Degradation of HPAM-containing wastewater with integrated process of UASB and immobilized microorganism reactor

随着聚合物驱油技术在油田的广泛推广,部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)在为油田提高采收率的同时,对当地环境也产生了相当大的危害。本文在对含聚污水水质分析和可生化性分析的基础上对污水进行可生化性调整,运用“气浮-uASb-水解酸化-微生物固定化反应器“组合工艺对含聚污水进行了生化处理模拟实验。模拟实验分为静态模拟和动态模拟两部分。静态模拟实验中,降解6天后,聚丙烯酰胺降解率达到89.7%。动态模拟试验中,组合工艺处理2天以后,HPAM降解率为88.65%,原油总去除率为99.40%,出水COd总去除率为93.40%。利用扫描电镜(SEM)和红外光谱分析聚丙烯酰胺降解产物,显示HPAM由大分子物质断裂成小分子物质,HPAM的酰胺基转化为羧基。Polymer flooding technique has become an important method of enhanced oil recovery.But the application of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide(HPAM) in oilfield meets many environmental problems.Based on water analysis and biodegradability analysis of HPAM-containing wastewater,improved biodegradability of wastewater was achieved.Laboratory simulation treatment of wastewater was performed by the "flotation-up-flow anaerobic sludge bed(UASB)-hydrolysis acidificationimmobilized microorganism reactor" integrated process.There were two parts in simulation experiment,one was static,and the other was dynamic.After 2 d static biochemical treatment,the degradation ratio of HPAM in wastewater was up to 89.7%.And in dynamic simulation experiment,after 2 d treatment,the degradation ratio of HPAM was up to 88.65%,that of oil was 99.40%,that of COD was 93.40%.HPAM degradation products were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and infrared spectroscopy.The results showed that HPAM was transformed from bigger molecules into smaller molecules and acylamino group in HPAM was transformed into carboxyl group.国家863计划项目(2008AA06Z304

Microbial immobilization bioremediation of HPAM-containing soil

第一作者及联系人：刘江红（1966—），女，硕士，副教授，研究方 向环境生物技术和土壤环境、水处理方面。E-mail [email protected]。[中文文摘]从大庆油田采油污水污染土壤中筛选出以聚丙烯酰胺为唯一氮源和唯一碳源的4株聚丙烯酰胺降解菌R1、R2、R3、Y3。通过游离菌与固定化菌降解聚丙烯酰胺效果的实验数据比较,证明了微生物固定化法降解聚丙烯酰胺具有优势。因此,采用微生物固定法修复采油污水污染土壤,通过固定化颗粒的制备难易程度、强度、费用及对聚丙烯酰胺和原油的去除率等条件,比较了5种包埋固定化制备方法,考察了优选出的包埋固化法对土壤中污染物的降解能力。结果表明:PVA+海藻酸钠+添加剂法得到的固定化颗粒强度好,操作简单,不易破损,且费用低,对土壤中聚丙烯酰胺去除率为79.5%,对原油的去除率可达到98.7%。对筛选出的4种菌株鉴定得知R1为芽孢乳杆菌属,R2为微球菌属,R3、Y3为假单胞菌属菌株。[英文文摘]Four kinds of polyacrylamide(HPAM)-degrading bacteria R1,R2,R3 and Y3 were obtained by separation and purification experiments from petroleum-contaminated soil of Daqing Oil Field,in which HPAM is used as the only nitrogen source and the sole carbon source. In order to improve the biodegradation effect of pollutants in oil fields and reduce the loss of bacteria,the bioremediation method of immobilized microorganism was utilized. Five kinds of embedding immobilization methods were compared,including difficulty degree of immobilized granules preparation,strength,cost and removal rate of oil and HPAM. The degradation performance of embedding immobilization methods on soil pollutant was investigated. The experimental results showed that the immobilized microorganism granules made by polyvinyl alcohols (PVA)+sodium alginate+additives had high strength,simple operation ,not easy dilapidation and low cost. Degradation rate of HPAM reached 79.6% and degradation rate of crude oil reached 98.7%. R1 was affiliated to Sporolactobacillus sp,R2 was affiliated to Micrococcus sp. and R3 and Y3 were affiliated to Pseudomonas sp.国家863 计划项目（2008AA06Z304）

A Research to Village Combination and the Analysis of the Influences of Which Having on Social Economy during the Urbanization Process of Yantai City

以烟台市为例,首先对＂迁村并点＂的必要性和可行性进行分析,再运用灰色理论中的GM（1,1）模型预测规划末期城镇化率、总人口以及镇区和农村人口比重,并以此为基础规划了烟台市中心村、镇的合理规模。最后对烟台市实施＂迁村并点＂产生的社会经济影响进行细致分析,指出＂迁村并点＂为农民工＂市民化＂提供城镇载体,有利于探索农村城镇化新模式,是我国经济发展的发动机

On treating sewage with multiple contents by immobilized microorganisms

为降解含聚废水中的聚丙烯酰胺和原油,从含聚废水中筛选出以聚丙烯酰胺为唯一碳源和氮源的降解菌z1、z2、z3、z4。比较了4种单一菌株和4种菌的混合菌对原油和聚丙烯酰胺的降解率,发现混合菌降解效果优于单一菌株。以这4种菌株的混合菌为研究对象,采用微生物固定法处理含聚废水,固定化微生物颗粒对聚丙烯酰胺的降解率达到83.1%,对原油去除率达到98.7%,处理后水质达到国家污水二级排放标准。利用扫描电镜(SEM)对混合菌固定化降解聚丙烯酰胺的效果进行了表征,SEM图显示聚丙烯酰胺由大分子断裂为小分子物质。利用紫外光谱分析了聚丙烯酰胺降解机理,发现聚丙烯酰胺的酰胺基转化为了羧基。Partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide(HPAM) is a kind of water-soluble high-molecular polymer and has been widely employed in different fields of farming,industrial manufacturing and peoples’ daily life.It can change the velocity ratio of oil and water,and raise the oil extraction rate.It is for the above reasons that HPAM is generally considered to be innoxious and stable because of its perfect characteristics.However,there has so far been negligence in the research for its function in degradation and its potential toxicity.In fact,the migration,containing and degradation in natural condition prove to be potentially hazardous to the environment and likely to bring serious contamination to the environment.In order to reduce the effect of HPAM biodegradation on the HPAM-containing sewage,we have isolated four kinds of HPAM-degrading bacterial strains from the HPAM distribution station of the Daqing Oil Field,Heilongjiang,known as z1,z2,z3 and z4,which can be used as the nitrogen source and carbon source.The degradation rate of HPAM and that of oil can be compared by using the single bacteria strain and that of the mixed bacteria of z1,z2,z3 and z4.The experiment results of ours indicate that HPAM degradation rate and oil degradation rate by using the mixed bacteria of z1,z2,z3 and z4 tend to be higher than that by the single bacteria strain.In addition,the innovation of this paper lies in its processing HPAM-containing sewage by applying the immobilized microorganisms.All this enables us to raise the HPAM degradation rate to 83.1% and the oil degradation rate to 98.7%,which comes up to the National Secondary Waste-Emission Standard.Moreover,the HPAM and oil degradation rate of the immobilized microorganisms prove to be higher than that by using the dissociating microorganisms.What is more,the degradation efficiency of HPAM via immobilized bacteria can be characteristically analyzed by scanning the electron microscopy(SEM),whose photographs demonstrate that HPAM can be transformed from bigger molecular organisms into smaller ones.Furthernore,the degradation mechanism of HPAM can also be analyzed via the Infrared spectroscopy(UV),which shows that the Acylamino has been transformed into carboxyl.国家863计划项目(2008AA06Z304

Effects of drought on NDVI of winter wheat growth in Binzhou irrigation region

在中国北方,干旱是冬小麦生育期内常见的灾害,对冬小麦的生长及产量有直接的影响。本研究以滨州灌区为例,分析了灌溉作用下干旱对冬小麦生长的影响。利用1951-2014年气象观测站的气象资料和MODIS数据,计算滨州灌区的标准化降水指数(SPI)、蒸散量、有效降水量和冬小麦的水分亏缺量及其生育期内的MODISNDVI值。结果表明,在冬小麦生育期内,该区的干旱月份占总月份的70.1%,在冬小麦生长关键的3月份、4月份、5月份、6月份,其干旱频率分别为92.2%、60.9%、39.1%、9.4%。在冬小麦生育期内,干旱月份平均水分亏缺量为697.6 mm。灌溉只能减弱干旱对冬小麦归一化植被指数(NDVI)的影响,但不能完全消除。通过分析灌溉对干旱情况下小麦的作用,可以为今后该区域冬小麦种植措施的实施提供有益借鉴。&nbsp

Experimental study of the optimal conditions for degrading HPAM-containing sewage by using the mixed bacteria

水解性聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)被广泛应用于油田生产。与物理化学方法相比,生物法降解HPAM不会产生危害周围神经系统的丙烯酰胺单体。利用实验室保藏的菌种降解含聚污水,以原油作为碳源,通过单因素试验和正交试验,考察了氮源、磷源、活化次数、接种量、温度、矿化度、PH值、降解时间等因素对降解率的影响。结果表明,HPAM生物降解的最佳工艺条件如下:以含聚污水中的HPAM为氮源,无需外加氮源,以k2HPO4为磷源,细菌活化2次,降解时间为3 d,PH=7,接种量为5%,培养温度为35℃,矿化度为4 000 Mg/l。在上述条件下,HPAM降解率为62.1%。极差分析表明,氮源、降解时间、PH值、活化次数、接种量和矿化度是影响降解率的重要因素。通过红外光谱分析HPAM的生物降解产物,HPAM分子中的酰胺基在微生物的作用下转化为羧基。The paper takes it as the goal to test and find the optimal conditions for degrading HPAM-containing sewage by using the mixed bacteria.As a matter of fact,the HPAM,short for the partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide,a linear water-soluble polymeric compound with high molecular weight,has been broadly used for oil production in China.As compared with the physico-chemical degradation of HPAM,there is no acrylamide monomer that can cause peripheral neuropathy released from the process of biodegradation.In our experiments,we have found that there are five kinds of HPAM-degrading bacteria,known as X1,X2,X3,X4 and H3,all of which demonstrate a strong ability to degrade HPAM which we keep in stock in our laboratory.In proceeding with our study,we have carefully studied the influential factors for degrading HPAM-containing sewage of the mixed bacteria.At the same time,we have also investigated the effects of nitrogen source,phosphorus source,the time length of the experiments,the inoculation amount,temperature,mineralization rate,the initial pH and activation time on the degradation of HAPM-containing sewage by using the crude oil as the carbon source through the single factor experiment and orthogonal test.The results of our investigation and experiments indicate that the optimal conditions for the degradation can be stated as follows:(1) HPAM can be made to serve as the nitrogen source;and,(2) K2HPO4 as the phosphorus source,the activation of the microorganisms should be done twice;(3) The culture time should last 3 days;(4) The initial pH should be 7;(5) The inoculums size should be kept at 5%(V/V);(6) The culturing temperature should be kept at 35 ℃;(7) The mineralization rate should be 4 000 mg/L;(8) Under the above said conditions,the HPAM-degradation rate can be made as high as up to 62.1%.Besides,the variance analysis results prove that the main factors affecting HPAM degradation are the nitrogen sources,the experimental time length,the pH value,the activation time,the inoculation amount and the mineralization rate.And,finally,we have analyzed the FT-IR spectra of HPAM samples in hoping to find the changes in HPAM molecular structure before and after the biodegradation.Moreover,FT-IR analysis indicates that the amide group has degraded into a carboxyl group.国家863计划项目(2008AA06Z304

塔里木河下游地下水位对生态输水的响应/Response of Groundwater Level to the Ecological Water Conveyance in the Lower Reaches of the Tarim River[J]

以塔里木河下游第12次生态输水为契机,监测输水前后及输水过程中的地下水位动态变化,分析地下水位随时间的变化规律,以及垂直于河道不同距离处的地下水位变化差异。研究表明：距离输水河道越近,地下水位抬升量越大;越靠近下游上段抬升幅度越大。个别断面受河道是否过水及输水量的影响略有差异。进一步分析了输水量与地下水位抬升量的关系,从而使人们从一个侧面再次了解到塔里木河流域近期综合治理规划实施的效果