46 research outputs found

    ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์  ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ์ด์šฉ

    Get PDF
    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์œตํ•ฉ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์œตํ•ฉ๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€(๋””์ง€ํ„ธ์ •๋ณด์œตํ•ฉ์ „๊ณต),2019. 8. ๊ณฝ๋…ธ์ค€.์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋น„์ „ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ชฉ์  ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‚ฐ์—… ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜์‹ ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋”ฅ๋Ÿฌ๋‹์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜, ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์—์„œ ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์ธ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋ฐœ์ „๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋งฅ๋ฝ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ์ •๋ณด์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜๋ฏธ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์‹ ์ •๋ณด๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ์ฒด๊ฐ„์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ณผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚˜์€ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์˜ ์ดํ•ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ, ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์ง€์‹์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ถ•์•ฝํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์ง€์‹ ์ €์žฅ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ์™€ ์œ ์—ฐํ•œ ๋ ˆ์ด์•„์›ƒ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ’€๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜€๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ ๊ฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋Š” ํ†ตํ•ฉ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋Šฅ๋™์ ์ธ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„ ์ƒ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํŠน์ˆ˜ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์€ DGGN์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์•ˆ์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์˜ ์ •๋ณด ์—ญํ•™์„ ๋น„์ฃผ์–ผ๋ผ์ด์ฆˆ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋œ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์…‹์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋„˜๋Š” ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์งˆ์˜ ์‘๋‹ต ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์…‹์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์œผ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‘์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๋„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ˜„์กดํ•˜๋Š” ์งˆ์˜ ์‘๋‹ต ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์…‹ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ์—์„œ ์งˆ์˜์‘๋‹ต (TQA) ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ’€๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•œ ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. TQA ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์…‹์€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ ํŒŒํŠธ์™€ ๋ณธ๋ฌธ ํŒŒํŠธ ๋ชจ๋‘์— ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์™€ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” f-GCN์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์ค‘ ๋ชจ๋‹ฌ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ๋ชจ๋‹ฌ์„ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด ํ”ผ์ณ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์šฉ์–ด๋‚˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ๊ฒน์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋กœ์ธํ•ด ์™„์ „ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ’€์–ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š” out-of-domain ์ด์Šˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด ์ •๋‹ต์„ ๋ณด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋ณธ๋ฌธ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ž๊ฐ€ ํ•™์Šต์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‘ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ข‹์€ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ์ฒด ๊ฒ€์ถœ์„ ์•ฝ์ง€๋„ ํ•™์Šต์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฒด ๊ฒ€์ถœ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ’€๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋™๋ ฅ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ผ๋ฒจ๋ง ์ž‘์—…์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์œ„์น˜ ๋ผ๋ฒจ๋ง์ธ๋ฐ, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” RRPN์ด๋ž€ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ํฌ์ฆˆ์ •๋ณด์™€ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฒ˜์Œ๋ณด๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๋ชฉํ‘œ ๋ผ๋ฒจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด, ์ •๋‹ต ๋ผ๋ฒจ ์—†์ด ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•™์Šตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ ์€ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด๋„ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ RRPN์€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํƒœ์Šคํฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. HICO-DET ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์…‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹คํ—˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์ง€๋„ํ•™์Šต์„ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ณธ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค.Understanding an image is one of the fundamental goals of computer vision and can provide important breakthroughs for various industries. In particular, the ability to recognize objective instances such as objects and poses has been developed due to recent deep learning approaches. However, deeply comprehending a visual scene requires higher understanding, such as is found in human beings. Humans usually exploit contextual information from visual inputs to detect meaningful features. In this dissertation, visual relation in various contexts, from the construction phase to the application phase, is studied with three tasks. We first propose a new algorithm for constructing relation graphs that contains relational knowledge in diagrams . Although diagrams contain richer information compared to individual image-based or language-based data, proper solutions for automatically understanding diagrams have not been proposed due to their innate multimodality and the arbitrariness of their layouts. To address this problem, we propose a unified diagram-parsing network for generating knowledge from diagrams based on an object detector and a recurrent neural network designed for a graphical structure. Specifically, we propose a dynamic graph-generation network that is based on dynamic memory and graph theory. We explore the dynamics of information in a diagram with the activation of gates in gated recurrent unit (GRU) cells. Using publicly available diagram datasets, our model demonstrates a state-of-the-art result that outperforms other baselines. Moreover, further experiments on question answering demonstrate the potential of the proposed method for use in various applications. Next, we introduce a novel algorithm to solve the Textbook Question Answering (TQA) task; this task describes more realistic QA (Question Answering) problems compared to other recent tasks. We mainly focus on two issues related to the analysis of the TQA dataset. First, solving the TQA problems requires an understanding of multimodal contexts in complicated input data. To overcome this issue of extracting knowledge features from long text lessons and merging them with visual features, we establish a context graph from texts and images and propose a new module f-GCN based on graph convolutional networks (GCN). Second, in the TQA dataset , scientific terms are not spread over the chapters and subjects are split. To overcome this so-called ``out-of-domain issue, before learning QA problems we introduce a novel, self-supervised, open-set learning process without any annotations. The experimental results indicate that our model significantly outperforms prior state-of-the-art methods. Moreover, ablation studies confirm that both methods (incorporating f-GCN to extract knowledge from multimodal contexts and our newly proposed, self-supervised learning process) are effective for TQA problems. Third, we introduce a novel, weakly supervised object detection (WSOD) paradigm to detect objects belonging to rare classes that do not have many examples. We use transferable knowledge from human-object interactions (HOI). While WSOD has lower performance than full supervision, we mainly focus on HOI that can strongly supervise complex semantics in images. Therefore, we propose a novel module called the ``relational region proposal network (RRPN) that outputs an object-localizing attention map with only human poses and action verbs. In the source domain, we fully train an object detector and the RRPN with full supervision of HOI. With transferred knowledge about the localization map from the trained RRPN, a new object detector can learn unseen objects with weak verbal supervisions of HOI without bounding box annotations in the target domain. Because the RRPN is designed as an add-on type, we can apply it not only to object detection but also to other domains such as semantic segmentation. The experimental results using a HICO-DET dataset suggest the possibility that the proposed method can be a cheap alternative for the current supervised object detection paradigm. Moreover, qualitative results demonstrate that our model can properly localize unseen objects in HICO-DET and V-COCO datasets.1. Introduction 1 1.1 Problem Definition 4 1.2 Motivation 6 1.3 Challenges 7 1.4 Contributions 9 1.4.1 Generating Visual Relation Graphs from Diagrams 9 1.4.2 Application of the Relation Graph in Textbook Question Answering 10 1.4.3 Weakly Supervised Object Detection with Human-object Interaction 11 1.5 Outline 11 2. Background 13 2.1 Visual relationships 13 2.2 Neural networks on a graph 16 2.3 Human-object interaction 17 3. Generating Visual Relation Graphs from Diagrams 18 3.1 Related Work 20 3.2 Proposed Method 21 3.2.1 Detecting Constituents in a Diagram 21 3.2.2 Generating a Graph of relationships 22 3.2.3 Multi-task Training and Cascaded Inference 27 3.2.4 Details of Post-processing 29 3.3 Experiment 29 3.3.1 Datasets 29 3.3.2 Baseline 32 3.3.3 Metrics 32 3.3.4 Implementation Details 33 3.3.5 Quantitative Results 35 3.3.6 Qualitative Results 37 3.4 Discussion 38 3.5 Conclusion 41 4. Application of the Relation Graph in Textbook Question Answering 46 4.1 Related Work 48 4.2 Problem 50 4.3 Proposed Method 53 4.3.1 Multi-modal Context Graph Understanding 53 4.3.2 Multi-modal Problem Solving 55 4.3.3 Self-supervised open-set comprehension 57 4.3.4 Process of Building Textual Context Graph 61 4.4 Experiment 62 4.4.1 Implementation Details 62 4.4.2 Dataset 62 4.4.3 Baselines 63 4.4.4 Quantitative Results 64 4.4.5 Qualitative Results 67 4.5 Conclusion 70 5. Weakly Supervised Object Detection with Human-object Interaction 77 5.1 Related Work 80 5.2 Algorithm Overview 81 5.3 Proposed Method 84 5.3.1 Training on the Source classes Ds 86 5.3.2 Training on the Target classes Dt 89 5.4 Experiment 90 5.4.1 Implementation details 90 5.4.2 Dataset and Pre-processing 91 5.4.3 Metrics 91 5.4.4 Comparison with different feature combination 92 5.4.5 Comparison with different attention loss balance and box threshold 95 5.4.6 Comparison with prior works 96 5.4.7 Qualitative results 96 5.5 Conclusion 100 6. Concluding Remarks 105 6.1 Summary 105 6.2 Limitation and Future Directions 106Docto

    The Presence of Anti-ribonucleoprotein at Diagnosis Is Associated with the Flare during the First Follow-up Year in Korean Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

    Get PDF
    Objective : The aim of this study was to examine whether the presence of anti-ribonucleoprotein (anti-RNP) antibodies at diagnosis is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) flares in newly diagnosed patients during the first year of follow-up. Methods : The medical records of 71 newly diagnosed SLE patients without other concomitant autoimmune disease, serious infection, or malignancy were reviewed retrospectively. SLE flares were defined according to the SLE Disease Activity Index 2000. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to the presence or absence of anti-RNP, and variables were compared between the groups. Results : During the first year of follow-up, SLE patients with anti-RNP at diagnosis more frequently presented with mucosal ulcers (p=0.003), rash (p=0.001), and arthritis (p=0.007), compared to those without anti-RNP. The SLE flare incidence was remarkably higher in patients with anti-RNP than in those without anti-RNP (62.5% vs. 23.1%, p=0.001). SLE patients with anti-RNP at diagnosis had a significantly higher risk of ever experiencing a SLE flare during the first year of follow-up, compared to those without anti-RNP (odds ratio=8.250). Conclusion : In conclusion, SLE patients with anti-RNP at diagnosis were more than 8-fold more likely to experience an SLE flare during the first year of follow-up.ope

    Effect of regular circuit exercise on serum angiopoietin-related growth factor concentration in children and adult

    No full text
    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ๊ทœ์น™์ ์ธ ์ˆœํ™˜์šด๋™์ด ์†Œ์•„์™€ ์„ฑ์ธ์˜ ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์‹ ์ƒ ๊ด€๋ จ ์„ฑ์žฅ ์ธ์ž ๋†๋„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ ์ตœ๊ทผ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๋ถ„๋น„๋˜๋Š” angiopoietin-related growth factor(AGF; ANGPTL6)๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๋ถ„์ž๋Š” ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์‹ ์ƒ, ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์— ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋น„๋งŒ, ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์ฆํ›„๊ตฐ์˜ ์ง„๋‹จ์  ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ์„œ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์ธ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์†Œ์•„์—์„œ๋„ ์†Œ์•„ ๋น„๋งŒ, ์†Œ์•„ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์ฆํ›„๊ตฐ, ์†Œ์•„ ๋‹น๋‡จ ๋“ฑ์ด ์—ญ์‹œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ค‘์š”์‹œ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์†Œ์•„๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ AGF ๋†๋„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€, ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ์†Œ์•„์™€ ์„ฑ์ธ์˜ ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ AGF ๋†๋„๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ณ  ์†Œ์•„์™€ ์„ฑ์ธ์˜ ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ AGF ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ์‹ ์ฒด๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ง€ํ‘œ์™€ ํ˜ˆ์ค‘์ง€ํ‘œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ, 4์ฃผ๊ฐ„ ์ˆœํ™˜์šด๋™์ด ์†Œ์•„์™€ ์„ฑ์ธ์˜ ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ AGF ๋†๋„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ๋ถ€๋ชจ์™€ ์ž๋…€๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์šด๋™ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด ์ž๋…€์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒโ€ง์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ์ง€ํ‘œ์— ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด W์‹œ๋‚ด ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์†Œ์•„ 57๋ช…(์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ;n=37, ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ;n=20) ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์„ฑ์ธ 47๋ช…(์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ;n=22, ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ;n=25)์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋‹ ์ „ํ›„์— ์‹ ์ฒด๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ง€ํ‘œ(Height, Weight, BP, Waist, Fat%, BMI), ํ˜ˆ์ค‘์ง€ํ‘œ(AGF, Glucose, Insulin, HOMA-IR, AST, ALT, r-GT, Total Cholesterol, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C), ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ฒด๋ ฅ์ง€ํ‘œ(Cardiorespiratory endurance, VO2max, Endurance, strength, Power, Agility, Balance, Flexibility), ์‚ฌํšŒโ€ง์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ์ง€ํ‘œ(Self-esteem, Parent - Child emotional intimacy)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋ถ€๋ชจ์™€ ์ž๋…€๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ํŒจ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋‹ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์œผ๋กœ 4์ฃผ๊ฐ„ ์ˆœํ™˜์šด๋™์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์†Œ์•„์˜ ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ AGF ๋†๋„๋Š” ์„ฑ์ธ์˜ ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ AGF ๋†๋„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ์†Œ์•„์˜ ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ AGF ๋†๋„๋Š” ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ง€๋ฐฉ ๋†๋„์™€ ์Œ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€๋‹จ๋ฐฑ ์ฝœ๋ ˆ์Šคํ…Œ๋กค(HDL-C)๊ณผ ์–‘์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์ธ์˜ ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ AGF ๋†๋„๋Š” r-GT์™€ ์Œ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 4์ฃผ๊ฐ„ ์ˆœํ™˜์šด๋™์€ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ง€ํ‘œ, ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ ์ง€ํ‘œ, ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ฒด๋ ฅ์ง€ํ‘œ, ์‚ฌํšŒโ€ง์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ์ง€ํ‘œ์—์„œ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ AGF ๋†๋„๋Š” ์šด๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ AGF๋ฅผ ์†Œ์•„์—์„œ ๋น„๋งŒ๊ณผ ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์‹œ ๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์ฆํ›„๊ตฐ ์ง„๋‹จ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์„ฑ์ธ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๋†๋„๋กœ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ƒ๊ด€ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์†Œ์•„์˜ ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ AGF ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์ฆํ›„๊ตฐ ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ 5๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์ค‘ TG, HDL-C๊ณผ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์„ฑ์ธ์—์„œ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์†Œ์•„์˜ ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ AGF ๋†๋„ ์—ญ์‹œ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์ฆํ›„๊ตฐ ์ง„๋‹จ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ์„œ ์˜๋ฏธ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์„ฑ์ธ์—์„œ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” r-GT์™€ ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ AGF ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์ƒ์Šน๋œ ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ AGF ๋†๋„์˜ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ์„œ ์˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 4์ฃผ๊ฐ„ ์ˆœํ™˜์šด๋™์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ์ด ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์‹ ์ฒด๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ง€ํ‘œ, ํ˜ˆ์ค‘์ง€ํ‘œ, ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ฒด๋ ฅ์ง€ํ‘œ์—์„œ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋ฐ ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ AGF ๋†๋„๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋น„๋งŒ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์ฅ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์šด๋™์„ ํ•˜์˜€๊ธฐ์— ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ AGF ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น„๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ๋Š” ์šด๋™์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ AGF ๋†๋„๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ถ”์ • ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŒจ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋‹ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์™€ ์ž๋…€๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์šด๋™์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‹œ๋„๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋‹ค. ์†Œ์•„์—์„œ ํŒจ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋‹์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฌํšŒโ€ง ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ์ง€ํ‘œ์ธ ์ž์•„ ์กด์ค‘๊ฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ€๋ชจ-์ž๋…€ ์นœ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๊ณ  ํ–ฅํ›„ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์™€ ์ž๋…€๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค.ope

    ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์šฉํ•ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ์•ฝ๋™ํ•™ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๋ฒ ์ด์ฆˆ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ฐ•๊ฑดํ•œ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์ถ”์ •

    Get PDF
    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ™”ํ•™์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2014. 2. ์ด์ข…๋ฏผ.Physiologically based pharmacokinetics (PBPK) model can predict absorption, degradation, execration and metabolism in drug delivery system. Thus, it can be useful for regulating dose and estimating drug concentration at a particular time during the clinical demonstration. While PBPK model is generally expressed as a set of ordinary differential equations with a large number of parameters, in-vivo experimental data are often noisy and sparse. This makes it difficult to estimate parameters with conventional least squares approaches. Therefore, maximum a posteriori method from Bayesian approach that is the robust parameter estimation technique can be used to estimate parameters of PBPK model. However, the scheme of maximum a posteriori method by using Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling is hard to use for parameter estimation of PBPK model because of the large number of parameters. This work introduces the Bayesian approach estimation method for parameter estimation of PBPK model. In addition, a scheme of maximum a posteriori method is proposed to find maximum of the posterior distribution without using Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling.\\ To regulate the concentration of drug and prevent side effect, the studies of drug dosage form are developed. However, since PBPK models and drug dissolution models are studied independently, there is no consideration of the drug dissolution dynamics in PBPK model. Therefore, accurate description of oral administrated drug delivery system requires an improved PBPK model. This work proposes a PBPK model that can describe orally administrated drug dissolution model by combining the drug dissolution model and PBPK model.\\ This thesis simulates parameter estimation of PBPK model to compare the performance of least squares method and maximum a posteriori method. In addition, the case study for Tegafur delivery system is conducted with in-vivo data and drug dissolution model included PBPK model to predict concentration profile of Tegafur, and to evaluate the proposed PBPK model.Contents Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2. Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.1 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetics Model . . . 4 2.2 Drug Dissolution Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.3 Least Squares Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.4 Bayesian Estimation Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.4.1 Maximum Likelihood Method . . . . . . . . . 9 2.4.2 Maximum a Posteriori Method . . . . . . . . . 9 3. Drug Dissolution Included PBPK Model for Tegafur Delivery System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 4. Parameters Estimation Method for PBPK Model . . . 18 4.1 Parameter Estimation Schemes of Least Squares, MLE, and MAP Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 4.1.1 Least Squares Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 4.1.2 MLE Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 4.1.3 MAP Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 4.2 Comparison Between Least Squares Method and MAP Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 5. Comparison Between The PBPK Model and DDM Included PBPK Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 6. Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Maste

    Hermeneutical Reflection of Interreligious Pains and Liquid Religion

    No full text
    The basis ideal of religion is peace and love. However, if the true spirit of religion is faded by religion conflicts, violence, murder, and war, it will bring unimaginable to human beings. No matter how the psychological feature of the pain is bigger than the physical feature, the pain caused by religions includes both of them. The masses who recognize the symptoms of pain in religion will strongly feel the death of God more than the Gods presence. This is definitely a dysfunction of religion. Ham Suk-Hun refuses the religion being fixed or solidified, and claims Liquid religion which emphasizes the flexibility between religions. Liquidization, the method that does not fear inter-penetration, is one way to the peace of religion. In addition, if it becomes Liquid religion, the reconstruction of metaphysics of postmetaphysics is possible. Furthermore, consideration and care between religions generate emotional empathy and it recognizes the others as neighbors rather than strangers. They even do not stand against any violence but share religious imagination producing mutual happiness. In addition, in order to overcome the pain and suffering of the rhetoric of the language, the pain should be understood not only with the social and self-reflective language, but also with the religious language, and the religion should be the true religion for the people to recognize the Gods presence.์ข…๊ต์˜ ๊ทผ๋ณธ ์ด์ƒ์€ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘๊ณผ ํ‰ํ™”์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์„ ์‹คํ˜„ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์™ธ๋ ค ์ข…๊ต๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ, ํญ๋ ฅ, ์‚ดํ•ด, ์ „์Ÿ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์ •์‹ ์„ ์™œ๊ณก, ํ‡ด์ƒ‰์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ธ๋ฅ˜์—๊ฒŒ ํฌ๋‚˜ํฐ ๊ณ ํ†ต์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋‹ค. ๊ณ ํ†ต์ด ์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋‹ค ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„, ์ข…๊ต ๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๋นš์–ด์ง„ ๊ณ ํ†ต์€ ๊ทธ ๋‘˜์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ข…๊ต์  ๊ณ ํ†ต์˜ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์ค‘๋“ค์€ ์ข…๊ต ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์‹ ์˜ ํ˜„์กด๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์‹ ์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ๋” ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Š๋ผ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ข…๊ต์˜ ์—ญ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ•จ์„ํ—Œ์€ ์ข…๊ต๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ์ฐฉํ™”๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ณ ์ฒดํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ข…๊ต ๊ฐ„ ์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์œ ๋™์  ์ข…๊ต๋ฅผ ์—ญ์„คํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์˜ ํญ๋ ฅ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์นจํˆฌ์™€ ์Šค๋ฐˆ์„ ๋‘๋ ค์›Œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์•ก์„ฑํ™”(liquidization)๋Š” ์ข…๊ต ๊ฐ„ ํ‰ํ™”๋กœ ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์œ ๋™์  ์ข…๊ต๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์‹ ์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์—์„œ ์‹ ์˜ ์žˆ์Œ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํƒˆํ˜•์ด์ƒํ•™์˜ ํ˜•์ด์ƒํ•™์˜ ์žฌ๊ฑด์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์ผ€ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์ข…๊ต ๊ฐ„์— ์„œ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ๋ คํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ๋ณด๋Š” ์ •์„œ์  ๊ณต๊ฐ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋Š” ํƒ€์ž๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฐฉ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ด์›ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ํญ๋ ฅ์—๋„ ๋งž์„œ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ƒํ˜ธ ํ–‰๋ณต์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ข…๊ต์  ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ๊ณ ํ†ต์˜ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌํ•™์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ณ ํ†ต์„ ์‹ ์•™์  ์–ธ์–ด๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ์–ธ์–ด, ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋Œ€์ค‘๋“ค์ด ์ข…๊ต ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์‹ ์˜ ํ˜„์กด์„ ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ฐธ์˜ ์ข…๊ต๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค

    The Development and Transition of Ten Schools in Chosun Dynasty from 14C-15C

    No full text
    ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์กฐ์„ ์ „๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ใ€Ž๊ฒฝ๊ตญ๋Œ€์ „ใ€์ •์ฐฉ์‹œ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์‹ญํ•™(ๅๅญธ)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๊ณ„์†๊ต์œก ์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋˜๊ณ  ์ • ์ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ์กฐ์„ ์€ ํƒœ์ข… ๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹ญํ•™(ๅๅญธ)์ด๋ผ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋ฌธ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋ฅผ ์—ด๊ฐœ์˜ ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ์ƒ๋„๋“ค์„ ๊ต์œกํ•˜๋Š” ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹ญํ•™์—์„œ๋Š” ํ˜„์ง๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋“ค์„ ๊ต์œกํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ •๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์Šน์ง„์— ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹ญํ•™์˜ ์šด์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๊ฐ ํ•™๋ฌธ ์˜์—ญ๋ณ„๋กœ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ด€์ฒญ์— ๊ต์œก๋‹ด๋‹น๊ด€ ์ธ ์ œ์กฐ์™€ ์ฐธ์ขŒ๊ด€ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋‘์–ด ๊ต์œก์„ ์ฃผ๊ด€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹ญํ•™ ์ œ์กฐ๋“ค์˜ ์ฃผ๊ด€ํ•˜์— ๋ถ„๊ธฐ๋ณ„๋กœ 1ํšŒ์”ฉ ์ทจ์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ทจ์žฌ ์‹œ์˜ ์„ฑ์ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์Šน์ง„์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ์„ ๋ฐœ ์›์น™์ด ์ ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ญํ•™์˜ ์šด์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ์ ์€ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜€๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„  ์‹ญํ•™์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜€๋˜ ์œ ํ•™(ๅ„’ๅญธ)์˜ ์ทจ์žฌ ์ ˆ์ฐจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์œ ํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ด€์ฒญ์ธ ์‚ผ๊ด€(ไธ‰้คจ)์— ๋ณ„๋„๋กœ ๋…์ž์ ์ธ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ต์œก๊ณผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ œ๋„ ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋…ผ๋ž€์€ ์‹ญํ•™ ์ทจ์žฌ๊ฐ€ ํ‘œ๋ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ์œ„์ฃผ ์„ ๋ฐœ ์›์น™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ์ด์—ˆ ๋‹ค. ์ด ์›์น™์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌ์ž„๊ด€(ไน…ไปปๅฎ˜)์˜ ์šฐ๋Œ€์™€ ์ง๋ฌด์˜ ์„ฑ์‹ค์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์ด ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜์–ด, ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์žฌ์ง๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด๋‚˜ ๊ทผ๋ฌดํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ทจ์žฌ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์ˆ˜์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ญํ•™์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋Š” ์กฐ์„ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋“ค์˜ ์ž์งˆ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ณ  ์ผ์ • ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์˜์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. In Chosun Dynasty, the government enforced the system of Ten schools which educate and estimate government officials from 14C. Ten Schools were comprised of curriculums for Confucianism, military science, foreign language, mathematics, jurisprudence, music and so on. Confucianism was most important educative value, but other professional science and various arts did not underestimated by the government. The officials had to make a good academic result in order to be promoted to higher echelons of government. Ten Schools were the institution for continuing education and training of all government officials and education officer of Ten schools educated them in each administrative office related to the science and arts. Ten schools estimated officials four times every year and they were promoted or demoted by the results. The system is to place emphasis on individual competence as professional officials. The process of establishment of this system revealed two issues by the officials. First was propounded by Confucian officials. They insisted that the system presses and disregarded the outstanding confucian officials who had been selected by the examination(็ง‘ๆ“ง ๆ–‡็ง‘). Second, officials who was worked shortly and lazy, were earlier promoted by the results of estimation. The Continuing Education System of officials by Ten Schools are maintained until late in the fifteenth century

    ๆœ้ฎฎๆœ ๆ›ธ้™ข ่ฌ›ๅญธ ๆดปๅ‹•์˜ ๆ€งๆ ผ : ๆœƒ่ฌ›๊ณผ ่ฌ›ๆœƒ๋ฅผ ไธญๅฟƒ์œผ๋กœ

    No full text
    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ต์œกํ•™๊ณผ ๊ต์œกํ•™์ „๊ณต,2001.Maste

    ๋‹ค์ค‘ ์›์ธ ์ด์ƒ ๊ฐ์ง€ ๋ฐ ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•

    No full text
    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ™”ํ•™์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2018. 2. ์ด์ข…๋ฏผ.Fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) has been an important issue in chemical industry for optimal operation and process safety. FDD has three different approaches which are model-based approach, knowledge-based approach and data-driven approach. Recent advances in data acquisition and storage techniques have enabled high-frequency sampling and processing of sensor signals. Therefore, the data-driven methods can handle the limitations of the traditional FDD method. To improve the FDD performance, three advanced FDD schemes were proposed. The first proposed method was the combination of model-based and data-driven approaches. If the unknown parameters of the process model is inaccurate, the result of FDD with model-based approach can be poor. In addition, since some processes, such as pharmaceutical process, are hard to collect measurement data, the robust parameter estimation with limited data is necessary. In this reason, Bayesian inference was introduced to estimate the unknown parameters of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model with a small number of data. With the proposed estimation scheme, the estimation result was more robust than the least squares method. In addition, the model mismatch was reduced by introducing the drug dissolution model (DDM) into the PBPK model. With these results, FDD performance of model-based approach can be improved. When the abundant data collection is possible, faulty state data can be classified by the differences between the normal data sets and fault data sets. To describe the data differences, Support vector machine (SVM) which is one of the machine learning technique was introduce to help the transient analysis of water pipe network to diagnose the partial blockage. The time domain transient data were convert to the frequency domain data to find the differences between the normal pipe and blocked pipe. With test experiences with various sizes of the blockage, normal, small blockage, medium blockage and harsh blockage transient data were collected. SVM structures of four cases of blockages were constructed with converted transient data. Finally, SVM structures can classify the blocked pipe and its blockage size automatically with the transient analysis data. The data-based model is accurate when the learning data describes the characteristic of the process perfectly. Usually, it is impossible to collect perfect learning data from the operating process. Therefore, knowledge-based model can help to reduce model mismatch of the data-based model with prior information of the process and intuition of the expert engineer. Bayesian belief network (BBN) is data-based model which describes the causality between the measurements of the process. To construct BBN structure with imperfect data, weight matrix from the signed digraph (SDG), which is one of the knowledge-based model, was proposed and applied to the structure learning algorithm. In addition, the root cause of the pre-defined fault scenario also introduced into the BBN with prior information of the process. Three case studies was conducted to verify the FDD performance of BBN-based fault diagnosis method with single fault scenarios and multiple fault scenarios. The BBN-based method was effective for all case studies compared with the traditional PCA-based method. Moreover, the fault diagnosis rate of the BBN-based method was better than the PCA-based method for not only single fault cases but multiple faults cases. Consequently, the BBN-based fault diagnosis method, which is the combination of knowledge-based and data-driven approaches, can improve the FDD performance compared with the traditional data-based approaches. With the three proposed ways to improve the traditional FDD approaches, accurate and real-time process monitoring is possible. Therefore, the proposed methods can help to maintain the process when the failures occur and remain the process with optimal operation condition.1. Introduction 1 1.1 Fault Detection and Diagnosis 1 1.1.1 Model-based approaches 4 1.1.2 Knowledge-based approaches 9 1.1.3 Data-driven approaches 13 1.2 Objective & Outlook 16 2. Methodologies 23 2.1 Parameter estimation techniques 23 2.1.1 Least squares method 23 2.1.2 Parameter estimation via maximum a posteriori principle 24 2.2 Multivariate analysis methods 29 2.2.1 Principal component analysis 29 2.2.2 Partial least squares 31 2.2.3 Hotellings T-squared and squared prediction error 32 2.3 Machine learning techniques 36 2.3.1 Support vector machine 36 2.3.2 Bayesian belief network 40 3. Model description & Simulation 45 3.1 Model-based approach for drug delivery system 45 3.1.1 Model description 45 3.1.2 Simulation 55 3.2 Data-driven approach for water pipe network 56 3.2.1 Water pipe network 56 3.2.2 Experiments & Simulation 59 3.3 Data-driven approach using Bayesian network 65 3.3.1 Continuous stirred-tank reactors 65 3.3.2 Wet gas compressor 70 3.3.3 Penicillin batch process 74 4. Simulation results 79 4.1 Robust parameter estimation for drug delivery system 79 4.2 Diagnosis of partial blockage in water pipe network 87 4.3 Fault detection & diagnosis with Bayesian network 92 4.3.1 Continuous stirred tank reactors 92 4.3.2 Wet gas compressor 99 4.3.3 Penicillin batch process 108 5. Discussions & Concluding remarks 119 5.1 Robust parameter estimation for drug delivery system 119 5.2 Diagnosis of partial blockage in water pipe network 121 5.3 Fault detection & diagnosis with Bayesian network 123 5.4 Summary & Suggested future works 129 Bibliography 132Docto

    ๅœฐ่กจๆŽ’ๆฐด้‡ ็ฎ—ๅฎš์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๅœฐ็†ๆƒ…ๅ ฑ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๆ‡‰็”จๆจกๅž‹ ้–‹็™ผ

    No full text
    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธๅคงๅญธๆ ก ๅคงๅญธ้™ข :่พฒๅทฅๅญธ็ง‘ ่พฒๆฅญๅœŸๆœจๅฐˆๆ”ป,1995.Maste

    A Study on Moon-In Education in Hwaseo School

    No full text
    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) --์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ต์œกํ•™๊ณผ,2007.Docto
    corecore