20 research outputs found

    Directly Printed Nanomaterial Sensor for Strain and Vibration Measurement

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2020. 8. ์•ˆ์„ฑํ›ˆ.Most discussions about Industrie 4.0 tacitly assume that any such system would involve the processing and evaluation of large data volumes. Specifically, the operation of complex production processes requires stable and reliable data measurement and communication systems. However, while modern sensor technology may already be capable of collecting a wide range of machine and production data, it has been proving difficult to measure and analyse the data which is not easy to measurable and feed the results quickly back into an optimised production cycle. This is why the cost and installation of sensor, data acquisition, and transmission systems for flexible and adaptive manufacturing process have not been match the requirement of industrial demands. In this dissertation, directly printed nanomaterial sensor capable of strain and vibration measurement with high sensitivity and wide measurable range was fabricated using aerodynamically focused nanomaterial (AFN) printing system which is a direct printing technique for conductive and stretchable pattern printing onto flexible substrate. Specifically, microscale porous conductive pattern composed of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) composite was printed onto polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Printing mechanism of AFN printing system for nanocomposite onto flexible substrate in order of mechanical crack generation, seed layer deposition, partial aggregation, and fully deposition was demonstrated and experimentally validated. The printed nanocomposite sensor exhibited gauge factor (GF) of 58.7, measurable range of 0.74, and variance in peak resistance under 0.05 during 1,000 times life cycle evaluation test. Furthermore, vibration measurement performance was evaluated according to vibration amplitude and frequency with Q-factor evaluation and statistical verification. Sensing mechanism for nanocomposite sensor was also analysed and discussed by both analytical and statistical methods. First, electron tunnelling effect among nanomaterials was analysed statistically using bivariate probit model. Since electrical property varies by the geometrical properties of nanomaterial, Monte Carlo simulation method based on Lennard-Jones (LJ) potential model and the voter model was developed for deeper understanding of the dynamics of nanomaterial by strain. By simply counting the average attachment among nanomaterials by strain, electrical conductivity was easily estimated with low simulation cost. The main objective of all processes to manufacture high-tech products is compliance with the specified ranges of permissible variation. In this perspective, all data must be recorded that might provide some evidence of status changes anywhere along the process chain. This dissertation covers the monitoring of forming and milling process. By measurement of mechanical deformation of stamp during forming process, it was possible to estimate the forming force according to various process parameters including maximum force, force gradient, and the thickness of sheet metal. Furthermore, accurate and reliable vibration monitoring was also conducted during milling process by simple and direct attachment of printed sensor to workpiece. Using frequency and power spectrum analysis of obtained data, the vibration of workpiece was measured during milling process according to process parameters including RPM, feed rate, cutting depth and width of spindle. Finally, developed sensor was applied to the digital twin of turbine blade manufacturing that vibration greatly affects the quality of product to predict the process defects in real time. To overcome the wire required data acquisition and transmission system, directly printed wireless communication sensor was also developed using chipless radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. It is one of the widely used technique for internet-of-things (IoT) devices due to low-cost, printability, and simplicity. The developed stretchable and chipless RFID sensor exhibited GF more than 0.6 and maximum measurable range more than 0.2 with high degree-of-freedom of motion. Since it showed its original characteristics of sensing in only one direction independently, sensor patch composed of various sensor with different resonance frequency was capable of measuring not only normal strains but also shear strains in all directions. Sensors in machinery and equipment can provide valuable clues as to whether or not the actual values will fall into the tolerance range. In this aspect, a real-time, accurate, and reliable process monitoring is a basic and crucial enabler of intelligent manufacturing operations and digital twin applications. In this dissertation, developed sensor was used for various manufacturing process include forming process, milling process, and wireless communication using highly sensitive and wide measuring properties with low fabrication cost. It is expected that developed sensor could be applied for the digital twin and process defects prediction in real-time.4์ฐจ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ˜๋ช…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋…ผ์˜๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์–‘์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์•”๋ฌต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ณต์ •์„ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ด๊ณ  ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ธก์ • ๋ฐ ํ†ต์‹  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ตœ์‹  ์„ผ์„œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ณต์ • ์ค‘ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ณต์ •์— ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์œ ์—ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ ์‘ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ œ์กฐ ๊ณต์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์„ผ์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ์„ค์น˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•, ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐ ์ „์†ก ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์‹ค์ œ ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ•™์œ„ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ ์—ฐ ๊ธฐํŒ์— ์ „๋„์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์‹ ์ถ•์„ฑ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์ง์ ‘ ์ธ์‡„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ธฐ์—ญํ•™์  ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์ง‘์† ์ธ์‡„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋†’์€ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„์™€ ๋„“์€ ์ธก์ • ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ณ€์œ„ ๋ฐ ์ง„๋™ ์„ผ์„œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์€ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž์™€ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ๋ฒฝ ํƒ„์†Œ ๋‚˜๋…ธํŠœ๋ธŒ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๋‚˜๋…ธ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์žฌ๋ฅผ ํด๋ฆฌ๋””๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ์‹ค๋ก์‚ฐ ์œ„์— ์ง์ ‘ ์ธ์‡„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œ ์—ฐ ๊ธฐํŒ ์œ„์— ๊ณต๊ธฐ์—ญํ•™์  ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์ง‘์† ์ธ์‡„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๋‚˜๋…ธ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์žฌ ์ธ์‡„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ธฐ์ž‘์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ๊ท ์—ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ, ์‹œ๋“œ์ธต ์ ์ธต, ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์‘์ง‘ ๋ฐ ์™„์ „ ์ฆ์ฐฉ ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ผ์˜ ๋ฐ ์‹คํ—˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ์‡„๋œ ๋‚˜๋…ธ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์žฌ ์„ผ์„œ๋Š” 58.7์˜ ๊ฒŒ์ด์ง€ ํŒฉํ„ฐ, 0.74์˜ ์ธก์ • ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 1,000๋ฒˆ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋œ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€์—์„œ 5% ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์˜ ์ •์  ์ €ํ•ญ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ Q ์ธ์ž ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง„๋™์˜ ์ง„ํญ ๋ฐ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ง„๋™ ์ธก์ • ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋…ธ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์žฌ ์„ผ์„œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธก์ • ๊ธฐ์ž‘ ๋˜ํ•œ ํ•ด์„์  ๋ฐ ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ €, ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ ๊ฐ„ ํ„ฐ๋„ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ณ€๋Ÿ‰ ํ”„๋กœ๋น— ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ผ์„œ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ๋ฌผ์„ฑ์ด ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์  ๋ฌผ์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ƒ์ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ณ€์œ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๋™์ ์ธ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ ˆ๋„ˆ๋“œ์กด์Šค ์ „์œ„ ๋ฐ ์œ ๊ถŒ์ž ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๋ชฌํ…Œ์นด๋ฅผ๋กœ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ ๊ฐ„ ํ‰๊ท  ๋ถ€์ฐฉ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋น„์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๊ธฐ์ „๋„๋„๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒจ๋‹จ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ์ œ์กฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณต์ •์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ์ง€์ •๋œ ๋ฒ”์œ„์˜ ํ—ˆ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ณ€๋™์„ ์ค€์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณต์ • ์ค‘ ์–ด๋””์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์ƒํƒœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ํ•™์œ„ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ์„ผ์„œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ฑํ˜• ๋ฐ ์ ˆ์‚ญ ๊ณต์ •์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ณต์ •์„ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋งํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ฑํ˜• ๊ณต์ • ๋™์•ˆ ์Šคํƒฌํ”„์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ๋ณ€ํ˜•์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ํž˜, ํž˜์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ ๋ฐ ํŒ๊ธˆ์˜ ๋‘๊ป˜๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ณต์ • ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„ฑํ˜• ํž˜์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ ˆ์‚ญ ๊ณต์ • ์ค‘ ๊ณต์ž‘๋ฌผ์— ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ์„ผ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๋ถ€์ฐฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์ง„๋™ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์–ป์–ด์ง„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋ถ„๋‹น ํšŒ์ „ ์ˆ˜, ์ด์†ก ์†๋„, ์Šคํ•€๋“ค์˜ ์ ˆ์‚ญ ๊นŠ์ด ๋ฐ ๋„ˆ๋น„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ณต์ž‘๋ฌผ์˜ ์ง„๋™์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์กฐ๋œ ์„ผ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ง„๋™์ด ์ œํ’ˆ ํ’ˆ์งˆ์— ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ํ„ฐ๋นˆ ๋™์ต ์ œ์กฐ ๊ณต์ •์˜ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํŠธ์œˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต์ • ๊ฒฐํ•จ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œ ์„  ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐ ์ „์†ก ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์นฉ๋ฆฌ์Šค ๋ฌด์„  ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์‹๋ณ„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง์ ‘ ์ธ์‡„๋œ ๋ฌด์„  ํ†ต์‹  ์„ผ์„œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์นฉ๋ฆฌ์Šค ๋ฌด์„  ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์‹๋ณ„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์ €๋น„์šฉ, ์ธ์‡„์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๊ณต์ •์˜ ํ‰์ด์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์žฅ์น˜์— ๋„๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ์œ ์—ฐํ•œ ์นฉ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์„ผ์„œ๋Š” 0.6 ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒŒ์ด์ง€ ํŒฉํ„ฐ์™€ 0.2 ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ธก์ • ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ์„ผ์„œ๋Š” ํ•œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ๋ณ€์œ„๋งŒ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง ๋ฐ ์ „๋‹จ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ณต์ง„ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์„ผ์„œ ํŒจ์น˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์žฅ๋น„์˜ ์„ผ์„œ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ๊ฐ’์ด ๊ณต์ฐจ ๋ฒ”์œ„์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋‹จ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ, ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ณต์ • ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง์€ ์ง€๋Šฅํ˜• ์ œ์กฐ ๊ณต์ • ๋ฐ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํŠธ์œˆ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์‘์šฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์ธ ์š”์†Œ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ํ•™์œ„ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ์„ผ์„œ๋Š” ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ œ์กฐ ๋น„์šฉ๊ณผ ๋†’์€ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„ ๋ฐ ์‹ ์ถ•์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์„ฑํ˜• ๊ณต์ •, ์ ˆ์‚ญ ๊ณต์ •, ๋ฌด์„  ํ†ต์‹ ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ œ์กฐ ๊ณต์ •์—์„œ ์‘์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ์„ผ์„œ๋Š” ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํŠธ์œˆ ๋ฐ ๊ณต์ • ๊ฒฐํ•จ์˜ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์˜ˆ์ธก์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Toward smart manufacturing 1 1.2. Sensor in manufacturing 4 1.3. Research objective 11 Chapter 2. Background 16 2.1. Aerodynamically focused nanomaterial printing 16 2.2. Printing system envelope 26 2.3. Highly sensitive sensor printing 34 Chapter 3. Sensor fabrication and evaluation 42 3.1. Highly sensitive and wide measuring sensor printing 42 3.2. Sensing performance evaluation 59 3.3. Environmental and industrial evaluation 87 Chapter 4. Sensing mechanism analysis 97 4.1. Theoretical background 97 4.2. Statistical regression anaylsis 101 4.3. Monte Carlo simulation 104 Chapter 5. Application to process monitoring 126 5.1. Forming process monitoring 126 5.2. Milling process monitoring 133 5.3. Wireless communication monitoring 149 Chapter 6. Conclusion 185 Bibliography 192 Abstract in Korean 211Docto

    ์ดˆํŒŒ๋ฆฌ ๋จน์ดํ–‰๋™์— ์ค‘์ถ”์  ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์™€ ์œ ์ „์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€, 2017. 2. ์ •์ข…๊ฒฝ.Although feeding is affected by multiple extrinsic and intrinsic stimuli, this behavior is primarily shaped by the two hard-wired motivational states - hunger and satiety. To expand our current understanding on the neuromolecular mechanism governing the states, I performed a genetic screen using a straightforward high-throughput feeding assay to identify novel genes and neurons critical for feeding regulation in Drosophila. By analyzing a library of 224 neuron-specific GAL4 drivers and 250 RNAi lines, I discovered two groups of anorexigenic neurons that showed striking elevation of feeding when silenced, and identified a gene that affected feeding when knocked down. Silencing Myoinhibitory peptide (MIP) neurons and the corresponding gene, mip, elicited significant increases in body weight (BW) which could be completely restored by restriction of food intake, showing the tight correlation of BW and food intake regulated by MIP neurons. By contrast, activating MIP neurons markedly decreased food intake and BW, and the loss of food intake and BW was fully rescued shortly after termination of the neural activation indicating the switch-like role of MIP neurons in food intake BW regulation. By quantifying the levels of satiety using two behavioral paradigms upon silencing or activating MIP neurons, I revealed that indeed MIP neurons induce satiety to regulate food intake and ultimately BW. Another anorexigenic neuronal population marked by 48899-GAL4 displayed a series of hunger responses when silencedindicating 48899 neurons normally induce satiety. Consistently, activating 48899 neurons reduced food intake. Among the neural structures labeled by 48899-GAL4, the ellipsoid body (EB) subsets appeared to be critical for 48899-mediated feeding regulation. By analyzing the role of five serotonin receptors present in Drosophila, I found that the potential inhibitory role of 5-HT1A in 48899 neurons to regulate food intake. Lastly, I showed that the RNAi knockdown of misato (mst) elicited dramatic hypophagia. Particularly, the intestine of the flies with the muscle-specific mst RNAi knockdown showed characteristic enlargement followed by severe damages on the visceral muscle. However, these phenotypes were fully rescued by exogenous expression of mst, indicating the specificity of mst in the tight linkage between food intake and visceral muscle fidelity. Altogether these results demonstrated that feeding behaviors can be targeted by multiple neuromolecular entry points, and provided new insights into the understanding of animal feeding behaviors especially through satiety.Background 1 Materials and Methods 15 Results 28 PART 1 A genetic screen identified candidate neurons and genes critical for food intake using a high-throughput feeding assay 29 Introduction 30 Developing a high-throughput feeding assay 38 Identification of candidate GAL4 and RNAi lines by a genetic screen using GAL4-UAS system 42 PART 2 MIP pathway regulates body weight via controlling satiety 46 Introduction 47 Silencing MIP neurons increased food intake and BW 49 TNT expression in MIP neurons blocks MIP secretion 56 Adult-specific silencing MIP neurons still increased BW 59 Silencing MIP neurons also increased abdominal fat storage 63 BW increase of MIP>TNT flies was mediated by elevated food intake 69 Activation of MIP neurons decreased food intake and BW 72 Activation of MIP neurons made flies leaner 75 MIP-GAL4 was expressed in the central nerve system (CNS) and gastrointestinal tract 77 MIP was expressed in the central nerve system (CNS) 80 MIP expression responded to activation of MIP neurons and starvation 84 Functional examination of the AL and SEZ expression by MIP 87 MIP expression in MIP-GAL4 neurons was required for BW regulation 91 Cha-GAL80 fully rescued the defective BW increase of MIP>TNT flies 94 A subset of MIP neurons in the CNS was responsible for BW regulation 96 Generation of a null mutation for mip 100 Mip was necessary for food intake and BW control 102 MIP was required for MIP neuron-mediated BW regulation 106 MIP regulates BW independently of the sex peptide receptor (SPR) 108 MIP neurons mediate olfactory anorexigenic responses 109 Behavioral paradigm to measure satiety using PER 113 Suppressing MIP pathway made flies lack satiety 115 Activating MIP pathway induced satiety 119 PART 3 A subset of the ellipsoid body neurons labeled by 48899-GAL4 negatively regulates food intake 121 Introduction 122 Satiated flies with silenced 48899 neurons still overfed 123 Activation of 48899 neurons induces hypophagia 125 Mimicry of hunger states induced by silencing 48899 neurons 127 Visualization of 48899 neurons 130 The PI cells of 48899 neurons were DH44-expressing neurons 132 The DH44 neurons were dispensable for 48899 neuron-mediated feeding control 134 EB R4 neurons were responsible for the feeding phenotype 137 Additional GAL4 lines that label EB R4 neurons elicited hyperphagic phenotype when silenced 140 Serotonin receptors might function in 48899 neurons to mediate feeding 142 48899 neurons responding to internal energy level 145 PART 4 Misato is required for the visceral muscle maintenance for intestinal homeostasis in Drosophila 147 Introduction 148 RNAi knockdown of mst in the muscle tissue elicits decreased food intake 150 Aged mef2>mst RNAi flies exhibit enlarged intestine 152 Newly-born mef2>mst RNAi flies do not show the intestinal phenotypes 157 Phenotypical analysis on aged mef2>mst RNAi flies 159 Mef2-GAL4 is expressed in the outer layer of the visceral muscle 165 The visceral muscle is responsible for the intestinal phenotype 167 The visceral muscle is damaged in the aged mef2>mst RNAi flies 172 Aged mef2>mst RNAi flies showed increased apoptosis in the intestine 174 Intestine of aged mef2>mst RNAi flies showed increased level of ISCs 176 Exogenous expression of mst in the muscle fully rescued the intestinal defects of mef2>mst RNAi flies 179 Mst functions in the visceral muscle independently of the TCP- 1 tubulin chaperone complex 181 Discussion 183 The identity of the neural pathway post-synaptic to MIP neurons 184 Is MIP pathway the sole mediator for signaling satiety 186 The mechanism underlying the MIP pathway-mediated satiety 187 The relationship of MIP and 48899 pathways in signaling satiety 187 The role of 48899 neurons in feeding choices 188 Conclusions 189 1. A genetic screen identified candidate neurons and genes critical for feeding control using a high-throughput feeding assay 189 2. MIP pathway maintains a constant BW through signaling satiety 190 3. A subset of the EB neurons labeled by 48899-GAL4 suppresses food intake 192 4. Misato is required for the visceral muscle maintenance for intestinal homeostasis in Drosophila 194 Reference 195 Abstract in Korean/๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 205Docto

    Rethinking Design Conception & its representation from the view point of STS

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋””์ž์ธํ•™๋ถ€ ๋””์ž์ธ์ „๊ณต, 2014. 8. ์ด์ˆœ์ข….์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๋””์ž์ธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์šฉ์–ด์™€ ๊ทธ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ์—ฌ๊ฑด์„ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋””์ž์ธ์€ ์ธ๊ณต๋ฌผ์˜ ์ œ์ž‘๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์— ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ธ๊ณต๋ฌผ์„ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์š•๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋‹ค๊ฐ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ ์—์„œ, ๋””์ž์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•ด๋‚ธ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์น˜, ์ œ๋„, ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•, ๋„๊ตฌ ๋“ฑ์ด ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ง‘๋‹จ์ ์ธ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋””์ž์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์ด ์ด๋ค„์ง€๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์€ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋œ ์–ด๋Š ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด๋‚˜ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ, ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์„ ํƒ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋””์ž์ธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ -๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ์†Œ๋น„์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์ด์ œ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋””์ž์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด์„œ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ 1์ฐจ์  ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ๋””์ž์ธ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์‹คํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์ „๋žต์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋””์ž์ธ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์ฐฝ์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์žฌ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋””์ž์ธ์˜ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๊ฐ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋น„๋กฏํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๋””์ž์ธ ํ™œ๋™์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ž์›๋“ค์„ ๋™์›ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์ด๋ก , ์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ ์‹ค๊ธฐ, ๊ธฐ์ˆ , ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ์˜ ์ฐฝ์˜์„ฑ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋””์ž์ธ ์•ˆ์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ์ž์› ์™ธ์—๋„, ์‚ฌํšŒ, ์ •์น˜, ๊ฒฝ์ œ, ๋ฌธํ™” ๋“ฑ ๋””์ž์ธ ๋ฐ–์—์„œ๋„ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ž์›๋“ค์„ ๋Œ์–ด๋‹ค ์“ด๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ๋””์ž์ธ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ์ƒ๋˜๊ณ  ๊ตฌํ˜„๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ ์ ˆ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™ยท๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฐ์—…ํ˜๋ช… ์ดํ›„์— ๋ณธ๊ฒฉํ™”ํ•œ ๋””์ž์ธ์€, 20์„ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋‚˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋””์ž์ธ ๋ฐ–์—์„œ ๋Œ์–ด๋‹ค ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž์›์ด ๊ทธ ์–ด๋Š ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ํ’๋ถ€ํ•ด์กŒ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋™์‹œ์— ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋””์ž์ธ ์™ธ์ ์ธ ์š”์ธ๋“ค์ด ๋””์ž์ธ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•  ์—ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•„์กŒ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉ๊ณผ ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋ฒ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋„“์€ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋น„์ถฐ ๋””์ž์ธ์€ ๊ทธ ๊ตฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํ˜„๋Œ€์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ด๋ค„์ง€๋Š” ๋””์ž์ธ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „๋ฌธ์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ตฌํ˜„์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋“ค์˜ ์ž‘์šฉ ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ์‘์šฉ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ํ˜„๋Œ€์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์ ์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ๋””์ž์ธ ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ค„ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์€ ๋””์ž์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ์“ธ๋ชจ์˜ ์‹ฌ๋ฏธ์ , ์ƒ์ง•์  ์ฒดํ—˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์šฐ์„ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋””์ž์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ์“ธ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์• ์ดˆ์— ์˜๋„ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋””์ž์ธ ๋ชฉ์ ์— ๋ถ€ํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ณผํ•™ยท๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ์ง€์‹์ด ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ ํ•ด์„, ์ ์šฉ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ณผํ•™ยท๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ์ •๋ณด์™€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋””์ž์ธ์ด ๊ตฌ์ƒยท๊ตฌํ˜„๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ณผํ•™ยท๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ฐธ์กฐํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•™์˜ ๊ด€์ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ณผํ•™ยท๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ์ •๋ณด์™€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋น„ํ‰์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฐฝ์˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์ œ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ๋””์ž์ธ ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๋ฐ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋””์ž์ธ๊ณผ์˜ ์ž‘์šฉ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•™์  ๊ด€์ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ์„œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ๋‹ค. ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๋””์ž์ธ์ด ๊ตฌํ˜„๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ๊ณตํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์งˆ ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ์ด ์ง€๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™ยท๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋””์ž์ธ๊ณผ์˜ ์ž‘์šฉ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•™์  ๊ด€์ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ์„œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ 3์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๋ฐ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๋””์ž์ธ๊ณผ์˜ ์ž‘์šฉ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋””์ž์ธ ๊ตฌ์ƒ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์  ๋ฉด๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์ด์ œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณผํ•™ยท๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ฐธ์กฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ค„์กŒ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๊ด„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ํ•œ๊ณ„์™€ ๋งน์ ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ด์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๋ฐ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ค„์ง€๋Š” ๋””์ž์ธ ๊ตฌ์ƒ์˜ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ •ํ™•๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๋ฐ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ๋””์ž์ธ์˜ ์ž‘์šฉ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น„ํ‰์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธํ•ญ๋“ค์„ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. 4์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ธ๊ณตํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์งˆ ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ์ด ์ง€๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™ยท๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋””์ž์ธ๊ณผ์˜ ์ž‘์šฉ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•™์  ๊ด€์ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ˜•์ƒ์˜ ์ œ์ž‘๊ณผ ๋ณต์ œ์— ๊ด€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋””์ž์ธ ๊ตฌํ˜„์˜ ํŠน์ง•์  ๋ฉด๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์ด์ œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณผํ•™ยท๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ค„์กŒ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๊ด„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚œ ์ธ์‹๋ก ์  ํ•œ๊ณ„์™€ ๋งน์ ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ด์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด, ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋””์ž์ธ ๊ตฌํ˜„๊ณผ ๊ณผํ•™ยท๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜ ์ž‘์šฉ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธํ•ญ๋“ค์„ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. 5์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™ยท๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๋ฐ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๋””์ž์ธ๊ณผ์˜ ์ž‘์šฉ ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ์ธ๊ณตํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์งˆ ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ์ด ์ง€๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™ยท๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋””์ž์ธ๊ณผ์˜ ์ž‘์šฉ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•™์  ๊ด€์ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๊ฐœ๊ด„ํ•จ๊ณผ ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ ๋””์ž์ธ์ด ๊ณผํ•™ยท๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ๋•Œ ์œ ๋…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•ด์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋””์ž์ธ์ด ๊ณผํ•™ยท๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌ์ƒยท๊ตฌํ˜„๋˜๋Š” ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•™์  ๊ด€์ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€, ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ „๋žต์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์„ ์„ธ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š”, ๋””์ž์ธ์˜ ๊ณผํ•™ยท๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ถ„์•ผ์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฉด๋ฐ€ํžˆ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ์จ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋””์ž์ธ์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋””์ž์ธ ๋ฐ–์—๋„ ๋””์ž์ธ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์ดํ•ด์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋””์ž์ธ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋””์ž์ธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ ๊ณผ์ •์—๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ œ๋ฐ˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋“ค์ด ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ๊ณผ ์ •๋ณด ๋ณ€ํ˜•์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์นจํˆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋””์ž์ธ ๊ตฌ์ƒยท๊ตฌํ˜„๋˜๋Š” ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๋‹ค๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒยท๊ฒฝ์ œ์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ตœ์ข… ๋””์ž์ธ ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ์†์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌํ˜„๋˜๋Š”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ž„์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋””์ž์ธ๋‚ญ๋งŒ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ๋””์ž์ธ๋งŒ๋Šฅ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ๋””์ž์ธ๊ณผ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์†ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ฐฝ์˜์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋น„ํ‰์ ์ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ์˜ ํ† ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋””์ž์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด์™€ ์‹ค์ฒœ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์œตํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ๊ด€์ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋”์šฑ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•ด ๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.During the recent decades, the term of design and its literacy have become judge elements of life. In evaluating the present-day conditions of living which is built upon the support and criteria provided by various modern institutions and concepts such as function, public health, hygiene, material, standard, structure, system, comfort, development, etc., the concept of design seems to have gone beyond its original meaning of plan and scheme and acquired a new one, indicating the realization of a somewhat more unique appearance and style (or the aspiration toward such an ideal) in a human-built world while guaranteeing a universal aesthetic value without much risk and need for thought. In these understandings, this thesis started from questioning what sort of epistemologies (or attitudes), data, and materials drive and realize todays design. To measure the co-constructivity between Design and Technoscience, I tried to reflect how design process has utilized the numerical and statistics as modern data for understanding the situations and conditions of some topics and objects as conception in getting through objectivity guarantying as a case study. And I tried to measure how design processes have pursued their objects by applying plastics as modern conceptual materials for directing forms as representation in getting through propriety guarantying as another case study. By tracing the way of design conception and its representation through technoscience, following questions could be implicated. Todays science, technology and their aesthetics under the rules of artificial objects that are the effects of design, what place could justify and explain for themselves in everyday life, in which many of modern concepts and epistemologies are generalized? And then, there could be other questions, regarding the institutionalized nature of design today and the methodologies of its cultural realization. (Because, in design, the ongoing debate of it is usuallyโ€”indeed, almost alwaysโ€” drawn from science and technology, from notions of rationality, efficiency and their (constructed) facts.) So, we could ask: which forms will come to be defined as design and how/what science and technology will (de)form those designs today? I hope this thesis would help the development of design studies through the understanding of todays design natures.์ดˆ๋ก ................................................................................................. โ…ฐ 1. ์„œ ๋ก  ............................................................................................. 1 1.1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ .................................................................................. 1 1.2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ชฉํ‘œ .................................................................. 5 1.3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ...................................................................... 9 2. ๋””์ž์ธ์˜ ๊ณผํ•™ยท๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํ™œ์šฉ ํŠน์„ฑ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•™ ................... 12 2.1. ๋””์ž์ธ๊ณผ ๊ณผํ•™ยท๊ธฐ์ˆ  .................................................................. 12 2.2. ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•™ ............................................................................... 25 2.3. ๋””์ž์ธ ๊ตฌ์ƒยท๊ตฌํ˜„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•™์  ๋ถ„์„ .......................... 32 3. ๋””์ž์ธ ๊ตฌ์ƒ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ณผํ•™ยท๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํ™œ์šฉ: ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๋ฐ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ...................................................... 40 3.1. ๋””์ž์ธ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๋ฐ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ................................................ 42 3.2. ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๋ฐ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ์ž‘์šฉ ๋ฐ ํ™œ์šฉ ๋ฐฉ์‹ ............................ 49 3.3. ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๋ฐ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ ................................................... 55 3.4. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ .......................................................................................... 59 4. ๋””์ž์ธ ๊ตฌํ˜„์—์„œ์˜ ๊ณผํ•™ยท๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํ™œ์šฉ: ์กฐํ˜• ์งˆ๋ฃŒ, ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ....................................................... 63 4.1. ๋””์ž์ธ๊ณผ ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ ................................................................... 65 4.2. ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ์˜ ์ž‘์šฉ ๋ฐ ํ™œ์šฉ ๋ฐฉ์‹ ................................................ 72 4.3. ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ ....................................................................... 80 4.4. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ .......................................................................................... 98 5. ์ข… ํ•ฉ .......................................................................................... 101 6. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  .......................................................................................... 106 * ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ .......................................................................................... 109 * Abstract .......................................................................................... 123Docto
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