126 research outputs found
Effects of Waterborne Copper on Toxicity and Oxidative Stress Responses in Red Seabream, Pagrus major
์ ์ฝ
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ๋ค์ํ ๋๋์ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์ฐธ๋, Pagrus major์ ๋
ธ์ถ์ํจ ํ, ์ฐธ๋ ์ฒด๋ด์์ ๋
์ฑ ๋ฐ ์ฐํ ์คํธ๋ ์ค๋ฅผ ์ ๋ฐ์ํค๋ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ์ ๋๋ ๋ฒ์๋ฅผ ํ์ธํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ ์ํ๋์๋ค. ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ๋๋์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฐธ๋์ ์๋ฆฌํ์ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ๊ด์ฐฐํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ ํ์ค ํธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์ ์์ ๋ณ๋ ๋ฐ ํจ์ ํ์ฑ์ ํฌํจํ ๋ถ์๋ด๋ถ๋นํ์ ๋ถ์ ๋ฑ์ ํตํ์ฌ ๋น๊ตยท๋ถ์ํ์๋ค.
1. ์ฐธ๋์ ๋
์ฑ ์คํธ๋ ์ค ๋ฐ ์ธํฌ์ฌ๋ฉธ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์ํฅ
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ๋
์ฑ ์คํธ๋ ์ค ๋ฐ ์ธํฌ์ฌ๋ฉธ์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ์ ๋๋๋ฅผ ํ์
ํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ, ์ฐธ๋์ ๋ค์ํ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ๋๋(10, 20, 30 ๋ฐ 40 ฮผg/L) ์คํ๊ตฌ๋ณ๋ก ๊ฐ๊ฐ 0, 6, 12, 24, 72 ๋ฐ 120 ์๊ฐ ๋์ ๋
ธ์ถ์ํจ ํ, ์๋ฆฌํ์ ์คํธ๋ ์ค ๋ฐ์[corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol ๋ฐ glucose] ๋ฐ ๋
์ฑ ์คํธ๋ ์ค ์งํ[metallothionein (MT) ๋ฐ Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA)]์ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค. ๋ํ, ์ธํฌ์ฌ๋ฉธ ๋ฐ์์ ํ์ค hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) ๋ฐ caspase-3์ ํ์ฑ ๋ณํ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ terminal transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay์ ํตํ์ฌ ํ์ธํ์๋ค.
๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, 30๊ณผ 40 ฮผg/L์ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ๋๋ ์คํ๊ตฌ์์๋ ๋
ธ์ถ ์๊ฐ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณผํจ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ํ์ฅ ๋ด CRH, ACTH, cortisol, glucose, MT, H2O2 ๋ฐ caspase-3 ๋๋๊ฐ ์ ์์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฆ๊ฐํ๋ ๊ฒฝํฅ์ด ๊ด์ฐฐ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ํ์ฅ ๋ด NKA ๋๋๋ ์คํ๋ ค ๊ฐ์ํ๋ ๊ฒฝํฅ์ด ๊ด์ฐฐ๋์๋ค(P < 0.05). ๋ํ, TUNEL assay๋ฅผ ์ค์ํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, 30 ฮผg/L์ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ๋๋ ์คํ๊ตฌ์์ ์ธํฌ์ฌ๋ฉธ์ด ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ง์ด ๊ด์ฐฐ๋์๋ค.
๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์ฐธ๋์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, 30 ฮผg/L ์ด์์ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ๋๋๋ ๋
์ฑ์ผ๋ก ์์ฉํ์ฌ ์คํธ๋ ์ค ๋ฐ ์ธํฌ์ฌ๋ฉธ์ ์ ๋ฐํ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ํ๋จ๋์๋ค.
2. ์ฐธ๋์ ์ฐํ ์คํธ๋ ์ค ๋ฐ ๋ฉด์ญ ๋ฐ์์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์ํฅ
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋
์ฑ์ผ๋ก ์์ฉํ์ฌ ์ฐธ๋์ ์ฐํ์คํธ๋ ์ค์ ๋ฉด์ญ ๋ฐ์์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ๋๋๋ฅผ ํ์
ํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ, ๋ค์ํ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ๋๋๋ณ(10, 20, 30 ๋ฐ 40 ฮผg/L) ์คํ๊ตฌ์ ์ฐธ๋์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 0, 6, 12, 24, 72 ๋ฐ 120 ์๊ฐ ๋์ ๋
ธ์ถ์ํจ ํ, ํญ์ฐํ ํจ์์ธ superoxide dismutase (SOD)์ catalase (CAT) mRNA์ ๋ฐํ๋ ๋ฐ ํ์ฅ ๋ด ๋๋ ๋ณํ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)์ lipid peroxidation (LPO)์ ๋๋ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค. ๋ํ, ์คํ๊ตฌ๋ณ ๋ฉด์ญ ๋ฐ์์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋น๊ตํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ immunoglobulin M (IgM), lysozyme, ๋ฐ melatonin์ ๋๋ ๋ณํ ๋ฐ ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง ๋ฐํ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ธํฌ ๋ด ํต DNA ์์ ์ ๋๋ฅผ ์๊ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ์ธํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ Comet assay๋ฅผ ์ค์ํ์๋ค.
๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํญ์ฐํ ํจ์ mRNA์ ๋ฐํ ๋ฐ ํ์ฑ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ H2O2๊ณผ LPO ๋๋๋ 30 ฮผg/L ์ด์์ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ๋๋์์ ๋
ธ์ถ ์๊ฐ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณผํจ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ ์์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฆ๊ฐํ์๋ค. ๋ฉด์ญ ๊ด๋ จ ์งํ๋ก์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๊ณ ์๋ IgM, lysozyme ๋ฐ melatonin์ ๋๋ ๋ณํ์ ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง ๋ฐํ ๋ณํ๋ 30๊ณผ 40 ฮผg/L ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ๋๋์์ ๋
ธ์ถ ์๊ฐ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณผํจ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ ์์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ํ์๋ค. ๋ํ, Comet assay ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์์๋ 30 ฮผg/L์์ 120 ์๊ฐ ๋์ ๋
ธ์ถํ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, ํต DNA์ ์์ ์ ๋๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ฌํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ํ์ธ๋์๋ค.
๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์ฐธ๋์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, 30 ฮผg/L ์ด์์ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ๋๋๋ ์ฐํ ์คํธ๋ ์ค๋ก ์์ฉํ์ฌ ํญ์ฐํ ์์ฉ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ ํธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์ ๋ถ๋น๋ฅผ ์ ๋ํ๊ณ ๋ฉด์ญ ๊ด๋ จ ๋ฌผ์ง์ ๋ฐํ์ ๊ฐ์์ํค๋ ๋ฑ ์ฐธ๋์ ์๋ฆฌํ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ์
์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ํ๋จ๋์๋ค.|This study was carried out to identify copper (Cu) concentrations that inducting toxic and oxidative stress at red seabream body in a variety of Cu environments. In order to observe the physiological changes, they were compared and analyzed by molecular biological experiment method.
1. Effects of waterborne copper on toxicity stress and apoptosis responses
in red seabream, Pagrus major
The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of toxicity resulting from Cu exposure on physiological stress and cell death in the red seabream, and to determine the concentration range over which Cu is toxic. After exposure of red seabream to Cu at various concentrations (10, 20, 30, and 40 ฮผg/L) for 0, 6, 12, 24, 72, and 120 hour (h). To this end, I analysed changes in the physiological stress response [corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, and glucose)] and toxic stress indices [(metallothionein (MT) and Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA)] in red seabream exposed to various concentrations of Cu. Furthermore, I measured the activity of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and caspase-3 in plasma to confirm the apoptosis response, and performed a terminal transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay.
As a result, the concentration of CRH, ACTH, cortisol, MT, H2O2, and caspase-3 concentrations increased significantly following exposure times to Cu were observed in the experiment groups exposed to 30 and 40 ฮผg/L. However, NKA in plasma was decreased (P < 0.05). TUNEL assay showed that cell death was the most frequent at 30 ฮผg/L concentration. In conclusion, when exposed to Cu concentrations of 30 ฮผg/L or more, they acted toxic in the fish body, indicating stress and apoptosis.
2. Effects of waterborne copper on oxidative stress and immune responses in red seabream, Pagrus major
This study was performed to determine the concentration range of Cu, which affects oxidative stress in the red seabream. I exposed red seabream to different concentrations of Cu (10, 20, 30, and 40 ฮผg/L), and then investigated the changes in mRNA expressions and activities of anti-oxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)] and measured changes in the levels of plasma oxidative stress indicators hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and lipid peroxidation (LPO). I also analyzed lysozyme, immunoglobulin M (IgM), and melatonin levels to confirm changes to immune function caused by Cu exposure. In addition, I conducted comet assay to analyze the nuclear DNA damage in the red seabream liver cells caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) arising from Cu exposure.
As a result, anti-oxidant enzyme mRNA expression and activity, H2O2 and LPO plasma levels were significantly increased following exposure time at Cu concentration above 30 ฮผg/L. Protein expressions and plasma levels of the lysozyme, IgM, and melatonin, which used as immune-related index, were significantly decreased following exposure time at 30 and 40 ฮผg/L. Also, the comet assay also showed that the highest level of nuclear DNA damage occurred experiment group, which exposed to 30 ฮผg/L for 120 h.
In red sea bream, Cu concentration above 30 ฮผg/L was considered to have negative effect on the physiological function of red seabream such as induction of secretion of anti-oxidant activity hormone and decrease expression of substance related immune index.Contents i
List of Figures iii
List of Abbreviations iv
Abstract (in Korean) v
Abstract (in English) vii
Chapter 1. Effects of waterborne copper on toxicity stress and apoptosis responses in red seabream, Pagurs major 1
1. Introduction 1
2. Materials and methods 4
2.1. Experimental fish 4
2.2. Cu treatment and sampling 4
2.3. Plasma parameter analysis 4
2.4. Tunel assay 5
2.5. Statistical analysis 5
3. Results 6
3.1. Change in plasma levels of CRH and ACTH 6
3.2. Change in plasma levels of cortisol and glucose 6
3.3. Change in plasma levels of MT 6
3.4. Change in plasma levels of NKA 10
3.5. Change in plasma levels of H2O2 and caspase-3 10
3.5. TUNEL assay 10
4. Discussion 14
Chapter 2. Effects of waterborne copper on oxidative stress and immune responses in red seabream, Pagrus major 18
1. Introduction 18
2. Materials and methods 21
2.1. Experimental fish and treatment 21
2.2. Sampling 21
2.3. Total RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis 22
2.4. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) 22
2.5. Western blot analysis 22
2.6. SOD and CAT activities analysis 23
2.7. Plasma H2O2 and LPO levels 23
2.8. Plasma lysozyme, IgM, and melatonin levels 24
2.9. Comet assay 24
2.10. Statistical analysis 24
3. Results 25
3.1. The expressions and activities of antioxidant enzymes SOD and CAT in the liver and plasma 25
3.2. Plasma H2O2 and LPO levels 25
3.3. Plasma lysozyme and IgM levels 29
3.4. Plasma melatonin levels 29
3.5. Comet assay 32
4. Discussion 34
Acknowledgements 38
References 39Maste
๋จ๊ทน ๋ถ๋น ํ ๋ฆฌ์๋๋ ๋ํฐ๋ง ์ฐ๋งฅ์ ๊ณ ์ ์ํด๋ก์์ดํธ์ ์ฃผ๋ณ ๋ณ์ฑํด์ ์๋ฅ์ ๋ณ์ฑ์ง๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์งํ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ์ฌ)--์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ :์์ฐ๊ณผํ๋ํ ์ง๊ตฌํ๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ๋ถ,2019. 8. ์ ํด๋ช
.The Lanterman Range eclogites and associated metasedimentary rocks in the Lanterman Range, northern Victoria Land, Antarctica, were investigated to unravel tectonometamorphic evolution of high-pressure (P) terrane in the Andean-type Ross orogeny. The pristine eclogites primarily consisting of garnet + omphacite + calcic/sodic-calcic amphibole + epidote + phengite + rutile + quartz, revealed three stages of prograde metamorphism defining two distinctive PโT trajectories, M1โ2 and M3. A combination of pseudosection modelling, mineral parageneses and thermobarometries suggests that the eclogites have initially evolved from ~15โ20 kbar and 520โ570 ยฐC (M1) through ~22โ25 kbar and 630โ650 ยฐC (M2), and finally to ~26 ยฑ 3 kbar and 720 ยฑ 80 ยฐC (M3). The SHRIMP U-Pb dating discriminated two distinct episodes of eclogitic zircon growth at 515 ยฑ 4 Ma (tฯ; M2) and 498 ยฑ 11 Ma (tฯ; M3) from zircon mantle and rim, respectively. Average burial rates are too low (<2 mm/year) for cold subduction regime (~5โ10 ยฐC/km), suggesting an intervening exhumation stage between two prograde PโT segments. Thus, two discrete events of burial-exhumation took place with an c. 15 Ma gap during the Ross orogeny.
The inherited zircon core ages (590.8 ยฑ 8.3 Ma and 603.2 ยฑ 4.4 Ma, tฯ) and mildly alkalic, within-plate to continental basalt-like geochemistry of the eclogites were combined to suggest that their gabbroic protoliths should be a spatial-temporal equivalent to c. 600โ580 Ma rift to passive margin magmatic rocks in the Tasmanides of eastern Australia. This is the first discovery of Ediacaran rift-related magmatism in the Ross orogen, thereby fulfilling the Antarctic missing link for paleogeographic linkage between Australia and Antarctica during the Neoproterozoic. Furthermore, I suggest oceanward propagation of rifting along the Australian-Antarctic margins from Cryogenian (c. 670โ650 Ma) to Ediacaran (c. 600โ580 Ma), followed by two discrete tectonic inversion events at Ediacaran (c. 590โ570 Ma) and early Cambrian (c. 540โ530 Ma), respectively. These late Neoproterozoic rift-related events might be responsible for the Pacific-Gondwana zircon population (c. 700โ500 Ma) in the Paleozoic Gondwana mud-pile.
Manganiferous quartzitic schist rarely occurs as thin layer in the Lanterman Range, intercalated within the quartzofeldspathic schists and gneisses enveloping the metamafic lenses. Strong positive anomaly of Ce of the manganiferous quartzite confirmed incorporation of ferromanganese deposits in the pelagic sedimentary protolith, most likely at continental slope to shelf of passive margin setting. Mineral assemblages represented by spessartine-rich garnet, piemontite-allanite-rich epidote, phengite, magnetite and quartz suggested greenschist to blueschist facies conditions with the relatively high oxygen fugacity. Passive margin sedimentary packages were metamorphosed at middle Cambrian time in the context the Ross orogeny. A compilation of PโT paths of high-P metamorphic rocks in the Lanterman Range testifies differing subduction-exhumation paths.์๋ฐ์คํ ๋ก์ค ์กฐ์ฐ์ด๋์ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์์ ๊ณ ์ ํฐ๋ ์ธ์ ๋ณ์ฑ์ง๊ตฌ์กฐ ์งํ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ๋ํฐ๋ง ์ฐ๋งฅ ์ํด๋ก์์ดํธ์ ์ฃผ๋ณ ๋ณ์ฑํด์ ์๋ฅ๋ฅผ ์ฐ๊ตฌํ์๋ค. ์ ์ ํ ์ํด๋ก์์ดํธ ์๋ฃ๋ค์ ์ฃผ๋ก ์๋ฅ์+์ดํ์ฌ์ดํธ+์นผ์/์๋-์นผ์ ๊ฐ์ฌ์+๋
น๋ ด์+ํ์์ดํธ+๊ธํ์ +์์์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋ ๊ฐ์ ๊ตฌ๋ณ๋๋ ์๋ ฅ-์จ๋ ๊ฒฝ๋ก, M1โ2์ M3๋ฅผ ์ ์ํ๋ ์ธ ๋จ๊ณ์ ์ ์ง๋ณ์ฑ์์ฉ์ ๋ฐํ๋๋ค. ์๋์น์
๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง, ํฌํ๊ด๋ฌผ ๊ณต์๊ด๊ณ, ์ง์จ์ง์๊ณ ๋ฑ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ํด๋ก์์ดํธ๊ฐ ~15-20kbar์ 520โ570โ(M1)์์ ~22โ25kbar์ 630โ650โ(M2), ~26ยฑ3kbar์ 720ยฑ80โ(M3)๊น์ง ์งํํ์์ ์์๋๋ค. ์ ์ด์ฝ์ ์ธ์ฐ๋ถ์ ์ต์ธ๋ถ ๋ ์ ๋ํ ์๋ฆผํ ์ฐ๋ผ๋-๋ฉ ์ฐ๋ น์ธก์ ์ ํตํด ๊ฐ๊ฐ 515ยฑ4Ma(tฯ; M2)์ 498ยฑ11Ma(tฯ; M3), ๋ ์ฐจ๋ก์ ๊ฑธ์น ๋จํธ์ ์ํด๋ก์์ดํธ ์ ์ด์ฝ ์ฑ์ฅ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ณํด๋๋ค. ์ด๋ก๋ถํฐ ๊ณ์ฐํ ํ๊ท ๋งค๋ชฐ์๋๋ ์ฐจ๊ฐ์ด ์ญ์
์ ๊ณ ๋ คํ๋ฉด ๋๋ฌด ๋ฎ์(<2mm/year), ๋ ๋จ๊ณ์ ์ ์ง๋ณ์ฑ ์๋ ฅ-์จ๋ ๊ฒฝ๋ก ์ฌ์ด์ ์ต๊ธฐ๋จ๊ณ๊ฐ ์์์ด์ผ ํ๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์, ๋ก์ค ์กฐ์ฐ์ด๋ ๋์ ๋ ์ฐจ๋ก์ ๋ถ์ฐ์์ ์ธ ๋งค๋ชฐ-์ต๊ธฐ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ด ์ฝ 15Ma๋ฅผ ๋๊ณ ์ผ์ด๋ฌ์์ ์ ์ ์๋ค.
์ ์ด์ฝ ์์ํต ์ฐ๋ น๋ค(590.8ยฑ8.3Ma์ 603.2ยฑ4.4Ma, tฯ)๊ณผ ์ฝ์์นผ๋ฆฌ, ํ๋ด๋ถ ๋ด์ง ๋๋ฅํ๋ฌด์์ ๊ฐ๊น์ด ์ํด๋ก์์ดํธ ์๋ฃ๋ค์ ์งํํ์กฐ์ฑ์ ๋ฐ๋ ค์์ง ๋ชจ์์ด ํธ์ฃผ ๋๋ถ ํ์ค๋ง๋์ด๋์ ์ฝ 600-580Ma์ ์ด๊ณก๋ ๋ด์ง ์๋ํ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ๋ถ ํ์ฑ์๋ฅ์ ์๊ณต๊ฐ์ ๋๋น๋ฅผ ์์ฌํ๋ค. ์ด๋ ๋ก์ค ์กฐ์ฐ๋ ๋ด ์๋์์นด๋ผ๊ธฐ ์ด๊ณก๋ ๊ณ ์ฒ ์ง ํ์ฑํ๋์ ์ฒซ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ์ผ๋ก, ์ ์์๋ ๋์ ํธ์ฃผ์ ๋จ๊ทน์ ๊ณ ์ง๋ฆฌ์ ๋๋น์์ ๊ฒฐ์ฌ๋ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฑ์ฐ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๋์๊ฐ, ํธ์ฃผ-๋จ๊ทน์ ๋์ชฝ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ๋ถ์์ ํฌ๋ผ์ด์ค์ ๋์๊ธฐ(์ฝ 670โ650Ma) ์์ ์๋์์นด๋ผ๊ธฐ(์ฝ 600โ580Ma)๋ก ์ด๊ณกํ๋์ด ํด์์ชฝ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ํ ์ฌ์ค๊ณผ ํจ๊ป, ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์๋์์นด๋ผ๊ธฐ(์ฝ 590โ570Ma)์ ์บ ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์๊ธฐ ์ด๊ธฐ(์ฝ 540โ530Ma) ๋ ํธ ํ๊ฒฝ์ผ๋ก์ ์ง๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ ์ํ๋ค. ์ด๋ค ํ๊ธฐ ์ ์์๋ ์ด๊ณกํ๋๋ค์ ์์ ๊ณ ์๋ ๊ณค๋์๋ ์งํ ๋๋ฏธ์์ ์ธ์ง๋๋ ํํ์-๊ณค๋์๋ ์ ์ด์ฝ ์ฐ๋ น๊ตฐ(์ฝ 700-500Ma)์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ค ํ๋์ผ ์ ์๋ค.
ํจ๋ง๊ฐ๊ท์ ํธ์์ ๋ํฐ๋ง ์ฐ๋งฅ์์ ์์ ๋ ์ด์ด ํํ๋ก ๋๋ฌผ๊ฒ ์ฐ์ถํ๋๋ฐ, ๋ณ์ฑ๊ณ ์ฒ ์ง ๋ ์ฆ๋ฅผ ๋๋ฌ์ธ๋ ์์์ฅ์์ง ํธ์๋ฅ์ ํธ๋ง์๋ฅ ๋ด์ ๊ตํธํ๋ค. ํจ๋ง๊ฐ๊ท์์ ๊ฐํ Ce ์์ ์ด์์ ์๋ํ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ๋ถ์ ๋๋ฅ์ฌ๋ฉด ๋ด์ง ๋๋ฅ๋ถ ํ๊ฒฝ์์ ํ์ฑ๋ ์์์ฑ ํด์ ๊ธฐ์ ๋ชจ์ ๋ด์ ํจ์ฒ ๋ง๊ฐ ๋
ธ๋์ด๋ ๊ฐ ๋ฑ์ด ํฌํจ๋์์์ ์ง์งํ๋ค. ์คํ์ํด์ด ํ๋ถํ ์๋ฅ์, ํผ๋ชฌํ์ดํธ-๊ฐ๋ ด์์ด ํ๋ถํ ๋
น๋ ด์, ํ์์ดํธ, ์์ฒ ์, ์์์ ๊ด๋ฌผ์กฐํฉ์ ์๋์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฐ์๋ถ์์ด ๋์ ํ๊ฒฝ์์์ ๋
น์ํธ์์ ๋ด์ง ์ฒญ์ํธ์์์ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ ์ง์ํ๋ค. ์๋ํ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ๋ถ ํด์ ์๋ฅ๋ค์ ๋ก์ค ์กฐ์ฐ์ด๋์ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์์ ์ค๊ธฐ ์บ ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์๊ธฐ ๋ ๋ณ์ฑ์์ฉ์ ๊ฒฝํํ์๋ค. ๋ํฐ๋ง ์ฐ๋งฅ์ ๊ณ ์ ๋ณ์ฑ์๋ฅ๋ค์ ์๋ ฅ-์จ๋ ๊ฒฝ๋ก๋ฅผ ์ทจํฉํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ญ์
-์ต๊ธฐ ๊ฒฝ๋ก๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง ์ ์์์ ์ฆ๋ช
ํ๋ค.ABSTRACT i
TABLE OF CONTENTS iii
LIST OF FIGURES vi
LIST OF TABLES viii
CHAPTER I: Introduction 1
THE TRANSANTARCTIC MOUNTAINS, NORTHERN VICTORIA LAND AND LANTERMAN RANGE 2
SCOPE OF THESIS AND MAIN ACHIEVEMENT 4
REFERENCES 5
CHAPTER II: PโT evolution and episodic zircon growth in barroisite eclogites of the Lanterman Range, northern Victoria Land, Antarctica 7
ABSTRACT 8
INTRODUCTION 10
GEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND 14
SAMPLE DESCRIPTION AND PETROGRAPHY 18
ANALYTICAL METHODS 25
MINERAL CHEMISTRY 26
METAMORPHIC EVOLUTION 46
PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE ESTIMATIONS 49
ZIRCON GEOCHRONOLOGY 59
DISCUSSTION 69
CONCLUSIONS 76
REFERENCES 77
CHAPTER III: Mafic magmatism at c. 590 Ma in the Ross orogen, Antarctica: The Ediacaran missing link for continental rifting and detrital zircon source along the East Gondwana margin
96
ABSTRACT 97
INTRODUCTION 98
GEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND 102
GEOCHEMICAL AND GEOCHRONOLOGICAL RESUTLS 103
DISCUSSION 133
CONCLUSIONS 139
REFERENCES 140
CHAPTER IV: Petrogenesis of manganiferous quartzite in the Lanterman Range, northern Victoria Land, Antarctica 148
ABSTRACT 149
INTRODUCTION 150
GEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND 153
SAMPLE DESCRIPTION AND PETROGRAPHY 157
ANALYTICAL METHODS 163
MINERAL CHEMISTRY 164
METAMORPHIC EVOLUTION AND PโT ESTIMATION 176
WHOLE-ROCK GEOCHEMISTRY 178
ZIRCON GEOCHRONOLOGY 180
DISCUSSION 183
CONCLUSIONS 185
REFERENCES 186
CHAPTER V: Conclusions and future work 193
CONCLUSIONS 194
FUTURE WORK 195
ABSTRACT (in Korean) 198
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 200
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (in Korean) 201Docto
์ ์ ๋จ ๋ฐ ํ์ ๊ฒ์ดํธ ํ๋ก์ ๋ํ ์ ์ ๋ฐ ๋ณด์กด์ฉ ๊ณต๊ฐ ํ ๋น ๋ฌธ์
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ์ฌ) -- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต๋ํ์ : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋ํ ์ ๊ธฐยท์ ๋ณด๊ณตํ๋ถ, 2021.8. ๊นํํ.์นฉ์ ์ ์ ๋ ฅ ๋์์ ์ค์ํ ๋ฌธ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ณต์ ์ด ๋ฐ์ ํ๋ฉด์ ๊ทธ ์ค์์ฑ์ ์ ์ ์ปค์ง๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ์นฉ์ ๊ตฌ์ฑํ๋ ์ ์ ๋จ(SRAM) ๋ฐ ๋ก์ง(logic) ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ๋ํด์ ์ ์ ๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก ๋์์ํค๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๋ก ์ ๋
ผํ๋ค.
์ฐ์ , ๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์์๋ ์นฉ์ ๋ฌธํฑ ์ ์ ๊ทผ์ฒ์ ์ ์(NTV)์์ ๋์์ํค๊ณ ์ ํ ๋ ๋ชจ๋ํฐ๋ง ํ๋ก์ ์ธก์ ์ ํตํด ์นฉ ๋ด์ ๋ชจ๋ SRAM ๋ธ๋ก์์ ๋์ ์คํจ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ์ง ์๋ ์ต์ ๋์ ์ ์์ ์ถ๋ก ํ๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๋ก ์ ์ ์ํ๋ค. ์นฉ์ NTV ์์ญ์์ ๋์์ํค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋์ง ํจ์จ์ฑ์ ์ฆ๋์ํฌ ์ ์๋ ๋งค์ฐ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ ์ค ํ๋์ด์ง๋ง SRAM์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๋์ ์คํจ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋์ ์ ์์ ๋ฎ์ถ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ต๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์นฉ๋ง๋ค ์ํฅ์ ๋ฐ๋ ๊ณต์ ๋ณ์ด๊ฐ ๋ค๋ฅด๋ฏ๋ก ์ต์ ๋์ ์ ์์ ์นฉ๋ง๋ค ๋ค๋ฅด๋ฉฐ, ๋ชจ๋ํฐ๋ง์ ํตํด ์ด๋ฅผ ์ถ๋ก ํด๋ผ ์ ์๋ค๋ฉด ์นฉ๋ณ๋ก SRAM์ ์๋ก ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ ์์ ์ธ๊ฐํด ์๋์ง ํจ์จ์ฑ์ ๋์ผ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์์๋ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๊ณผ์ ์ ํตํด ์ด ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ํด๊ฒฐํ๋ค: (1) ๋์์ธ ์ธํ๋ผ ์ค๊ณ ๋จ๊ณ์์๋ SRAM์ ์ต์ ๋์ ์ ์์ ์ถ๋ก ํ๊ณ ์นฉ ์์ฐ ๋จ๊ณ์์๋ SRAM ๋ชจ๋ํฐ์ ์ธก์ ์ ํตํด ์ ์์ ์ธ๊ฐํ๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๋ก ์ ์ ์ํ๋ค; (2) ์นฉ์ SRAM ๋นํธ์
(bitcell)๊ณผ ์ฃผ๋ณ ํ๋ก๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ SRAM ๋ธ๋ก๋ค์ ๊ณต์ ๋ณ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ํฐ๋งํ ์ ์๋ SRAM ๋ชจ๋ํฐ์ SRAM ๋ชจ๋ํฐ์์ ๋ชจ๋ํฐ๋งํ ๋์์ ์ ์ํ๋ค; (3) SRAM ๋ชจ๋ํฐ์ ์ธก์ ๊ฐ์ ์ด์ฉํด ๊ฐ์ ์นฉ์ ์กด์ฌํ๋ ๋ชจ๋ SRAM ๋ธ๋ก์์ ๋ชฉํ ์ ๋ขฐ์์ค ๋ด์์ ์ฝ๊ธฐ, ์ฐ๊ธฐ, ๋ฐ ์ ๊ทผ ๋์ ์คํจ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ์ง ์๋ ์ต์ ๋์ ์ ์์ ์ถ๋ก ํ๋ค. ๋ฒค์น๋งํฌ ํ๋ก์ ์คํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์์ ์ ์ํ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์นฉ๋ณ๋ก SRAM ๋ธ๋ก๋ค์ ์ต์ ๋์ ์ ์์ ๋ค๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ธ๊ฐํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๋๋ก ๋ชจ๋ ์นฉ์ ๋์ผํ ์ ์์ ์ธ๊ฐํ๋ ๊ฒ ๋๋น ์์จ์ ๊ฐ์ ์์ค์ผ๋ก ์ ์งํ๋ฉด์ SRAM ๋นํธ์
๋ฐฐ์ด์ ์ ๋ ฅ ์๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์์ํฌ ์ ์์์ ๋ณด์ธ๋ค.
๋ ๋ฒ์งธ๋ก, ๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์์๋ ํ์ ๊ฒ์ดํธ ํ๋ก์์ ๊ธฐ์กด์ ๋ณด์กด์ฉ ๊ณต๊ฐ ํ ๋น ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๋ค์ด ์ง๋๊ณ ์๋ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ํด๊ฒฐํ๊ณ ๋์ค ์ ๋ ฅ ์๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๋ ์ค์ผ ์ ์๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๋ก ์ ์ ์ํ๋ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์ ๋ณด์กด์ฉ ๊ณต๊ฐ ํ ๋น ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ๋ฉํฐํ๋ ์ ํผ๋๋ฐฑ ๋ฃจํ๊ฐ ์๋ ๋ชจ๋ ํ๋ฆฝํ๋กญ์๋ ๋ฌด์กฐ๊ฑด ๋ณด์กด์ฉ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ํ ๋นํด์ผ ํด์ผ ํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋ค์ค ๋นํธ ๋ณด์กด์ฉ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ์ฅ์ ์ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ์ด๋ฆฌ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ์๋ค. ๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์์๋ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ํตํด ๋ณด์กด์ฉ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ์ต์ํํ๋ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ํด๊ฒฐํ๋ค: (1) ๋ณด์กด์ฉ ๊ณต๊ฐ ํ ๋น ๊ณผ์ ์์ ๋ฉํฐํ๋ ์ ํผ๋๋ฐฑ ๋ฃจํ๋ฅผ ๋ฌด์ํ ์ ์๋ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ ์ ์ํ๊ณ , (2) ํด๋น ์กฐ๊ฑด์ ์ด์ฉํด ๋ฉํฐํ๋ ์ ํผ๋๋ฐฑ ๋ฃจํ๊ฐ ์๋ ํ๋ฆฝํ๋กญ์ด ๋ง์ด ์กด์ฌํ๋ ํ๋ก์์ ๋ณด์กด์ฉ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ์ต์ํํ๋ค; (3) ์ถ๊ฐ๋ก, ํ๋ฆฝํ๋กญ์ ์ด๋ฏธ ํ ๋น๋ ๋ณด์กด์ฉ ๊ณต๊ฐ ์ค ์ผ๋ถ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ฑฐํ ์ ์๋ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ ์ฐพ๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํด ๋ณด์กด์ฉ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ๋ ๊ฐ์์ํจ๋ค. ๋ฒค์น๋งํฌ ํ๋ก์ ์คํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์์ ์ ์ํ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๋ก ์ด ๊ธฐ์กด์ ๋ณด์กด์ฉ ๊ณต๊ฐ ํ ๋น ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๋ก ๋ณด๋ค ๋ ์ ์ ๋ณด์กด์ฉ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ํ ๋นํ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์นฉ์ ๋ฉด์ ๋ฐ ์ ๋ ฅ ์๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์์ํฌ ์ ์์์ ๋ณด์ธ๋ค.Low power operation of a chip is an important issue, and its importance is increasing as the process technology advances. This dissertation addresses the methodology of operating at low power for each of the SRAM and logic constituting the chip.
Firstly, we propose a methodology to infer the minimum operating voltage
at which SRAM failure does not occur in all SRAM blocks in the chip operating on near threshold voltage (NTV) regime through the measurement of a monitoring circuit. Operating the chip on NTV regime is one of the most effective ways to increase energy efficiency, but in case of SRAM, it is difficult to lower the operating voltage because of SRAM failure. However, since the process variation on each chip is different, the minimum operating voltage is also different for each chip. If it is possible to infer the minimum operating voltage of SRAM blocks of each chip through monitoring, energy efficiency can be increased by applying different voltage. In this dissertation, we propose a new methodology of resolving this problem. Specifically, (1) we propose to infer minimum operation voltage of SRAM in design infra development phase, and assign the voltage using measurement of SRAM monitor in silicon production phase; (2) we define a SRAM monitor and features to be monitored that can monitor process variation on SRAM blocks including SRAM bitcell and peripheral circuits; (3) we propose a new methodology of inferring minimum operating voltage of SRAM blocks in a chip that does not cause read, write, and access failures under a target confidence level. Through experiments with benchmark circuits, it is confirmed that applying different voltage to SRAM blocks in each chip that inferred by our proposed methodology can save overall power consumption of SRAM bitcell array compared to applying same voltage to SRAM blocks in all chips, while meeting the same yield target.
Secondly, we propose a methodology to resolve the problem of the conventional retention storage allocation methods and thereby further reduce leakage power consumption of power gated circuit. Conventional retention storage allocation methods have problem of not fully utilizing the advantage of multi-bit retention storage because of the unavoidable allocation of retention storage on flip-flops with mux-feedback loop. In this dissertation, we propose a new methodology of breaking the bottleneck of minimizing the state retention storage. Specifically, (1) we find a condition that mux-feedback loop can be disregarded during the retention storage allocation; (2) utilizing the condition, we minimize the retention storage of circuits that contain many flip-flops with mux-feedback loop; (3) we find a condition to remove some of the retention storage already allocated to each of flip-flops and propose to further reduce the retention storage. Through experiments with benchmark circuits, it is confirmed that our proposed methodology allocates less retention storage compared to the state-of-the-art methods, occupying less cell area and consuming less power.1 Introduction 1
1.1 Low Voltage SRAM Monitoring Methodology 1
1.2 Retention Storage Allocation on Power Gated Circuit 5
1.3 Contributions of this Dissertation 8
2 SRAM On-Chip Monitoring Methodology for High Yield and Energy Efficient Memory Operation at Near Threshold Voltage 13
2.1 SRAM Failures 13
2.1.1 Read Failure 13
2.1.2 Write Failure 15
2.1.3 Access Failure 16
2.1.4 Hold Failure 16
2.2 SRAM On-chip Monitoring Methodology: Bitcell Variation 18
2.2.1 Overall Flow 18
2.2.2 SRAM Monitor and Monitoring Target 18
2.2.3 Vfail to Vddmin Inference 22
2.3 SRAM On-chip Monitoring Methodology: Peripheral Circuit IR Drop and Variation 29
2.3.1 Consideration of IR Drop 29
2.3.2 Consideration of Peripheral Circuit Variation 30
2.3.3 Vddmin Prediction including Access Failure Prohibition 33
2.4 Experimental Results 41
2.4.1 Vddmin Considering Read and Write Failures 42
2.4.2 Vddmin Considering Read/Write and Access Failures 45
2.4.3 Observation for Practical Use 45
3 Allocation of Always-On State Retention Storage for Power Gated Circuits - Steady State Driven Approach 49
3.1 Motivations and Analysis 49
3.1.1 Impact of Self-loop on Power Gating 49
3.1.2 Circuit Behavior Before Sleeping 52
3.1.3 Wakeup Latency vs. Retention Storage 54
3.2 Steady State Driven Retention Storage Allocation 56
3.2.1 Extracting Steady State Self-loop FFs 57
3.2.2 Allocating State Retention Storage 59
3.2.3 Designing and Optimizing Steady State Monitoring Logic 59
3.2.4 Analysis of the Impact of Steady State Monitoring Time on the Standby Power 63
3.3 Retention Storage Refinement Utilizing Steadiness 65
3.3.1 Extracting Flip-flops for Retention Storage Refinement 66
3.3.2 Designing State Monitoring Logic and Control Signals 68
3.4 Experimental Results 73
3.4.1 Comparison of State Retention Storage 75
3.4.2 Comparison of Power Consumption 79
3.4.3 Impact on Circuit Performance 82
3.4.4 Support for Immediate Power Gating 83
4 Conclusions 89
4.1 Chapter 2 89
4.2 Chapter 3 90๋ฐ
๋ฒผ OsNac17 ์ ์ฌ์ธ์์ ๊ฐ๋ญ์ ํญ์ฑ ์ฆ์ง์ ๊ดํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๊ตญ์ ๋์
๊ธฐ์ ๋ํ์ ๊ตญ์ ๋์
๊ธฐ์ ํ๊ณผ, 2017. 8. ๊น์ฃผ๊ณค.Drought stress reduces crop production yields. Plant specific NAC transcription factors in rice are known to play an essential roles in stress resistance transcriptional regulation. However, It is still remains how each NAC genes involve transcriptional regulation in response to drought stress in rice. Here, we show that the rice (Oryza stiva L japonica) NAM, AFTF and CUC transcription factor OsNAC17, which is predominantly induced by abiotic stress in leaf, contributes to the drought tolerance in transgenic rice plants. We generate transgenic plants overexpressing OsNAC17 using constitutive (PGD1) promoter. Ectopic overexpression of OsNAC17 improved drought resistance phenotype at the vegetative stage. Agronomic traits such as grain yield, grain filling rate, and total grain weight improved by 22~64% over wild type plants under drought conditions during the reproductive stage. DEG profiling experiment identified 119 up-regulated genes by more than twofold (P<0.01). Differentially expressed genes include UDP-glycosyltransferase family protein, similar to 2-alkenal reductase (NADPH-dependent oxireductase), similar to retinol dehydrogenase 12, Lipoxygenase, and NB-ARC domain containing protein related in cell death. OsNAC17 acts as a transcriptional activator in transcriptional activation assay, which has an activation domain in C-terminal region. Furthermore, it was proved that OsNAC17 is localized in the nucleus. These result suggest that the overexpression of OsNAC17 improve drought tolerance by regulating ROS related enzymes and by reducing stomatal density.Introduction 1
Materials and Methods 4
1. Vector construction and rice transformation 4
2. RNA isolation and real-time RT-RCR 5
3. Abiotic stress treatment 5
4. Drought tolerance assay 6
5. Characterization of agronomic traits 6
6. Subcellular localization 7
7. Transcriptional activation assay 7
8. Visualization of stomatal density 8
9. RNA sequencing and transcriptome analysis 8
Results 9
1. Structure and phylogenetic analysis of OsNAC17 9
2. OsNAC17 is induced under abiotic stress 10
3. OsNAC17 is a transcription factor that localized in nucleus and acts as a transcriptional activator 10
4. Overexpression of OsNAC17 improves drought tolerance in vegetative stage 12
5. Constitutive overexpression of OsNAC17 increases rice grain yield under field drought conditions 13
6. Identification of DEG involved in the OsNAC17-mediated drought tolerance pathway 14
7. Production of OsNAC17 K/O lines using CRISPR/cas9 system 15
Discussion 43
References 47
Abstract in Korean 51Maste
์ง์ญ๋ฐ์ ์ ์ํ ์ง๋ฐฉ๋ถ๊ถ ์คํ์ ์ง์ญํ๋ฐฉ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ(A study on the decentralization and regionalization of regional development policy)
๋
ธํธ : ์ด ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ณด๊ณ ์์ ๋ด์ฉ์ ๊ตญํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ์์ฒด ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌผ๋ก์ ์ ๋ถ์ ์ ์ฑ
์ด๋ ๊ฒฌํด์๋ ์๊ด์์ต๋๋ค
The effect of household debt on unmet medical need
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ณด๊ฑด๋ํ์ ๋ณด๊ฑดํ๊ณผ, 2017. 8. ๊น์ฐฝ์ฝ.๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ํ๊ตญ๋ณต์งํจ๋์ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ๊ฐ๊ณ๋ถ์ฑ๊ฐ ๋ฏธ์ถฉ์กฑ์๋ฃ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ํฅ์ ํ์ธํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ค. 10์ฐจ ์กฐ์ฌ์ ํฌํจ๋ ๊ฐ๊ตฌ์ค ๊ฒฐ์ธก์น๋ฅผ ์ ์ธํ 6,820๊ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋์์ผ๋ก ๋ถ์ํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์ค 1.47%๊ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์ด์ ๋ก ์ธํ ๋ฏธ์ถฉ์กฑ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝํํ์๊ณ , 42.1%๊ฐ ๋ถ์ฑ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ ํ๊ณ ์์๋ค.
์ด์ง์ฑ์ ๋ณด์ ํ ๊ฐ๊ณ๋ถ์ฑ์ ํน์ฑ์ ๊ณ ๋ คํ์ฌ ์ด์ก์งํ, ์ ์ฉ์ํ, ๋ถ์ฑํํ๋ก ๊ตฌ๋ถํ ์ด 13๊ฐ ์งํ๋ฅผ ํ์ฉํ์ฌ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ก์ง์คํฑ ํ๊ท๋ถ์์ ์ค์ํ์๋ค. ๋ํ, ๊ฐ๊ณ๋ถ์ฑ์ ๋ฏธ์ถฉ์กฑ์๋ฃ์ ๊ด๊ณ์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๋ณ์์ ์ํฅ์ ํ์
ํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ, ์ค๋ฌผ์์ฐ, ๊ธ์ต์์ฐ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ ์์ฐ๋ณ์์ ์๋น๋ณ์๋ฅผ ์ฐจ๋ก๋ก ํฌ์
ํ ์๊ณ์ ๋ก์ง์คํฑ ํ๊ท๋ถ์์ ์ค์ํ์๋ค.
๋ถ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, 13๊ฐ์ง ์งํ ์ค 9๊ฐ์ง ์งํ๊ฐ ๋ฏธ์ถฉ์กฑ์๋ฃ์ ์ ์ํ ์์ค์์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ํ์ธ๋์๊ณ , 9๊ฐ์ง ๋ชจ๋ ๋ฏธ์ถฉ์กฑ์๋ฃ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ์ฆ๊ฐ์ํค๋ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ผ๋ก ์์ฉํ์๋ค. ์ธ ๊ฐ์ง ์ด์ก์งํ์์๋ ๋ชจ๋ ์ ์ํ ์ํฅ์ ํ์ธํ์๊ณ , ์ ์ฉ์ํ์์๋ ๋ถ์ค์ํ๊ฐ๊ตฌ, ์ ์ฉ๋ถ๋์๊ฒฝํ, ์ฐ์ฒด๊ฒฝํ์ด ๋ฏธ์ถฉ์กฑ์๋ฃ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ์ ์ํ ์์ค์์ ์ฆ๊ฐ์ํค๋ ๊ฒ์ ํ์ธํ์๋ค. ๋ถ์ฑํํ๋ณ๋ก๋ ๊ธ์ต๊ธฐ๊ด๋์ถ, ์ผ๋ฐ์ฌ์ฑ ๊ธฐํ๋์ถ์ด ๋ฏธ์ถฉ์กฑ์๋ฃ์ ์ ์ํ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ๊ฒ์ ํ์ธํ ์ ์์๋ค. ์๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ํฌ์
ํ ์์ฐ ๋ณ์๋ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ฐ๊ณ๋ถ์ฑ์งํ์์ ๋ฏธ์ถฉ์กฑ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์์์ผฐ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์๋น ๋ณ์๋ ์ด๋ถ์ฑ์ DTI์์ ๋ฏธ์ถฉ์กฑ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์์ํค๋ ์ ์ํ ์ํฅ์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ์๋ค. ์ด์ ์์ฐ๊ณผ ์๋น๊ฐ ๋ฏธ์ถฉ์กฑ์๋ฃ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ๋ถ์ฑ์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ถ์ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ผ๋ก ์์ํ๊ณ ์์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ํ์ธํ ์ ์์๋ค.
์ด ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํตํด ๊ฑด๊ฐ์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ฌํ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์ง์์ ๋ํ ๋
ผ์๊ฐ ํ์ฅ๋๊ณ , ๊ฐ๊ณ๋ถ์ฑ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ธ๊ณผ ๊ฐ๊ณ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ฌํ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ํ์ฑ์ ์ค์ฒด๊ฐ ๋ฐํ์ง๋ ๊ณ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋ง๋ จ๋๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ํ๋ค.I. ์๋ก 1
1. ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1
2. ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉ์ 5
II. ์ด๋ก ์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 6
1. ๋ฏธ์ถฉ์กฑ์๋ฃ 6
2. ์ฌํ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์ง์์ ๊ฑด๊ฐ 11
3. ๋ถ์ฑ๊ฐ ๊ฑด๊ฐ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ํฅ 15
III. ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๊ฐ๋
ํ 23
IV. ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ 25
1. ์ฐ๊ตฌ์๋ฃ ๋ฐ ๋์ 25
1) ์ฐ๊ตฌ์๋ฃ 25
2) ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋์ 26
2. ๋ณ์์ ์ ์ ๋ฐ ์ธก์ 27
1) ์ข
์๋ณ์ 27
2) ๋
๋ฆฝ๋ณ์ 27
3) ํต์ ๋ณ์ 30
3. ๋ถ์๋ฐฉ๋ฒ 34
V. ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 36
1. ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋์์์ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ํน์ฑ 36
2. ๋ฏธ์ถฉ์กฑ์๋ฃ ๋ฐ์๋น๋, ๋ถํฌ ๋ฐ ์ฐ๊ด์ฑ 40
3. ๊ฐ๊ณ๋ถ์ฑ๊ฐ ๋ฏธ์ถฉ์กฑ์๋ฃ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ํฅ 45
VI. ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 59
1. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ๋ํ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 59
2. ํจ์์ ํ๊ณ 64
VII. ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ 68
Abstract 78Maste
๊ฑด๊ฐํ๋ณต์๋๋ฅผ ๋๋นํ ๊ตญํ ๋ฐ ๋์์ ์ฑ ์ ๊ณผ์ ์ ๋ฐฉํฅ
๋ฐ์ผํ๋ก ๊ฑด๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ฐ๋น์ ์๋๋ค. ๊ฑด๊ฐํ๊ณ ํ๋ณตํ ์ถ์ ๋๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ํ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋ค์ ๊ด์ฌ์ด ๋์์ง๊ณ ์๊ณ , ์ ๋ถ์ ์ ์ฑ
๊ธฐ์กฐ๋ ๊ตญ๋ฏผํ๋ณต๊ณผ ๊ฑด๊ฐ์ ์ ๊ณ ํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ผ๋ก ๋ชจ์์ง๊ณ ์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์ค์ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ ๊ฑด๊ฐ์์ค์ ๋ ๋ก ์
ํ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. 2012๋
์ง์ญ์ฌํ๊ฑด๊ฐ์กฐ์ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ์ง๋ 5๋
๊ฐ(08~12) ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋๋ผ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ ๊ฑท๊ธฐ ์ค์ฒ์จ์ 50.6%์์ 40.8%๋ก ๊ฐ์ํ์๊ณ , ๋ฐ๋๋ก ๋น๋ง์จ์ 21.6%์์ 24.1%๋ก 2.5%p๊ฐ ์ฆ๊ฐํ์๋ค. ๊ฐ์๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๊ณ ํ์ ๋ฐ ๋น๋จ๋ณ ํ์์์ฌ์ง๋จ ๊ฒฝํ๋ฅ (30์ธ ์ด์)์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 16.5%์์ 18.6%๋ก, 6.2%์์ 7.2%๋ก ์ฆ๊ฐํ์๋ค(์ง๋ณ๊ด๋ฆฌ๋ณธ๋ถ, 2013). ์ต๊ทผ ๋ค์ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ค์์ ๋์ํ๊ฒฝ์ด ์ฌ์ฅ์งํ, ๊ณ ํ์, ์ 2ํ ๋น๋จ, ํธํก๊ธฐ์งํ, ๋น๋ง, ์ฐ์ธ์ฆ ๋ฑ ๊ฐ์ข
๋ง์ฑ์งํ๊ณผ ์ฐ๊ด๋์ด ์๋ค๊ณ ๋
ผ์ํ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ก ์ธํด ๋์๊ณํ ๋ถ์ผ์์ ์ง์ญ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ ๊ฑด๊ฐ์ ๋ํ ๊ด์ฌ์ด ์ง์ค๋๊ณ ์๋ค( Kelly-Schwartz et al., 2004; Frank et al, 2006; Rundle et al, 2007; Sallis et al., 2009; Calson et al., 2012). ๋์ํ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๊ฑด๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ๋ฉ์ปค๋์ฆ์ ์์ ๋ณด๋๋ฐ์ ๊ฐ๋ค. ๋์ํ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ํํ(behavior)์ ์ํฅ์ ์ฃผ์ด ์ ์ฒด์ ํ๋์ ์ด์ง์ํค๊ฑฐ๋ ์ ์ดํ๋ ์ญํ ์ ํ๋ฉฐ, ์ ์ฒดํ๋์ ํจํด์ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ๊ฑด๊ฐ์ ์ง์ ์ ์ธ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ค. ์ ์ฒด์ ํ๋ ํจํด๊ณผ ๊ฑด๊ฐ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ๋์ํ๊ฒฝ์ ํน์ฑ์ผ๋ก๋ ๋์์ ์คํ๋กคํ, ์๋์ฐจ ์์ฃผ์ ํต๊ทผํตํ ํจํด, ๋ณดํ์๋๋ก์ ๊ฐ์, ๋
น์ง ๊ฐ์ ๋ฑ์ด ์ฃผ์ ์์ธ์ผ๋ก ์ง์ ๋๊ณ ์๋ค(Sesso et al., 1999; Steptoe and Feldman 2001)
Transpedicular curettage and drainage of infective lumbar spondylodiscitis: technique and clinical results.
BACKGROUND: Infective spondylodiscitis usually occurs in patients of older age, immunocompromisation, co-morbidity, and individuals suffering from an overall poor general condition unable to undergo reconstructive anterior and posterior surgeries. Therefore, an alternative, less aggressive surgical method is needed for these select cases of infective spondylodiscitis. This retrospective clinical case series reports our novel surgical technique for the treatment of infective spondylodiscitis.
METHODS: Between January 2005 and July 2011, among 48 patients who were diagnosed with pyogenic lumbar spondylodiscitis or tuberculosis lumbar spondylodiscitis, 10 patients (7 males and 3 females; 68 years and 48 to 78 years, respectively) underwent transpedicular curettage and drainage. The mean postoperative follow-up period was 29 months (range, 7 to 61 months). The pedicle screws were inserted to the adjacent healthy vertebrae in the usual manner. After insertion of pedicle screws, the drainage pedicle holes were made through pedicles of infected vertebra(e) in order to prevent possible seeding of infective emboli to the healthy vertebra, as the same instruments and utensils are used for both pedicle screws and the drainage holes. A minimum of 15,000 mL of sterilized normal saline was used for continuous irrigation through the pedicular pathways until the drained fluid looked clear.
RESULTS: All patients' symptoms and inflammatory markers significantly improved clinically between postoperative 2 weeks and postoperative 3 months, and they were satisfied with their clinical results. Radiologically, all patients reached the spontaneous fusion between infected vertebrae and 3 patients had the screw pulled-out but they were clinically tolerable.
CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that our method of transpedicular curettage and drainage is a useful technique in regards to the treatment of infectious spondylodiscitic patients, who could not tolerate conventional combined anterior and posterior surgery due to multiple co-morbidities, multiple level infectious lesions and poor general condition.ope
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