλ‘œμ¨ nArgBP2 μ €ν•΄ νš¨κ³Όκ°€ 상쇄됨을 λ°œκ²¬ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ˜ν•œ μ‹€μ‹œκ°„μ„Έν¬μ˜μƒκΈ°λ²•μ„ μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ nArgBP2의 κΈ°λŠ₯이 μ €ν•΄λœ λ°œλ‹¬ λ‹¨κ³„μ˜ μ‹ κ²½μ„Έν¬μ—μ„œ 앑틴골격 μ—­ν•™μ˜ ν˜„μ €ν•œ 증가가 μˆ˜μƒλŒκΈ°κ°€μ‹œμ˜ μš΄λ™μ„±μ„ 크게 μ¦κ°€μ‹œν‚΄μ„ ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ†€λžκ²Œλ„, μ‹ κ²½μ„Έν¬μ˜ μˆ˜μƒλŒκΈ°κ°€μ‹œκ°€ ν˜•μ„±λ˜μ–΄ μ•ˆμ •ν™”λœ 후인 μ„±μˆ™λ‹¨κ³„μ—μ„œλŠ” nArgBP2의 λ°œν˜„ μ €ν•΄λ‘œ μΈν•œ μˆ˜μƒλŒκΈ°κ°€μ‹œ ν˜•νƒœμ˜ 결함이 λ°œκ²¬λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€. λ°œλ‹¬λ‹¨κ³„μ˜ 신경세포와 같이 ꡬ쑰적 리λͺ¨λΈλ§μ΄ 일어날 λ•Œ nArgBP2κ°€ ν•„μš”ν•  수 μžˆμ„ 것이라고 μΆ”λ‘ ν•˜μ˜€κ³ , 이λ₯Ό ν™•μΈν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μ„±μˆ™ν•œ μ‹ κ²½μ„Έν¬μ˜ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ‹œλƒ…μŠ€ ν˜•μ„±μ„ μΌμœΌν‚€λŠ” 화학적 μž₯κΈ° κ°•ν™” (cLTP: chemical long-term potentiation)λ₯Ό μœ λ„ν•΄λ³΄μ•˜λ‹€. 화학적 μž₯κΈ° κ°•ν™”λŠ” μ„±μˆ™λ‹¨κ³„μ˜ λ‰΄λŸ°μ—μ„œ μ‹œλƒ…μŠ€ μ „-ν›„ ꡬ쑰의 리λͺ¨λΈλ§μ„ ν¬ν•¨ν•˜μ—¬ λ°œλ‹¬ λ‹¨κ³„μ—μ„œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λŠ” ν˜„μƒλ“€μ„ λͺ¨λ°©ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μ•Œλ €μ Έ μžˆλ‹€. 화학적 μž₯κΈ° κ°•ν™”λ₯Ό μΌμœΌμΌ°μ„ λ•Œ 컨트둀 μ„Έν¬μ˜ μˆ˜μƒλŒκΈ°κ°€μ‹œλŠ” κ·Έ 크기가 μ»€μ§€λŠ” 반면 nArgBP2의 λ°œν˜„μ΄ μ €ν•΄λœ μ‹ κ²½μ„Έν¬μ—μ„œλŠ” 크기가 λ³€ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ±°λ‚˜ μž‘μ•„μ§€λŠ” ν˜„μƒμ„ λ°œκ²¬ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ΄λŠ” 같은 μ‘°κ±΄μ—μ„œ μ΄ˆκ³ ν•΄μƒλ„ 이미징을 ν†΅ν•œ 3 차원 ꡬ쑰의 ν˜•νƒœν•™μ  츑정값을 ν™•μΈν•œ κ²°κ³Ό, nArgBP2의 결핍이 μˆ˜μƒλŒκΈ°κ°€μ‹œμ˜ 머리크기 ν™•λŒ€λ₯Ό 저해함을 λ°œκ²¬ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” nArgBP2κ°€ μ„±μˆ™ν•œ λ‰΄λŸ°μ—μ„œλ„ μ•‘ν‹΄ 골격의 역학을 μ‘°μ ˆν•œλ‹€λŠ” 가섀을 λ’·λ°›μΉ¨ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€. 쒅합해보면, 이 μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” nArgBP2κ°€ μˆ˜μƒλŒκΈ°κ°€μ‹œμ—μ„œ μ•‘ν‹΄ 골격ꡬ쑰의 ν™œλ™μ„±μ„ μ‘°μ ˆν•˜λŠ” κΈ°λŠ₯을 담당함을 λ°ν˜”λ‹€. λ˜ν•œ nArgBP2κ°€ μ‹ κ²½μ„Έν¬μ˜ λ°œλ‹¬λ‹¨κ³„μ—μ„œ μˆ˜μƒλŒκΈ°κ°€μ‹œ ν˜•μ„± 및 슀파인-μ‹œλƒ…μŠ€ ν˜•μ„±, μ„±μˆ™λ‹¨κ³„μ—μ„œ μ‹œλƒ…μŠ€ κ°€μ†Œμ„±κ³Ό 같은 동적인 μ•‘ν‹΄ ꡬ쑰 리λͺ¨λΈλ§μ΄ 일어날 λ•Œ 특히 μ€‘μš”ν•œ 역할을 함을 ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. nArgBP2 λ°œν˜„ κ°μ†Œλ‘œ μΈν•œ μ‹œλƒ…μŠ€ μ•‘ν‹΄ 골격ꡬ쑰의 비정상적인 쑰절이 지적 μž₯μ• μ—μ„œ κ΄€μ°°λ˜λŠ” μ‹œλƒ…μŠ€ E/I λΆˆκ· ν˜•μ— κΈ°μ—¬ν•  수 μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μ‚¬λ£Œλœλ‹€.Abstract . β…° Contents . v List of Figures and Tables β…΅ List of Abbreviations . β…· Introduction 1 Material and Methods . 5 Results . 19 Discussion 60 References . 67 Abstract in Korean . 75Docto

    Baumann Skin Type in the Korean Male Population

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    Background: Research into the Baumann skin type (BST) has recently expanded, with growing interest in the development of an efficient and effective skin type classification system for better understanding of this skin condition. Objective: We aimed to identify male-specific skin type characteristics with investigation into the distribution of BST by age and region in the Korean male population and to determine the intrinsic and extrinsic factors related to skin type. Methods: A questionnaire was administered to collect information about age, region, working behavior, drinking behavior, smoking behavior, usual habit of sun protection, medical history, and the BST which consisted of four parameters; oily (O) or dry (D), sensitive (S) or resistant (R), pigmented (P) or non-pigmented (N), and wrinkled (W) or tight (T). Results: We surveyed 1,000 Korean males aged between 20 and 60 years who were divided equally by age and region. Of the total respondents, OSNW type accounted for the largest percentage and ORPW type the lowest. In terms of Baumann parameters, O type was 53.5%, S type was 56.1%, N type was 84.4% and W type was 57.5%. Several behavioral factors were found to have various relationships with the skin type. Conclusion: The predominant skin type in the Korean male respondents was OSNW type, and the distribution of skin types with regards to age and region was reported to be distinct. Therefore, skin care should be customized based on detailed skin types considering the various environmental factors.ope

    Development and External Validation of a Deep Learning Algorithm for Prognostication of Cardiovascular Outcomes

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    BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: We aim to explore the additional discriminative accuracy of a deep learning (DL) algorithm using repeated-measures data for identifying people at high risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD), compared to Cox hazard regression. METHODS: Two CVD prediction models were developed from National Health Insurance Service-Health Screening Cohort (NHIS-HEALS): a Cox regression model and a DL model. Performance of each model was assessed in the internal and 2 external validation cohorts in Koreans (National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort; NHIS-NSC) and in Europeans (Rotterdam Study). A total of 412,030 adults in the NHIS-HEALS; 178,875 adults in the NHIS-NSC; and the 4,296 adults in Rotterdam Study were included. RESULTS: Mean ages was 52 years (46% women) and there were 25,777 events (6.3%) in NHIS-HEALS during the follow-up. In internal validation, the DL approach demonstrated a C-statistic of 0.896 (95% confidence interval, 0.886-0.907) in men and 0.921 (0.908-0.934) in women and improved reclassification compared with Cox regression (net reclassification index [NRI], 24.8% in men, 29.0% in women). In external validation with NHIS-NSC, DL demonstrated a C-statistic of 0.868 (0.860-0.876) in men and 0.889 (0.876-0.898) in women, and improved reclassification compared with Cox regression (NRI, 24.9% in men, 26.2% in women). In external validation applied to the Rotterdam Study, DL demonstrated a C-statistic of 0.860 (0.824-0.897) in men and 0.867 (0.830-0.903) in women, and improved reclassification compared with Cox regression (NRI, 36.9% in men, 31.8% in women). CONCLUSIONS: A DL algorithm exhibited greater discriminative accuracy than Cox model approaches. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02931500.ope

    Food environment factors affecting food consumption of households in a Korean urban-rural complex region

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (박사)-- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : μ‹ν’ˆμ˜μ–‘ν•™κ³Ό, 2015. 2. 백희영.가ꡬ 및 κ°€κ΅¬μ›μ˜ μ‹μƒν™œμ€ μ’κ²ŒλŠ” κ°€μ • λ‚΄ ν™˜κ²½κ³Ό 거주지역 λ‚΄ μ£Όλ³€ν™˜κ²½, λ„“κ²ŒλŠ” ꡭ가와 전세계 μ‹μƒν™œ ν™˜κ²½κ³Ό μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ„ ν•˜λ©° 이뀄진닀고 λ³Ό 수 μžˆλ‹€. ν˜„μž¬ μš°λ¦¬λ‚˜λΌλŠ” μ‚¬νšŒμ  변화와 λ”λΆˆμ–΄ μ™Έμ‹μ˜ 증가, ꡭ제ꡐλ₯˜ 증가, 인ꡬ μ‚¬νšŒκ΅¬μ‘° λ³€ν™” 등에 μ˜ν•΄ κ΅­λ―Όλ“€μ˜ μ‹μƒν™œ λ³€ν™”κ°€ λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ μ§„ν–‰λ˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. 특히 λ†μ΄Œμ§€μ—­μ€ μ Šμ€ μ—°λ ΉμΈ΅μ˜ λ„μ‹œμ§€μ—­μœΌλ‘œμ˜ 지속적인 유좜둜 인해 고령화와 인ꡬ κ³Όμ†Œν™”κ°€ κΈ‰κ²©ν•˜κ²Œ 이뀄지고 있으며, μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ„μ‹œμ™€ λ†μ΄Œμ§€μ—­ κ°„μ˜ 인ꡬ λΆˆκ· ν˜•μ€ 지역 λ‚΄ μ‹ν’ˆκ΅¬λ§€ ν™˜κ²½μ΄λ‚˜ 외식 ν™˜κ²½μ—λ„ 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μ•Œλ €μ Έ μžˆλ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ 지역 μ‚¬νšŒ 기반의 μ‹μƒν™œ 쑰사와 ν•¨κ»˜ 지역 μ£Όλ―Όλ“€μ˜ μ‹μƒν™œμ— 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” μ‹ν’ˆ ν™˜κ²½μ— λŒ€ν•œ 연ꡬ가 ν•„μš”ν•˜λ‚˜ κ΅­λ‚΄μ—μ„œ 이에 λŒ€ν•œ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” μ „λ¬΄ν•œ 싀정이닀. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ―€λ‘œ λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” μ‹ν’ˆ ν™˜κ²½ λ³€ν™”κ°€ λΉ λ₯Έ μˆ˜λ„κΆŒ 인근의 λ„β€’λ†λ³΅ν•©μ§€μ—­μ˜ λ„μ‹œμ§€μ—­κ³Ό λ†μ΄Œμ§€μ—­μ„ λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ 지역별 κ°€κ΅¬μ˜ μ‹ν’ˆκ΅¬λ§€ 및 μ†ŒλΉ„ ν–‰νƒœμ™€ κ°€κ΅¬μ›μ˜ μ‹μƒν™œμ„ μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜κ³  μ‹ν’ˆ ν™˜κ²½ μš”μΈλ“€μ΄ κ°€κ΅¬μ˜ μ‹ν’ˆκ΅¬λ§€μ™€ μ†ŒλΉ„, 개인의 μ‹ν’ˆ 섭취와 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ—°κ΄€λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλŠ”μ§€ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄κ³ μž ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ μˆ˜ν–‰ν•œ 가ꡬ와 κ°€κ΅¬μ›μ˜ μ‹μƒν™œ 쑰사와 μ‹ν’ˆ ν™˜κ²½ μ„€λ¬Έμ‘°μ‚¬λŠ” μ„œμšΈ 인근 λ„β€’λ†λ³΅ν•©μ§€μ—­μ—μ„œ 2012λ…„ 10μ›”λΆ€ν„° ~ 2014λ…„ 3μ›”κΉŒμ§€ μ‹€μ‹œλ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. 가ꡬ별 μ‘°μ‚¬μ˜ μ‘°μ‚¬λŒ€μƒ κ°€κ΅¬λŠ” 총 151가ꡬ(λ„μ‹œ 99가ꡬ, λ†μ΄Œ 52가ꡬ)둜, 이듀 λŒ€μƒ κ°€κ΅¬μ˜ 가ꡬ원 503λͺ…이 λ³Έ 연ꡬ에 μ°Έμ—¬ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 가ꡬ별 μ‘°μ‚¬μ—μ„œλŠ” κ°€κ΅¬μ˜ μ£Ό μ‹ν’ˆκ΅¬λ§€μž 1μΈμ—κ²Œ κ°€κ΅¬μ˜ μ‹ν’ˆκ΅¬λ§€ ν™˜κ²½ 섀문쑰사와 ν•¨κ»˜ κ°€κ΅¬μ˜ 1주일 λ™μ•ˆμ˜ μ‹ν’ˆκ΅¬λ§€μ™€ μ†ŒλΉ„λ₯Ό μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜μ—¬ 가ꡬ별 이용 κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ μ‹ν’ˆλŸ‰κ³Ό μ‹ν’ˆμ†ŒλΉ„λŸ‰μ„ κ³„μ‚°ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 가ꡬ원 μ‘°μ‚¬μ—μ„œλŠ” κ°€κ΅¬μ›μ˜ μΌλ°˜μ‚¬ν•­ 및 외식 ν™˜κ²½ 섀문쑰사와 ν•¨κ»˜ 24μ‹œκ°„ νšŒμƒλ²•μœΌλ‘œ 2일 λ™μ•ˆμ˜ μ‹μ‚¬μ„­μ·¨λ‚΄μš©μ„ μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜μ—¬ μ‹ν’ˆκ΅° 점수(dietary diversity score, DDS)둜 κ°€κ΅¬μ›μ˜ μ‹ν’ˆ μ„­μ·¨λ₯Ό ν‰κ°€ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” λ„μ‹œμ™€ λ†μ΄Œμ§€μ—­μ˜ 가ꡬ 및 가ꡬ원 νŠΉμ„±, κ°€κ΅¬μ˜ μ‹ν’ˆκ΅¬λ§€ ν™˜κ²½, κ°€κ΅¬μ›μ˜ 외식 ν™˜κ²½μ˜ 차이가 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. λ„μ‹œμ§€μ—­μ˜ 가ꡬ와 κ°€κ΅¬μ›μ˜ μ‚¬νšŒκ²½μ œμ  μˆ˜μ€€μ΄-μ•„νŒŒνŠΈ κ±°μ£ΌλΉ„μœ¨, μ—° κ°€κ΅¬μ†Œλ“, κ΅μœ‘μˆ˜μ€€-이 λ†μ΄Œμ§€μ—­λ³΄λ‹€ 유의적으둜 λ†’μ•˜κ³ , μ‹ν’ˆκ΅¬λ§€ ν™˜κ²½-μ΄μš©ν•˜λŠ” μ‹ν’ˆμƒμ  개수, μ‹ν’ˆμƒμ κΉŒμ§€μ˜ 평균 μ΄λ™μ‹œκ°„, 평균 이동거리, 5점척도: 지역 λ‚΄ μ‹ν’ˆκ΅¬λ§€ μš©μ΄μ„±-κ³Ό 외식 ν™˜κ²½-μŒμ‹μ κΉŒμ§€μ˜ 평균 이동거리, 평균 이동거리, 5점척도: 지역 λ‚΄ μŒμ‹μ  수, μŒμ‹μ μ˜ 이용 μš©μ΄μ„±, κ΅ν†΅μ˜ νŽΈλ¦¬μ„±-을 λΉ„κ΅ν•œ κ²°κ³Ό, λ„μ‹œμ§€μ—­μ—μ„œμ˜ μ‹ν’ˆκ΅¬λ§€μ™€ 외식이 유의적으둜 μš©μ΄ν–ˆλ‹€. κ°€κ΅¬μ˜ 이용 κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ μ‹ν’ˆλŸ‰κ³Ό μ‹ν’ˆμ†ŒλΉ„λŸ‰ ν‰κ· μ˜ 지역별 μ°¨μ΄λŠ” μ—†μ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ, κ°€κ΅¬μ˜ μ‹ν’ˆμœ μž…κ²½λ‘œμ—μ„œ 지역별 차이λ₯Ό λ³΄μ˜€λ‹€. λ„μ‹œμ§€μ—­μ˜ 경우 κ°€κ΅¬μ˜ 1주일 λ™μ•ˆμ˜ μœ μž…μ‹ν’ˆλŸ‰ 쀑 μ‹ν’ˆμƒμ μ—μ„œμ˜ κ΅¬μž…λŸ‰, 1주일 λ™μ•ˆμ˜ 총 μ‹ν’ˆκ΅¬μž…λΉ„μ™€ 곑λ₯˜, μ±„μ†Œλ₯˜, μœ μ§€ 및 λ‹Ήλ₯˜μ˜ κ΅¬μž…λΉ„κ°€ 유의적으둜 λ†’μ•˜λ‹€. 그리고 λ„μ‹œμ§€μ—­μ€ μ‹ν’ˆμƒμ μ—μ„œ κ΅¬μž…ν•œ μ‹ν’ˆκ°€μ§“μˆ˜κ°€, λ†μ΄Œμ§€μ—­μ€ μžκ°€μž¬λ°°λ‚˜ μΉœμ§€λ‘œλΆ€ν„°μ˜ μœ μž…λ˜λŠ” μ‹ν’ˆκ°€μ§“μˆ˜κ°€ 유의적으둜 λ†’μ•˜λ‹€. κ°€κ΅¬μ˜ 이용 κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ μ‹ν’ˆλŸ‰κ³Ό μ‹ν’ˆμ†ŒλΉ„λŸ‰μ„ μ‹ν’ˆ ν™˜κ²½ μš”μΈλ³„ λ‹¨λ³€λŸ‰ λΆ„μ„ν•œ κ²°κ³Ό, λ„μ‹œμ§€μ—­μ€ μ‚¬νšŒκ²½μ œμ  νŠΉμ„±μ΄, λ†μ΄Œμ§€μ—­μ€ μ‚¬νšŒκ²½μ œμ  νŠΉμ„±κ³Ό 지역 λ‚΄ μ‹ν’ˆκ΅¬λ§€ μš©μ΄μ„±μ΄ 관련이 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. 이듀 κ΄€λ ¨ μš”μΈλ“€μ„ ν¬ν•¨ν•œ λ‹€μ€‘νšŒκ·€λΆ„μ„μ—μ„œλŠ” λ†μ΄Œμ§€μ—­μ—μ„œλ§Œ μ‹ν’ˆκ΅¬λ§€μžμ˜ κ΅μœ‘μˆ˜μ€€μ΄ κ°€κ΅¬μ˜ 1주일 λ™μ•ˆμ˜ 이용 κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ 총 μ‹ν’ˆλŸ‰(초쑸 vs. 쀑쑸: =16.5, p=0.013)κ³Ό 유의적인 관련성이 μžˆμ—ˆκ³ , 지역 λ‚΄ μ‹ν’ˆκ΅¬λ§€ μš©μ΄μ„±μ΄ λ†’λ‹€κ³  ν•œ κ°€κ΅¬μ˜ 1주일 λ™μ•ˆμ˜ 총 μ‹ν’ˆμ†ŒλΉ„λŸ‰(=1.03, p=0.006)이 더 λ§Žμ•˜λ‹€. λ˜ν•œ λ„μ‹œμ™€ λ†μ΄Œμ§€μ—­ λͺ¨λ‘μ—μ„œ κ°€κ΅¬μ˜ 이용 κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ 총 μ‹ν’ˆκ°€μ§“μˆ˜κ°€ λ§Žμ„μˆ˜λ‘ κ°€κ΅¬μ˜ 1주일 λ™μ•ˆμ˜ 총 μ‹ν’ˆμ†ŒλΉ„λŸ‰(λ„μ‹œ: =0.38, p<0.001, λ†μ΄Œ: =0.29, p<0.001)도 λ§Žμ€ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. κ°€κ΅¬μ›μ˜ μ‹ν’ˆκ΅° 점수(DDS)와 μ‹ν’ˆ ν™˜κ²½ μš”μΈλ³„ λ‹¨λ³€λŸ‰ λΆ„μ„ν•œ κ²°κ³Ό, λ„μ‹œμ§€μ—­μ˜ 경우 μ‹ν’ˆμƒμ κΉŒμ§€μ˜ 평균 μ΄λ™μ‹œκ°„μ΄, λ†μ΄Œμ§€μ—­μ—μ„œλŠ” κ°€κ΅¬μ˜ μ‚¬νšŒκ²½μ œμ  νŠΉμ„±, κ°€κ΅¬μ˜ μ‹ν’ˆκ΅¬λ§€ ν™˜κ²½, κ°€κ΅¬μ˜ 이용 κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ 총 μ‹ν’ˆλŸ‰ λ“±μ˜ μš”μΈλ“€μ΄ κ΄€λ ¨λœ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. ν•œνŽΈ κ°€κ΅¬μ˜ μ‹ν’ˆ 이용 κ°€λŠ₯μ„±κ³Ό κ°€κ΅¬μ›μ˜ μ‹ν’ˆκ΅° 점수(DDS)μ™€μ˜ 관련성을 μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³Έ κ²°κ³Ό, λ„μ‹œμ§€μ—­μ—μ„œλŠ” κ°€κ΅¬μ˜ 1주일 λ™μ•ˆμ˜ μœ μž…μ‹ν’ˆ μ†ŒλΉ„λŸ‰μ΄ 음의 상관관계(r=-0.121, p<0.05)λ₯Ό, λ†μ΄Œμ§€μ—­μ—μ„œλŠ” κ°€κ΅¬μ˜ 1주일 λ™μ•ˆμ˜ μœ μž…μ‹ν’ˆλŸ‰, 이용 κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ 총 μ‹ν’ˆλŸ‰, μœ μž…μ‹ν’ˆ μ†ŒλΉ„λŸ‰, 그리고 총 μ‹ν’ˆ μ†ŒλΉ„λŸ‰μ΄ μ–‘μ˜ 상관관계λ₯Ό λ³΄μ˜€λ‹€. 이듀 κ΄€λ ¨ μš”μΈλ“€μ„ ν¬ν•¨ν•œ λ‹€μ€‘νšŒκ·€λΆ„μ„ κ²°κ³Όμ—μ„œλŠ” λ„μ‹œμ§€μ—­μ€ μ„ΈλŒ€μœ ν˜•, μ‹ν’ˆμƒμ κΉŒμ§€ 평균 μ΄λ™μ‹œκ°„(=0.045, p<0.001), 평균 이동거리(=-0.077, p=0.025)κ°€, λ†μ΄Œμ§€μ—­μ—μ„œλŠ” κ°€κ΅¬μ˜ 졜근 ν•œλ‹¬ 외식비, μ‹ν’ˆκ΅¬λ§€μžμ˜ κ΅μœ‘μˆ˜μ€€, 지역 λ‚΄ μ‹ν’ˆκ΅¬λ§€ μš©μ΄μ„±(=0.114, p=0.030), μ‹ν’ˆμƒμ κΉŒμ§€μ˜ 평균 이동거리(=0.071, p<0.001), κ°€κ΅¬μ˜ 이용 κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ 총 μ‹ν’ˆκ°€μ§“μˆ˜(=0.036, p=0.005)κ°€ κ°€κ΅¬μ›μ˜ μ‹ν’ˆκ΅° 점수(DDS)와 유의적인 관련성을 λ‚˜νƒ€λƒˆλ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” λ„μ‹œμ™€ λ†μ΄Œμ§€μ—­μ˜ 가ꡬ와 κ°€κ΅¬μ›μ˜ μ‹ν’ˆ ν™˜κ²½μ— 차이가 μžˆμ—ˆμœΌλ©°, λ†μ΄Œμ§€μ—­ 가ꡬ와 κ°€κ΅¬μ›μ˜ μ‹μƒν™œμ΄ 더 λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μ‹ν’ˆ ν™˜κ²½ μš”μΈλ“€κ³Ό 관련이 μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. μ΄λŠ” 지역 νŠΉμ„±μ— 따라 가ꡬ와 κ°€κ΅¬μ›μ˜ μ‹μƒν™œμ— 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” μ‹ν’ˆ ν™˜κ²½ μš”μΈμ΄ λ‹€λ₯Ό 수 μžˆμŒμ„ 보여쀀닀. λ”°λΌμ„œ 지역 기반의 μ˜μ–‘μ€‘μž¬μ™€ 정책을 μˆ˜λ¦½ν•  λ•ŒλŠ” μ§€μ—­μ˜ νŠΉμ„±κ³Ό μ‹ν’ˆ ν™˜κ²½ 차이λ₯Ό κ³ λ €ν•˜λŠ” 것이 ν•„μš”ν•˜λ©°, 이λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ 가ꡬ와 κ°€κ΅¬μ›μ˜ μ‹μƒν™œκ³Ό μ£Όλ³€ μ‹ν’ˆ ν™˜κ²½μ— λŒ€ν•΄ μΈ‘μ • 및 평가할 수 μžˆλŠ” λ‹€μ–‘ν•˜κ³  효율적인 λ„κ΅¬μ˜ 개발이 μ‹œκΈ‰νžˆ 이뀄져야 ν•œλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°λœλ‹€. 이λ₯Ό λ°”νƒ•μœΌλ‘œ μ‹ν’ˆ ν™˜κ²½μ΄ μ·¨μ•½ν•œ 지역을 μ„ λ³„ν•˜κ³  이듀 μ§€μ—­μ˜ μ‹μƒν™œ ν™˜κ²½μ„ κ°œμ„ ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ λ…Έλ ₯이 이뀄져야 ν•  것이닀.ꡭ문초둝 i ν‘œλͺ©μ°¨(List of Tables) ix κ·Έλ¦Όλͺ©μ°¨(List of Figures) xiv 뢀둝λͺ©μ°¨(List of Appendices) xv I. μ„œλ‘  1 1. 연ꡬ λ°°κ²½ 1 2. 연ꡬ λͺ©μ  5 II. λ¬Έν—Œκ³ μ°° 8 1. μ‹μƒν™œ ν™˜κ²½ 8 (1) μ‹μƒν™œ ν™˜κ²½μ˜ μ •μ˜ 및 λ²”μ£Ό 8 (2) μ‹μƒν™œ ν™˜κ²½ 연ꡬ λͺ¨ν˜• 11 2. 가ꡬ와 κ°€κ΅¬μ›μ˜ μ‹μƒν™œκ³Ό κ΄€λ ¨λœ μ‹ν’ˆ ν™˜κ²½ 쑰사 15 (1) 가ꡬ와 가ꡬ원 λ‹¨μœ„μ˜ μ‹ν’ˆ ν™˜κ²½ 쑰사 15 (2) 지역 λ‹¨μœ„μ˜ μ‹ν’ˆ ν™˜κ²½ 쑰사 20 3. 가ꡬ와 κ°€κ΅¬μ›μ˜ μ‹ν’ˆ ν™˜κ²½ μΈ‘μ • 24 (1) κ°€κ΅¬μ˜ 이용 κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ μ‹ν’ˆ 및 μ‹ν’ˆμ†ŒλΉ„ μΈ‘μ • 27 (2) μ‹ν’ˆκ΅¬λ§€ ν™˜κ²½ μΈ‘μ • 29 (3) 외식 ν™˜κ²½ μΈ‘μ • 31 4. κ°€κ΅¬μ›μ˜ μ‹ν’ˆ μ„­μ·¨ 평가 32 5. μš°λ¦¬λ‚˜λΌ 가ꡬ와 κ°€κ΅¬μ›μ˜ μ‹ν’ˆ ν™˜κ²½ λ³€ν™” 36 (1) μš°λ¦¬λ‚˜λΌ μ‹μƒν™œ ν™˜κ²½ λ³€ν™” 36 (2) λ„μ‹œμ™€ λ†μ΄Œμ§€μ—­ 가ꡬ와 κ°€κ΅¬μ›μ˜ μ‹ν’ˆ ν™˜κ²½ 차이 39 (3) λ„β€’λ†λ³΅ν•©μ‹œ 41 III. 연ꡬ 1 : κ°€κ΅¬μ˜ μ‹ν’ˆκ΅¬λ§€ 및 μ‹ν’ˆμ†ŒλΉ„μ™€ κ΄€λ ¨λœ μ‹ν’ˆ ν™˜κ²½ μš”μΈ 뢄석 – μ„œμšΈ 인근 도‒농볡합지역을 λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ 44 1. μ„œλ‘  44 2. λ‚΄μš© 및 방법 47 (1) 쑰사 λŒ€μƒ 지역 및 λŒ€μƒ 가ꡬ μ„ μ • 47 (2) 쑰사ꡬ성 및 쑰사 ν•­λͺ© 50 (3) κ°€κ΅¬μ˜ μ‹μƒν™œ 쑰사 및 μ‹ν’ˆκ΅¬λ§€ ν™˜κ²½ 섀문쑰사 61 (4) 톡계뢄석 69 3. κ²°κ³Ό 69 (1) κ°€κ΅¬μ˜ μ‹μƒν™œ ν™˜κ²½ μš”μΈλ“€μ˜ 일반적 νŠΉμ„± 69 (2) κ°€κ΅¬μ˜ μ‹ν’ˆ ν™˜κ²½ μš”μΈκ³Ό κ°€κ΅¬μ˜ 이용 κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ μ‹ν’ˆλŸ‰ 75 (3) κ°€κ΅¬μ˜ μ‹ν’ˆ ν™˜κ²½ μš”μΈκ³Ό κ°€κ΅¬μ˜ μ‹ν’ˆμ†ŒλΉ„λŸ‰ 90 (4) κ°€κ΅¬μ˜ μ‹ν’ˆ ν™˜κ²½κ³Ό κ°€κ΅¬μ˜ 이용 κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ μ‹ν’ˆλŸ‰κ³Ό μ‹ν’ˆμ†ŒλΉ„λŸ‰ 103 4. κ³ μ°° 109 V. 연ꡬ 2: κ°€κ΅¬μ›μ˜ μ‹ν’ˆ 섭취와 κ΄€λ ¨λœ μ‹ν’ˆ ν™˜κ²½ μš”μΈ 뢄석 – μ„œμšΈ 인근 도‒농볡합지역을 λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ 115 1. μ„œλ‘  115 2. 연ꡬ λ‚΄μš© 및 방법 117 (1) 연ꡬ λŒ€μƒμž 117 (2) 쑰사ꡬ성 및 쑰사 ν•­λͺ© 118 (3) κ°€κ΅¬μ›μ˜ μ‹μƒν™œ 쑰사 및 외식 ν™˜κ²½ 섀문쑰사 118 (4) 톡계뢄석 121 3. κ²°κ³Ό 122 (1) κ°€κ΅¬μ›μ˜ μ‹ν’ˆ ν™˜κ²½ μš”μΈ 122 (2) μ‹ν’ˆ μ„­μ·¨ 비ꡐ 및 평가 131 4. κ³ μ°° 146 VI. μ’…ν•©κ³ μ°° 153 VII. μš”μ•½ 및 μ œμ–Έ 161 1. μš”μ•½ 161 2. μ œμ–Έ 163 VIII. μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν—Œ 165 λΆ€ 둝(Appendices) 177 Abstract 187Docto

    심μž₯의 자기곡λͺ…μ˜μƒ μ†Œκ²¬κ³Ό 투λͺ…ν™”λœ 생체 λ°– 마우슀 심μž₯의 비ꡐλ₯Ό ν†΅ν•œ 자기곡λͺ…μ˜μƒμ˜ 심근 μ£Όν–‰ λ°©ν–₯ κ°λ³„μ˜ 정확도 평가

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    Dept. of Medicine/박사Verifying the microarchitecture of the heart can improve understanding of the fundamental heart structure-function relationships both in normal development and cardiovascular disease progression. The current study demonstrate a novel approach to characterize the microstructural response of the myocardium to cardiovascular disease by interrogating intact, un-sectioned myocardium with 3-dimensional (3D) histological imaging using a tissue-clearing technique and quantifying myocardial fiber orientation. In the same samples, diffusion magnetic resonance imaging, a clinically translatable non-invasive imaging technique, was also applied to demonstrate its potential in yielding a surrogate marker for myocardial fiber orientation. Both 3D histological imaging and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging were significantly correlated in verifying the helical architecture of the normal myocardium and that this normal helical structure is perturbed in both ischemic and non-ischemic heart failure model. 심근은 μΌμ •ν•œ λ°©ν–₯성을 가지고 λ°°μ—΄λ˜μ–΄ 있으며, μ΄λŠ” μ§ˆλ³‘μ˜ 진행에 따라 λ³€ν™”ν•  κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μ˜ˆμΈ‘λ˜λ‚˜, 이λ₯Ό λΉ„μΉ¨μŠ΅μ μœΌλ‘œ 평가할 수 μžˆλŠ” 방법은 μ—†μ—ˆλ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ”, μƒˆλ‘œ 개발된 자기곡λͺ…μ˜μƒ 기법이 μ‹¬κ·Όμ˜ μ£Όν–‰λ°©ν–₯을 μ •ν™•νžˆ μΈ‘μ •ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 지에 λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬ μ‹¬κ·Όμ˜ 투λͺ…ν™” 기법을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ 자기곡λͺ…μ˜μƒμ˜ 정확도λ₯Ό ν‰κ°€ν•˜κ³ μž ν•œλ‹€. 7마리의 λŒ€μ‘°κ΅°, 8마리의 ν—ˆν˜ˆμ„± 심뢀전 λͺ¨λΈ, 7마리의 λΉ„ν—ˆν˜ˆμ„± 심뢀전 λͺ¨λΈ 마이슀λ₯Ό λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ μ‹€ν—˜μ„ μ§„ν–‰ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©°, 자기곡λͺ…μ˜μƒμœΌλ‘œ νšλ“ν•œ μ‹¬κ·Όμ˜ μ£Όν–‰λ°©ν–₯이 λ³‘λ¦¬ν•™μ μœΌλ‘œ 처리된 투λͺ…ν™”λœ 심μž₯μ—μ„œ 얻은 μ‹¬κ·Όμ˜ μ£Όν–‰λ°©ν–₯κ³Ό μΌμΉ˜ν•¨μ„ λ°ν˜”λ‹€. λ³Έ 연ꡬλ₯Ό ν†΅ν•˜μ—¬ 심μž₯ 자기곡λͺ…μ˜μƒμ΄ 심근 μ£Όν–‰ λ°©ν–₯을 μ •ν™•νžˆ 감별할 수 있음이 λ°ν˜€μ‘ŒμœΌλ©°, μΆ”ν›„ μž„μƒμ— μ‘μš©λ  수 μžˆλŠ” μ¦κ±°λ‘œμ„œ μ œμ‹œλ  수 μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ κΈ°λŒ€ν•œλ‹€.ope

    초음파 μ˜λ™λ²•μ΄ ν‘œν”Ό νžˆμ•Œλ£¨λ‘ μ‚° ν•©μ„± 및 CD44 λ°œν˜„μ— λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 영ν–₯

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    Dept. of Medicine/석사[ν•œκΈ€] νžˆμ•Œλ£¨λ‘ μ‚°μ€ 세포외 기질의 μ€‘μš”ν•œ μ„±λΆ„μœΌλ‘œ ν”ΌλΆ€μ—μ„œλŠ” λ§Žμ€ μ–‘μ˜ νžˆμ•Œλ£¨λ‘ μ‚°μ΄ μ§„ν”Όμ˜ 결합쑰직에 μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€κ³  μ•Œλ €μ Έ μžˆμœΌλ‚˜ κ·Όλž˜μ— λ“€μ–΄ ν‘œν”Όμ—λ„ μƒλ‹ΉλŸ‰μ˜ νžˆμ•Œλ£¨λ‘ μ‚°μ΄ κ°μ§ˆν˜•μ„±μ„Έν¬μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ κΈ°μ§ˆμ— μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜κ³  있음이 λ°ν˜€μ‘Œλ‹€. νžˆμ•Œλ£¨λ‘ μ‚°μ€ μ£Όμš” μ„Έν¬ν‘œλ©΄μˆ˜μš©μ²΄μΈ CD44에 κ²°ν•©ν•˜μ—¬ 세포내 μ‹ ν˜Έμ „λ‹¬μ„ μœ λ°œν•˜κ³  λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 생화학적 효과λ₯Ό λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄λ©° ν‘œν”Όμ—μ„œμ˜ νžˆμ•Œλ£¨λ‘ μ‚°κ³Ό CD44의 μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ€ κ°μ§ˆν˜•μ„±μ„Έν¬μ˜ 뢄화와 μ½œλ ˆμŠ€ν…Œλ‘€ ν•©μ„±μ˜ 증가, μΈ΅νŒμ†Œμ²΄μ˜ ν˜•μ„±κ³Ό λΆ„λΉ„λ₯Ό μ‘°μ ˆν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨ ν‘œν”Όνˆ¬κ³Όμž₯벽의 항상성을 μœ μ§€ν•˜λŠ”λ° κΈ°μ—¬ν•œλ‹€.νžˆμ•Œλ£¨λ‘ μ‚°μ€ κΈ‰μ„± μž₯λ²½ μ†μƒμ‹œμ— ν‘œν”Όμ—μ„œ κ·Έ λ°œν˜„μ΄ μ¦κ°€λ˜λ©° 손상을 받은 ν‘œν”Όμ—μ„œλŠ” νžˆμ•Œλ£¨λ‘ μ‚° ν•©μ„±νš¨μ†Œ(hyaluronic acid synthase, HAS)2와 CD44κ°€ λ™μ‹œκ°„λŒ€μ— κΈ°μ €μΈ΅κ³Ό κ³Όλ¦½μΈ΅μ—μ„œ μ¦κ°€ν•˜λŠ” 것이 λ³΄κ³ λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. μ΄λŠ” μƒμ²˜μΉ˜μœ κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ λΆ„λΉ„κ°€ μ¦κ°€ν•˜λŠ” ν‘œν”Όμ„±μž₯인자, κ°μ§ˆν˜•μ„±μ„Έν¬ μ„±μž₯인자, IL-1Ξ±, IFN- λ“±μ˜ μ„±μž₯ μΈμžμ™€ 싸이토카인이 νžˆμ•Œλ£¨λ‘ μ‚° ν•©μ„±νš¨μ†Œμ˜ λ°œν˜„μ„ μ¦κ°€μ‹œμΌœ νžˆμ•Œλ£¨λ‘ μ‚°μ˜ 합성을 μ¦κ°€μ‹œν‚¨λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°λœλ‹€.κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 졜근 연ꡬ에 μ˜ν•˜λ©΄ ν™”ν•™λ°•ν”Όμˆ μ— μ‚¬μš©λ˜λŠ” κΈ€λ¦¬μ½œμ‚°(glycolic acid)의 κ΅­μ†Œ λ„ν¬μ‹œ ν‘œν”Όμ™€ 진피 λͺ¨λ‘μ—μ„œ νžˆμ•Œλ£¨λ‘ μ‚°μ˜ 증가가 λ³΄κ³ λ˜μ—ˆλŠ”λ°, κ·Έ μž‘μš©κΈ°μ „μ€ μ •ν™•νžˆ μ•Œλ €μ Έ μžˆμ§€ μ•ŠμœΌλ‚˜ κΈ€λ¦¬μ½œμ‚°μ€ ν”ΌλΆ€μž₯λ²½ κΈ°λŠ₯의 손상 없이도 칼슘 이온의 변화와 측판 μ†Œμ²΄μ˜ λΆ„λΉ„ 촉진을 μœ λ°œν•˜λ©° μ‹Έμ΄ν† μΉ΄μΈμ˜ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό μ΄ˆλž˜ν•  수 있음이 λͺ‡λͺ‡ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ 보고된 λ°” μžˆμ–΄ μ΄λŠ” νžˆμ•Œλ£¨λ‘ μ‚°μ˜ 증가가 ν”ΌλΆ€μž₯벽손상이 μ•„λ‹Œ λ‹€λ₯Έ 기전을 톡해 μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ§ˆ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμ΄λΌλŠ” μ˜κ΅¬μ‹¬μ„ κ°€μ§€κ²Œ ν•œλ‹€. 졜근 초음파 μ˜λ™λ²•μ΄ ν”ΌλΆ€ μž₯벽에 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 영ν–₯이 κΈ€λ¦¬μ½œμ‚°κ³Ό 같은 κΈ°μ „, 즉 ν”ΌλΆ€ μž₯λ²½ κΈ°λŠ₯의 손상 없이 칼슘 이온 변화와 μ‹Έμ΄ν† μΉ΄μΈμ˜ λ³€ν™”, 측판 μ†Œμ²΄μ˜ λΆ„λΉ„λ₯Ό μœ λ„ν•˜μ—¬ ν”ΌλΆ€ μž₯λ²½ 회볡 기전을 μœ λ°œν•¨μ΄ 보고되고 μžˆμ–΄ λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” ν‘œν”Όμž₯λ²½ κΈ°λŠ₯의 손상 없이 초음파 μ˜λ™λ²•μ„ μ‹€μ‹œν•˜μ˜€μ„ λ•Œ tape stripping을 μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ ν‘œν”Ό 손상을 μœ λ°œν•œ κ²½μš°μ™€ λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€λ‘œ ν‘œν”Ό νžˆμ•Œλ£¨λ‘ μ‚°κ³Ό CD44의 λ°œν˜„μ΄ μ¦κ°€ν•˜λŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό μ•Œμ•„λ³΄κ³  νžˆμ•Œλ£¨λ‘ μ‚° ν•©μ„±μ˜ 쑰절 기전을 μ•Œμ•„λ³΄κ³ μž ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 초음파 μ˜λ™λ²•μ„ 무λͺ¨μ₯μ— μ‹€μ‹œν•œ λ’€ 6μ‹œκ°„ ν›„ ν‘œν”Ό νžˆμ•Œλ£¨λ‘ μ‚°κ³Ό HAS3, CD44의 λ°œν˜„μ€ λͺ¨λ‘ μ •μƒλŒ€μ‘°κ΅°μ— λΉ„ν•΄ μ¦κ°€λœ 양상을 λ³΄μ˜€μœΌλ©° μ΄λŠ” tape stripping으둜 ν‘œν”Ό 손상을 μΌμœΌν‚¨ κ²½μš°μ™€ μœ μ‚¬ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ˜ν•œ 초음파 μ˜λ™λ²• μ‹œν–‰μ‹œ λΆ„λΉ„κ°€ μ¦κ°€ν•˜λŠ” λŒ€ν‘œμ μΈ 싸이토카인인 TNF- , IL-1 κ°€ νžˆμ•Œλ£¨λ‘ μ‚°κ³Ό CD44의 λ°œν˜„μ˜ κΈ°μ „κ³Ό 연관이 μžˆλŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό μ•Œμ•„λ³΄κΈ° μœ„ν•˜μ—¬ μˆ˜μš©μ„± TNF 수용체 μœ΅ν•© 단백과 IL-1 수용체 κΈΈν•­μ œλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ 각 싸이토카인을 μ–΅μ œν•œ ν›„ 초음파 μ˜λ™λ²•μ„ μ‹œν–‰ν•œ κ²°κ³Ό νžˆμ•Œλ£¨λ‘ μ‚°κ³Ό HAS3, CD44의 λ°œν˜„μ΄ λͺ¨λ‘ μ „μ²˜μΉ˜ 없이 초음파 μ˜λ™λ²•λ§Œ μ‹œν–‰ν•œ ꡰ에 λΉ„ν•΄ 의미있게 μ–΅μ œλœ 양상을 λ³΄μ˜€λ‹€. TNF- λ˜λŠ” IL-1 의 증가가 초음파 μ˜λ™λ²•μ— μ˜ν•œ ν‘œν”Ό νžˆμ•Œλ£¨λ‘ μ‚°κ³Ό CD44의 λ°œν˜„μ— κ΄€μ—¬ν•˜λŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό μ§μ ‘μ μœΌλ‘œ 증λͺ…ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•˜μ—¬ 무λͺ¨μ₯μ— TNF- λ˜λŠ” IL-1 λ₯Ό λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ λ†λ„λ‘œ 직접 μ£Όμž…ν•˜κ³  6μ‹œκ°„ 후에 νžˆμ•Œλ£¨λ‘ μ‚°κ³Ό HAS3, CD44의 λ°œν˜„μ΄ 각 μ‹Έμ΄ν† μΉ΄μΈμ˜ νˆ¬μ—¬ μš©λŸ‰μ— 의쑴적으둜 μ¦κ°€ν•˜λŠ” 양상을 λ³΄μ˜€λ‹€. 그리고 초음파 μ˜λ™λ²•μ— μ˜ν•œ ν‘œν”Όλ‚΄ 칼슘이온 기울기의 λ³€ν™”κ°€ νžˆμ•Œλ£¨λ‘ μ‚°κ³Ό CD44의 λ°œν˜„μ˜ κΈ°μ „κ³Ό 연관이 μžˆλŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό μ•Œμ•„λ³΄κΈ° μœ„ν•˜μ—¬ 1.5mM의 μΉΌμŠ˜μ„ ν¬ν•¨ν•œ μ €κ³Ό 칼슘이 μ „ν˜€ ν¬ν•¨λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ€ 저을 각각 λ„ν¬ν•˜κ³  초음파 μ˜λ™λ²•μ„ μ‹œν–‰ν•˜μ—¬ λ³Έ κ²°κ³Ό 1.5mM의 μΉΌμŠ˜μ„ ν¬ν•¨ν•œ 저을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ 초음파 μ˜λ™λ²•μ„ μ‹œν–‰ν•œ κ΅°μ—μ„œλŠ” 초음파 μ˜λ™λ²•μ‹œμ— κ΄€μ°°λ˜λŠ” 칼슘 이온 기울기의 λ³€ν™”κ°€ μ–΅μ œλ˜λŠ” 양상이 κ΄€μ°°λ˜μ—ˆμœΌλ©° νžˆμ•Œλ£¨λ‘ μ‚°κ³Ό HAS3, CD44의 λ°œν˜„μ΄ μ˜λ―ΈμžˆλŠ” κ°μ†Œλ₯Ό λ³΄μ˜€λ‹€. 결둠적으둜 κΈ‰μ„± μž₯벽의 손상이 없이도 초음파 μ˜λ™λ²•μ— μ˜ν•΄μ„œ ν‘œν”Όμ— νžˆμ•Œλ£¨λ‘ μ‚°κ³Ό κ·Έ 수용체인 CD44의 λ°œν˜„μ΄ 증가됨을 ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€κ³ , κ·Έ κΈ°μ „μœΌλ‘œ 초음파 μ˜λ™λ²•μ— μ˜ν•œ ν‘œν”Όμ˜ 칼슘 이온 기울기의 변화와 이에 μ˜ν•œ TNF- 와 IL-1 의 증가가 HAS3의 λ°œν˜„μ„ μ¦κ°€μ‹œμΌœ ν‘œν”Όμ˜ νžˆμ•Œλ£¨λ‘ μ‚°μ˜ 합성을 μ¦κ°€μ‹œν‚€λ©° λ˜ν•œ κ·Έ 수용체인 CD44 λ°œν˜„μ˜ 증가에도 κ΄€μ—¬ν•œλ‹€κ³  μΆ”μ •ν•΄ λ³Ό 수 μžˆλ‹€. [영문]Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a major extracellular matrix component in the epidermis that plays a role in cellular migration, proliferation and differentiation through it’s major cell surface receptor, CD44. HA has been demonstrated to be accumulated in the epidermis by permeability barrier disruption. Previously we demonstrated that sonophoresis can modulate the epidermal calcium gradient and stimulate epidermal cytokine expressions. We performed this study to identify whether sonophoresis could increase the expression of HA and CD44 in mouse epidermis without barrier disruption and to uncover the mechanisms involved in the upregulation of HA and CD44 expression following sonophoresis. Sonophoresis without transepidermal water loss change significantly increased the HA expression in mouse epidermis at 6 h after sonophoresis compared to untreated skin as well as in tape-stripped skin used as a positive control. The increased expression of HA was temporally and locally associated with increased expression of hyaluronic acid synthase (HAS)3 and CD44. To test whether TNF-Ξ± and IL-1Ξ± may have a functional role in sonophoresis-induced increase of HA and CD44, we used TNF-Ξ± and IL-1 specific inhibitors and the expression of HA, HAS3, and CD44 showed significant inhibition at 6 h after sonophoresis in each cytokine inhibitor pretreated skin compared to the skin without pretreatment. To determine whether the epidermal calcium gradient changes may involve in the upregulation of HA and CD44 following sonophoresis, we compared HA, HAS3, and CD44 expression in epidermis treated with sonophoresis of Ca2+-free gel vs. Ca2+-containing gel. Ion capture cytochemistry revealed that sonophoresis of Ca2+-containing gel prevented the epidermal calcium gradient change by excess calcium at all levels of the epidermis. The expression of HA, HAS3, and CD44 mRNA and immunohistochemical protein staining decreased in the epidermis after sonophoresis of Ca2+-containing gel vs. Ca2+-free gel, suggesting that the change in calcium ion can stimulate the expression of HA, HAS3, and CD44 in epidermis. To determine whether the upregulation of HA and CD44 is stimulated by TNF-Ξ± and IL-1Ξ± directly, three different concentrations of TNF-Ξ± (50ng, 100ng, 300ng in 0.1ml PBS) or IL-1Ξ± (50ng, 100ng, 300ng in 0.1ml PBS) were injected intradermally into the flanks of hairless mouse. The results showed a dose dependent stimulation of HA, HAS3, and CD44 expression by both cytokines. From these results we can suggest that epidermal calcium gradient change and sequentially induced TNF-Ξ± and IL-1Ξ± by sonophoresis could upregulate the HA expression through HAS3 induction and CD44 expression without barrier impairment.ope

    Diagnostic Accuracy of a Novel On-site Virtual Fractional Flow Reserve Parallel Computing System

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    PURPOSE: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of a novel on-site virtual fractional flow reserve (vFFR) derived from coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed 100 vessels from 57 patients who had undergone CTA followed by invasive FFR during coronary angiography. Coronary lumen segmentation and three-dimensional reconstruction were conducted using a completely automated algorithm, and parallel computing based vFFR prediction was performed. Lesion-specific ischemia based on FFR was defined as significant at ≀0.8, as well as ≀0.75, and obstructive CTA stenosis was defined that β‰₯50%. The diagnostic performance of vFFR was compared to invasive FFR at both ≀0.8 and ≀0.75. RESULTS: The average computation time was 12 minutes per patient. The correlation coefficient (r) between vFFR and invasive FFR was 0.75 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.65 to 0.83], and Bland-Altman analysis showed a mean bias of 0.005 (95% CI -0.011 to 0.021) with 95% limits of agreement of -0.16 to 0.17 between vFFR and FFR. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 78.0%, 87.1%, 72.5%, 58.7%, and 92.6%, respectively, using the FFR cutoff of 0.80. They were 87.0%, 95.0%, 80.0%, 54.3%, and 98.5%, respectively, with the FFR cutoff of 0.75. The area under the receiver-operating characteristics curve of vFFR versus obstructive CTA stenosis was 0.88 versus 0.61 for the FFR cutoff of 0.80, respectively; it was 0.94 versus 0.62 for the FFR cutoff of 0.75. CONCLUSION: Our novel, fully automated, on-site vFFR technology showed excellent diagnostic performance for the detection of lesion-specific ischemia.ope

    Health behaviors influencing depressive symptoms in older Koreans living alone: secondary data analysis of the 2014 Korean longitudinal study of aging

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    BACKGROUND: Geriatric depression is a societal problem, specifically in those living alone in Korea. This study aims are to investigate (1) how sociodemographic factors, health status, and health behaviors are differently associated with depressive symptoms in older Koreans living alone compared to those living with others and (2) how living arrangements attenuated or strengthened the associations between four types of health behaviors and depressive symptoms. METHODS: This secondary data analysis was conducted using data from the 2014 Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging. A structured survey assessing sociodemographic factors, health status, and health behaviors was conducted with people aged 65 or older who lived alone (n = 1359) and living with others (n = 2864). A multiple linear regression with interaction terms was conducted between mean-centered health behaviors and the status of living alone. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS Statistics 23.0, and the two-tailed level of significance was set at 0.05. RESULTS: Those living alone reported higher levels of depressive symptoms than those living with others (Mdiff = 2.129, SE = 0.005, p <  0.001). The variance of depressive symptoms explained by 13 variables was 18.1% for those living alone compared to 23.7% for those living with others. Compared to health behaviors, sociodemographic factors and health status more explained depressive symptoms, specifically with psychiatric disorders, pain, and impaired functionality as risk factors. Smoking, alcohol abstinence, physical inactivity, and social inactivity were associated with more depressive symptoms. Living arrangements moderated the association between depressive symptoms and each health behavior, except for physical inactivity (all p values < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Older Koreans living alone were exposed to different risk factors for depressive symptoms compared to those living with others. Non-modifiable sociodemographic and health status factors were highly associated with depressive symptoms relative to health behaviors; thus, it is important to conduct early assessment and classification of vulnerable subgroups regarding geriatric depression. Specific assessment instruments should be prepared in practice according to living arrangements among older Koreans. Targeted interventions are essential to addressing living arrangements and modifying health behaviors to reduce smoking, alcohol consumption, and social inactivity, specifically in those living alone.ope
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