The Demise of Romance under Patriarchy : Hawthorne\u27s The Marble Faun

In his last romance, The Marble Faun, Nathaniel Hawthorne takes the trouble to force Kenyon to express his heterosexual male identity. Kenyon declares to Miriam thus: "I am a man, and between man and man there is always an insuperable gulf. They can never quite grasp each other\u27s hands; and therefore man never derives any intimate help, any heart sustenance, from his brother man, but from woman-his mother, his sister, or his wife." The author seems, in an affected manner, to obediently follow and simultaneously stress the middle-class gender-norm by compulsively heterosexualizing the relation among the three, Kenyon, Donatello, and Miriam. Yet, Hawthorne unavoidably imports the excessive sexuality into the story and consequently destabilizes the gender system therein. In this thesis, I will clarify how the binary gender system affects Hawthorne\u27s composition of The Marble Faun by focusing on how the author configures the gender identities of the characters in the story. The patriarchic order and the authority have been symbolically undermined in The Marble Faun by the omnipresence of multiplicative copies of the parricidal Beatrice Cenci, whose features both the innocent American Puritan girl Hilda and the voluptuous Miriam resemble. By introducing the lynching ritual, the author hopes in vain to reinstate the order. Ironically, Kenyon, the patriarch tobe, is mock-victimized or mock-raped in the chaos of the carnival by the monstrous woman-like but probably male figure. To offset this failure, Hawthorne squeezes Miriam into the category of the virago, represented by the biblical heroines such as Jael, Judith, and Salome. Theoretically, this manipulation enables Hawthorne to homosocially ally Kenyon (the author\u27s double, in a way) with Donatello, the character whom Hawthorn

The Indonesian Word \u27Kapur\u27(果布) in the Chinese Texts Shiji(史記) and Hanshu(漢書)

As early as the 2nd century BCE, the name of kapur barus (camphor), a product of the tropical rainforest of insular Southeast Asia, had become established as a rare international trading item and was being mentioned in Chinese texts in its Chinese transliteration of guobu. We can also assert with confidence that, by the early years of the 1st century CE, the island of Pisang, an important navigational point on the sea-route through the strategic Malacca Strait, was being referred to in Chinese texts in its Chinese rendering of pizong. The fact that the earliest Indonesian words to be mentioned in Chinese texts are kapur and pisang is no mere coincidence. Rather, it illustrates the crucial role played by the Malacca Strait region - or, to put it differently, the Indonesia-Malaysia region - in East-West oceanic trading and transportation. As well as furnishing the products that would feature as the trading commodities of East-West exchange, this region also played an essential role in providing the route that made such trading activities possible. An examination of the Indonesian word kapur barus has revealed that the Malacca Strait region had already begun to play such a dual role in East-West oceanic trade by at least the 2nd century BCE

The History of the Perception of Japanese Gardens : Analysis of how their Authenticity was defined through Discourse

Outer factors, such as the Western discourse, have played a significant role in the history of the perception of Japanese gardens. This paper examines how these outer factors, including the Western discourse that arose in the late nineteenth century, had an impact on the way gardens are perceived and howtheir authenticity is defined and constructed in Japan. The essay also analyzes the reaction of Japanese scholars to such Western discourse. The aim of this paper is to untangle the structure in which the Western discourse and Japanese response have intermingled with one another. In so doing, the essay clarifies what kind of impact this intermingling structure has had on the perception of Japanese gardens and on defining their authenticity. Authors who have written on Japanese gardens, such as Josiah Conder, Shigemori Mirei and other scholars of Japanese gardens are closely examined. What kind of roles have the Western discourse and Japanese response played in the perception of and defining the authenticity of Japanese gardens

Flexible Command : A Solution to the Symmetry Problem of Adjunction, Scrambling, and Dislocation

The computational procedure of human natural language (CHL; only humans have it) produces sound information that instructs the sensory-motor (physical) system (every animal has it) on how to use it, and meaning information that instructs the thought (cognitive) system (every animal has it) on how to use it. One mystery of CHL is that there is a third type of information that CHL computes: this is structural information, which is neither sound nor meaning. We observe structural information in forms such as Case particles and inflections. Structural information is responsible for building a sentence structure (tree graph). The sensory-motor system reads off sound information hanging on the tree, while the thought system reads off meaning information hanging on the tree. Structural information is like a virus in that it is checked, matched and deleted within the CHL, a virus check system created by Mother Nature. It must be erased within CHL because there is no external system that uses it. If structural information flowed into the sensory-motor system or the thought system, these external systems would freeze because they do not know what to do with the unknown information. Mother Nature has created a computational system (a language organ) that is cancer-like, in that it multiplies a binary-branching structure. Human language (CHL) has evolved from the mutated brain of Homo Habilis about two million years ago, and what the system does is aimlessly multiply a binary-branching structure (two-membered-set building). This is similar to crystallization processes like snowflake development. Human language has not evolved for the purpose of communication as demonstrated by the fact that Homo Sapiens (us) as a species have disclosed the worst quality of communicative competence: the key words for understanding our species are lie (fraud) and war (murder). This study analyzes measurements for the structural relationship between two nodes in a tree graph that CHL produces. I will focus specifically on two measures: domination and command. From the beginning of the biolinguistics (generative syntax) project, domination and command have been used for measuring node relations. Linguists have always sought precise and useful domination and command rulers. Adjunction structure provides an excellent object of study for obtaining precise measurements. Adjunction structure is observed in the phenotype called scrambling (a word permutation phenomenon). Scrambling is an excellent natural object for us to study the symmetry problem in CHL: what information is lost or preserved when words are permuted. I propose a new approach to examining command: command measuring the equilibrium of connection and disconnection relationships between two nodes in a given tree. Capitalizing on Chomsky\u27s (1995) insights, I propose flexible command, which is more precise than the previous definitions of command. Flexible command measures different levels of disconnection determined by differences in computational cost. Flexible command accounts for many empirically observed phenomena. Many related conceptual problems are discussed. Does self-domination exist? Does self-command exist? What is the demonstration that domination is irreflexive? What is the demonstration that command is irreflexive? Discussions of several related empirical problems follow. What is the structure of a sentence with a postverbal term in SOV languages? Specifically, what is the structure of the permuted order of SVO in SOV languages? Is O included within the same minimal sentence? What is the structural location of O? Does it undergo rightward dislocation? Does it asymmetrically command other terms? Why are wh and focus-phrases prohibited from appearing in the postverbal position in SOV languages? Why are non-wh/focus-phrases allowed to appear in the same position? Why does the island effect appear in the LF when the island (complex structure) is dislocated rightward after the verb? Why is the highest asymmetrical shifted heavy NP pronounced at the end, in violation of the LCA? Why does V appear before an adverb in French but after it in English? How does flexible command measure the relevant structural relations

Where Do Constructional Meanings Come From?

Construction Grammar, as exemplified in the work of Adele Goldberg and others, is an attempt to reduce grammar to an associative relation between form and meaning, in contrast to the traditional mapping relation where syntax performs the mapping function. A central claim of Construction Grammar is that what are normally taken to be syntactic structures are constructions that have meanings, and thus can be treated on a par with words and idioms. This paper examines two constructions presented by Goldberg as parade cases of constructions -- the ditransitive construction and the caused-motion construction -- and shows how Goldberg\u27s analysis fails across the board

On Semantic Types of Coordinated NP\u27s (Special Issue Dedicated to Professor Hideya YAMAKAWA)

Our concern in the present paper is with the interpretation of plural noun phrases (NP), particularly conjoined NP\u27s and their semantic types. The discussion mainly focuses on the NP\u27s in subject position, and ends up with the conclusion that the semantic type corresponds with that of quantified NP\u27s. This leads us to the position that coordinated NP\u27s should always be understood as a group-forming unit. In the appendix, we provide a brief survey of sub-classification of predication properties and make a tentative suggestion for more proper semantic interpretation of coordinated NP subjects

ニホン ニオケル トリスタン ト イズー デンショウグン イチ カミナガヒメ エスガタ ニョウボウ イズー ソシテ タマカズラ

Dojoji is the famous temple for the wicked love story of Anchin and Kiyohime. But there is also an another legend of Kaminaga-hime (Princess Long Hair) which tells of the origin of the temple.There once was a fisherman\u27s daughter who had beautiful long hair by grace of Kannon figure to which she always prayed. One day a bird brought some of her hairs to the imperial palace. Discovering the hairs, the emperor ordered his servants to find the owner of the hairs in order to marry her. Brought to the palace and made a favorite of the emperor, the fisherman\u27s daughter although was sad because she had abandoned the Kannon figure. Dojoji was built by the emperor who sympathized with her anxiety for the Kannon figure.On the discovery of the golden hairs brought by a bird, King Mark had Iseult brought from Ireland by Tristan to his palace.The story of Kaminaga-hime is a Japanese variation of "Tristan and Iseult" . Kaminaga-hime is not an isolated case; it seems that we can find many similar stories in Japan. Here we point out, probably for the first time, the cycle of "Tristan and Iseult" in Japan