運用熱應力模擬分析結合田口法對蕭特基電子元件封裝進行結構設計最佳化探討

Abstract When electronic packaging structure in the manufacture and application, mold temperature changes and heat generated by the actuation element after the manufacturing process will affect the stress and reliability, also different configurations means there are different scales of stress-strain behaviour, Therefore, in manufacture of packaging, Due to the different thermal expansion coefficients, prone to uneven heat stress on the structure, Resulting in deformation of the plastic-package, In particular, the heat will cause high power components to increase this deformation. This thesis aims to improve the thermal stress analysis and design for high power semiconductor devices, in order to meet the future trends , thus reducing the thickness of the solder and colloid thickness and shape of the heat sink to increase the surface area as the main research direction. Therefore, this paper using the finite element method to simulate steady state analysis at high temperatures，this parameter makes the results of the stress to a minimum , thereby improving the reliability and high quality of power components. Key words: Electronic Packaging, High Power Semiconductor Devices, Thermal Stress, Warpage, Finite Element Method, Taguchi method摘要 電子構裝的整體結構在製造及應用時，製程上鑄模溫度的變化以及元件應用後產生的熱量將影響元件構裝的應力以及可靠度上的差異。不同的構裝尺度存在著不同的應力應變特性，因此在封膠製程中，各結構之間容易因熱膨脹係數的不同而產生不均勻熱應力，導致構裝膠體的變形，尤其是高功率元件作動時會產生高熱而導致變形加劇。 本論文研究為針對高功率半導體電子構裝元件進行熱應力分析及構裝縮小改善設計，因此減少焊錫厚度、降低封膠厚度、改變注膠溫度、及改變散熱座構型來做為整體的研究探討方向。 因此本研究以有限元素分析法針對鑄模時高溫穩態環境下的構裝元件進行熱應力模擬分析，並且運用田口法找出最佳控制因子組合為三角形散熱座、1.17mm封膠厚度、170度注膠溫度、0.07mm焊錫厚度，以達到更好的元件散熱效果並產生最小的內部殘留應力，藉此提升高功率構裝元件的可靠度及品質。 關鍵字: 電子構裝、高功率半導體元件、封裝、熱應力、有限元素法、田口法分析目錄 目錄 iii 表目錄 vi 圖目錄 vii 符號說明 x 第一章 緒論 1 1.1.前言 1 1.2.蕭特基電子元件原理、及應用 2 1.3.IC封裝工藝種類、目的、趨勢與流程 4 1.4.研究動機與目的 11 1.4.文獻回顧 12 1.4.1翹曲與殘留應力及有限元素分析 13 1.4.2電子構裝散熱鰭片分析 16 1.5.論文架構 20 第二章 理論介紹與研究方法 22 2.1.構裝元件模擬分析 22 2.1.1.熱傳導理論原理 23 2.1.2.熱對流理論原理 24 2.1.3.熱應力理論原理 25 2.1.4.有限元素法理論原理 27 2.1.5.田口工程理論基礎 31 2.2.研究方法 37 2.2.1.封膠原理與製程參數介紹 37 2.2.2.構裝尺寸與材料特性說明 39 第三章 蕭特基電子封裝元件模型建構與數值分析 42 3.1.電子構裝元件模擬分析假設 42 3.2.前處理暨網格收斂性驗證 42 3.3.計算求解 48 3.4.後處理分析 48 3.5.模擬與實際翹曲驗證說明 56 第四章 田口品質工程最佳化設計 57 4.1.田口品質工程介紹 57 4.2.控制因子品質特性評估選用 57 4.3.實驗性直交表的選用 62 4.4.S/N因子反應分析 63 4.5.田口實驗結果分析說明 65 第五章 數值分析結果與討論 76 5.1.原構裝材料之熱應力模擬數值結果分析 76 5.2.最佳化設計分析結果 77 第六章 結論與未來展望 81 6.1.結論 81 6.2.未來展望 82 參考文獻 83   表目錄 表2.1封膠使用參數條件 38 表2.2電子構裝結構尺寸 39 表2.3電子構裝材料特性 40 表3. 1 網格收斂驗證 44 表4. 1 控制因子之散熱座尺寸表 58 表4. 2 實驗影響因子與水準 61 表4. 3 L9(34)實驗直交表 62 表4. 4 L9實驗數據 64 表4. 5 S/N因子反應分析表 65   圖目錄 圖1.1電子構裝材料種類 5 圖1.2電子構裝PCB板連接種類 5 圖1.3電子構裝PCB板連接種類 6 圖1.4半導體封裝構裝流程 7 圖1.5半導體晶圓割片 8 圖1. 6半導體晶圓焊線 9 圖2.1封裝構裝結構透視 23 圖2.2有限元素模擬之流程 27 圖2. 3 田口品質工程設計分析流程 31 圖2. 4 因子圖 32 圖2.5封膠作業流程 38 圖2.6高功率半導體元件實體圖 39 圖2. 7 3D構裝透視結構圖 41 圖3.1 3D幾何模型及結構透視圖 43 圖3.2 體積去除模型 43 圖3. 3 構裝表面翹曲收斂趨勢 45 圖3.4 網格分割大小 45 圖3. 5 構裝表面初始溫度設定 46 圖3.6 溫度降低設定 46 圖3.7 降溫後溫度分佈示意圖 47 圖3.8 空氣對流係數條件設定 47 圖3. 9 封膠最大應力位置 49 圖3. 10 晶片正面最大應力位置 50 圖3. 11 晶片背面最大應力位置 51 圖3. 12焊錫正面最大應力位置 52 圖3. 13焊錫背面最大應力位置 53 圖3. 14 散熱座最大應力位置 54 圖3. 15 結構應力剖面 55 圖3. 16 模擬與量測翹曲比對圖 56 圖3. 17 膠體表面翹曲分佈 56 圖4. 1 散熱座四角形尺度構裝示意圖 59 圖4. 2 散熱座四角形尺度構裝示意圖 59 圖4. 3 散熱座梯形尺度構裝示意圖 60 圖4. 4 應力因子反應分析趨勢 65 圖4. 5 第1組晶片應力分析 66 圖4. 6 第2組晶片應力分析 67 圖4. 7 第3組晶片應力分析 68 圖4. 8 第4組晶片應力分析 69 圖4. 9 第5組晶片應力分析 70 圖4. 10 第6組晶片應力分析 71 圖4. 11 第7組晶片應力分析 72 圖4. 12 第8組晶片應力分析 73 圖4. 13 第9組晶片應力分析 74 圖4. 14 最佳化晶片應力分析 75 圖5. 1散熱座表面積與構裝模擬應力關係圖 8

Early Survival Ratio of Mistletoe Seeds (Taxillus tsaii): Effects of Seed Disperser, Host Trees, and Branch Size

桑寄生(mistletoe)植物是近年來研究寄生植物演化非常重要的一類植物。其特徵為半寄生(hemiparasite)，花粉及種子多半由鳥類散播，果實量多，分布於專一種或多種類的寄主植物，且常呈群集性分布。近年許多研究認為這些特徵和桑寄生、散播者、寄主植物三者之間長期的共同演化所造成。桑寄生的群集性分布主要受生長初期的二個階段所影響，即(1)鳥類消化種子後的散播分布，及(2)種子散播於不同寄主樹種不同部位的相容性差異。但目前這二個因素影響的程度或機制還未被徹底了解，而這個過程是否導因於長期的演化也仍處於理論階段，加上台灣的研究少有對桑寄生寄生機制的探討，故本研究著重於桑寄生初期生長的存活率變動，並探討其各生理階段存活率變動的主因為何。 研究物種為臺灣特有的蓮華池桑寄生(Taxillus tsaii)，研究地點為南投縣魚池鄉的林業試驗所蓮華池研究中心，此地的蓮華池桑寄生呈現高密度且群集性的分布。研究方法是採用接種三種類型種子：(1)未去皮種子、(2)去皮種子、(3)鳥類排遺種子，於三種試驗寄主物種：(1)牛樟(Cinnamomum micranthum)、(2)土肉桂(Cinnamomum osmophloeum)、(3)油茶(Camellia oleifera)，並將寄主枝條分成二種徑級：(1)5-23 mm、(2)26-50 mm。自2007年六月至2008年一月，記錄不同種子類型、寄主物種、枝條粗細對種子黏附率、發芽率、固著性、總有效率、及存活率的影響。 結果發現，黏附率顯著受到種子類型與寄主物種的影響，發芽率顯著受種子類型的影響(p<0.01)，固著性、總有效率、及存活率顯著受種子類型與寄主物種的影響(p<0.01)。果皮若未去除，種子黏附率會下降，且若寄主物種樹皮光滑，種子黏附率也會下降。未去皮的種子無法發芽，鳥類消化種子的發芽率低於人工去皮種子。所有試驗種子的發芽率，受寄主樹種的影響不顯著。但寄主樹種對固著器建立率有關鍵性的影響，主因是桑寄生與不同種寄主相容性有所差異，不相容物種無法建立吸器。另外，鳥類的消化也會降低種子成功固著的機率。 因此蓮華池桑寄生的初期存活率確實主要由散播者和寄主物種所共同影響，但影響的機制並不相同。鳥類消化對桑寄生種子有生理上的傷害，但對種子發芽及散播還是必需的；散播者的微棲地選擇及寄主物種與桑寄生間的相容性差異，應是影響桑寄生分布的關鍵性因素。Mistletoes have played an important role in studying the evolution of parasitical plants in recent years. Mistletoes are almost hemiparasite and parasitize in clusters on one or many species of hosts. Mistletoes produce abundant fruits and both of their pollination and seed dispersal are mostly relied on birds. Many recent studies suggest these traits of mistletoes are resulted from the long-term co-evolution among the mistletoe, dispersers, and hosts. The clumped distribution of mistletoes is affected by two phases during the early stage of life cycle. One phase is that the seeds are affected by birds’ digestion and spreading range. The other phase is that the seeds have different host compatibility with different species or branches of hosts where they are dispersed. The mechanisms of these two parasitic phases are under-studied and the parasitic mechanisms of the mistletoes of Taiwan have been rarely reported. As a result, this research focuses on the early survival rates of seeds of Taxillus tsaii, an endemic species of Taiwan, and the effects of seed dispersers, host trees, and branch diameter. This study was conducted in the Lianhuachih Research Center of Taiwan Forestry Research Institute (Yuchih Township, Nantou County, Taiwan), where has high density of Taxillus tsaii. I inoculated three types of seeds (coated seeds, uncoated seeds, and defecated seeds) on two classes of branch size (5-23 mm and 26-50 mm in diameter) of three host species, including Cinnamomum micranthum, Cinnamomum osmophloeum, and Camellia oleifera. I monitored the effects of different types of seeds, host species, and branch size on seeds adhesion, seeds germination, holdfast establishment, total active seed ratio, and seed survival ratio from June, 2007 to January, 2008. Results revealed that seed germination was significantly affected by seed types. In addition, seed adhesion, holdfast establishment, total active seed ratio, and survival ratio were significantly affected by both seed types and host species. The adhered ratio greatly decreased in the coated seeds and on the branches with smooth bark. Host species did not have significant influence on germinated ratio. Defecated seeds had significantly lower germinated ratio than uncoated seeds, while coated seeds could not germinate at all. Host species was critical for holdfast established ratio, as the compatibility of Taxillus tsaii seeds differed with tree species. Haustoria of mistletoe could not establish on antagonistic species. The holdfast established ratio of digested seeds was significantly lower than uncoated seeds

WOW: Wild-Open Warning for Broadcast Basketball Video Based on Player Trajectory

籃球運動中，空檔(Wild-open)的意思是有進攻球員未被成功防守。因此，這些發生空檔情況的影片通常代表進攻方戰術實行成功。在此論文中，我們設計了空檔偵測系統幫助教練以及球員得知自己的缺點以及比賽時可以施行的戰術，透過這些資訊，以達到賽前的情資蒐集以及賽後缺點檢討。經由可靠的相機參數偵測，球場偵測以及球員偵測與追蹤，於影片座標的球員位置得以轉至球場模型座標。我們定義三種空檔準則，當進攻球員滿足準則之一，系統將在畫面中標示出空檔球員位置，使觀眾能提高注意力在空檔球員身上。In basketball games, wild-open means that there is an offensive player not well defensed by his/her opponents. The occurrence of wild-open usually implies the existence of a successful offense tactic. In this paper, a Wild-Open Warning (WOW) system is designed to assist basketball coaches/players in revealing possible tactics of their opponents through watching the broadcast game videos. The system automatically extracts the semantic objects such as the court and the players in the video and calibrates players’ positions to match the real-world court coordinates. A robust and efficient algorithm for court detection and camera calibration is proposed for analyzing basketball videos. Wild-open event is detected when the position of an offensive player satisfies three predefined criteria. In the mean time, the system will mark the wild-open players to warn the viewers that they should keep high attention to certain players.Chapter 1 Introduction 1hapter 2 System Overview 5hapter 3 Video Pre-processing 7.1 Shot Segmentation 7.2 Noise Elimination 8.2.1 Court Mask Generation 10.2.2 Player Extraction 11.3 Top Boundaries Detection 12hapter 4 Court Detection and Camera Calibration 15.1 Court Side Determination 16.2 White court-line pixel detection 17.3 Line parameter estimation 17.3.1 Exhausted mode 18.3.2 Predicted mode 19.3.3 Generate configurations with quick rejection rules 20.4 Court model fitting 24hapter 5 Player Detection and Tracking 31.1 Player Candidate Extraction 31.2 Player Tracking 32.2.1 CamShift Tracking Algorithm 32.2.2 The Proposed Player Tracking Algorithm 34hapter 6 Wild-Open Warning Detection 37hapter 7 Experiment Results 39.1 Results for Calibration Algorithm 39.2 Results for Tracking Algorithm 42.3 Results for Wild-Open Warning 43hapter 8 Conclusion and Future Work 49ibliography 5

Design and Implementation of a XML-Based Digital Score Access System

[[abstract]]The computer technology is used in digital libraries to store all assortments of written, audio, and video data in small, invulnerable and speedy way. Scores are critical items to reserve among the creation of mankind; however, for conventional access system, scores are usually digitally stored in image formats, which are not easy to fetch, edit and search. In this paper, a new access system is proposed based on XML score format to downsize the storage, to facilitate the editing, to accelerate the searching in current systems, and to minimize the complexity of converting from one kind of score format to another thus facilitate the retrieval of all sorts of scores for educational usage.

The+Formability+Index+and+Quality+Evaluation+of+Ca-pectin+Hydrogel+Beads

Low methoxyl pectin and calcium ion have high-viscosity coacervation and are used to prepare jam and hydrogel product. Recently, the microencapsulation technique is quite popular for the production of a compound of pectin and calcium ion and is often used in the health-care, biotech and pharmaceutical field. The compound is usually used as tablet binder, coating agent, drug encapsule, drug delivery carrier, improvement of control release and so on. In this study, we use the low methoxyl pectin as the material to study the formability and quality index of Ca-pectin hydrogel bead treated by different pectin concentrations (2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 %), calcium chloride concentrations (0.05, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 M) and curing times (0.5, 5.0 and 20.0 min). The research result showed that the overall wet and dry hydrogel bead have increasing trend in higher completeness, higher hardness, and decreasing trend in less shrinkage, smaller particle size, lower water content and lower swelling capacity along with the increasing in the pectin concentration, calcium ion concentration and curing time. In the thermograms, the increase in the pectin concentration, calcium ion concentration and curing time lead to an increase in the onset temperature (To), peak temperature (Tp) and enthalpy (ΔH). The increased air flow (0~3 L/min) in the compressor would cause the particle size (2.70mm~0.32mm) and swelling capacity (-8.45%~9.0%) of the Ca-hydrogel to decrease. Moreover, there was more shrinking on the surface with more combination of pectin and calcium.低甲氧基果膠與鈣會形成高黏度的凝膠作用，常供果醬及凝膠產品之製備；“鈣化果膠複合物”是保健、生技、製藥界近年十分熱門之微膠囊化技術及材料；其常被應用於錠劑之結著、包覆劑；藥物包埋、輸送及釋放改善等研究。本實驗以低甲氧基果膠為材料，探討果膠（2.5、5.0、7.5%）、氯化鈣（0.05、0.1、0.5、1.0 M）濃度及不同固化時間（0.5、5、20 min）對果膠鈣晶球成型性及各項粒子品質因子分析；實驗結果如下：果膠鈣晶球成型性隨果膠及氯化鈣濃度提高及固化時間延長，整體濕、乾球粒之外型完整性較佳，收縮少；粒徑較小，硬度提高，含水量及膨潤力降低，熱性質項目有較高之起始溫度（To），尖峰溫度（Tp）及熱焓值（ΔH）。另外利用空壓機搭配流量計提高空氣流速（0～3L/min），可製得濕球粒之粒徑（2.70～0.32mm）、膨潤力（-8.45～9.0%），成型較佳之晶球粒子；另隨果膠－鈣結合愈多其外表微細構造有較多收縮之紋路

海藻酸－“鈣鹽”－微膠囊成型性及粒子品質比較

Microencapsulation is a technique used to form micro beads by granulation and coating with film-forming materials. The cross-linking and hydrogel interaction of alginate and calcium salts play an important role in the preparation of calcium-alginate beads. In this study, we studied the formability and quality index of calciumalginate beads made by sodium alginate (3 %) and different calcium salts (calcium chloride, calcium lactate and calcium acetate with 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.25 M) with different curing time (5, 30 and 60 min). The result showed that the sodium alginate concentration, calcium salts concentration and curing time were important factors of hydrogel bead formability. Increasing the concentration of calcium salts and curing time enhanced the cross-linkage between alginate and calcium. It resulted in enhancing the egg-box structure. It also led to decreasing particle size, raising hardness, and decreasing swelling capacity and moiture content. The appearances of wet hydrogel beads made by different calcium salts were all spherical. However, dry hydrogel beads were easily deformed when the concentration of calcium salts was less than 0.1 M and curing time less than 30 min. The thermo-analysis showed that the onset temperature (To), peak temperature (Tp) and enthalpy (ΔH) were the highest when treated by 0.25 M of calcium salts at 60 min curing time. In the SEM micrographs, there was more shrinking on the surface of samples formed by 0.25 M of calcium salts at 60 min curing time. Finally, the calcium-alginate hydrogel beads which were treated by curing agents, calcium chloride or calcium acetate, have better formability, stronger structure and higher hardness.微膠囊（microencapsulation）是一種利用成膜材料，進行包覆、造粒成小粒之技術。海藻酸及鈣鹽之交鏈鍵結、凝膠作用是重要製備材料及關鍵技術之一。本研究探討海藻酸鈉（3%）與不同鈣鹽（氯化鈣、乳酸鈣、醋酸鈣；0.01、0.05、0.1、0.25M）、固化時間（5、30、60min）之微膠囊成型性及評估粒子之各項品質。實驗結果如下：海藻酸鈉、鈣離子濃度及固化時間是影響海藻酸鈣微膠囊化－晶球成型性之重要因子；隨鈣離子濃度提高及固化時間延長，海藻酸與鈣之結合、交鏈作用較多，使其蛋盒立體“egg-box”構造愈完整、緻密，其凝膠晶球粒徑較小、硬度較高、膨潤力及含水率下降，在外觀上三種鈣鹽晶球濕晶球均呈圓球粒，乾晶球在鈣離子0.1M、固化時間30分鐘以下均容易變形；其熱性質起始溫度（To）、尖峰溫度（Tp）及熱焓值（ΔH）以0.25M鈣離子、固化60分鐘者均呈較高值；在晶球粒子表面微細構造觀察，會有較多收縮紋路出現。實驗結果以氯化鈣及醋酸鈣可得到成型性較佳、構造較緻密、硬度較高之海藻酸－鈣晶球粒子