Some Cognitive Properties of English Continuation-Marking Aspectual Particles

Continuation-marking aspectual particles are a means of construing an event described with an atelic verb as having a prolonged event- internal time. Speakers of English use them frequently to construe such events. The main thesis of this article is that they do so because various cognitive properties of continuation-marking aspectual particles allow for relatively easy cognitive processing of the particles. Two such properties are discussed: iconicity and metaphoricity. First, iconic motivation connecting the length of event structure and the length of the utterance is discussed. Then, the submetaphor of TIME IS SPACE, EVENT-INTERNAL TIME IS SPACE is used to link the arrangement patterns of prepositions ‘on’, ‘along’, ‘around’, and the adverb ‘away’ in terms of trajectors and landmarks, with the domain of EVENT-INTERNAL TIME. Additionally, the interaction patterns between conceptual metaphor and conceptual metonymy are discussed with regard to the particles and their behaviour. The final result is four diagrams giving schematic descriptions of how the metaphoric transfer of spatial concepts onto the domain of EVENT-INTERNAL TIME works for each particle, what semantic possibilities and restrictions the original spatial configurations bring when the mapping is complete and what historical reflexes still affect the choice of particles in present-day English

English Prepositions: A Non-Specific Contrastive Perspective

Most English today is used in communication not involving native speakers. This English is learned as a foreign language, but it differs significantly from Standard English in many areas, including prepositions. This paper is a step towards an incipient theory of prepositions as used by non-native speakers of English. The approach used is non-specific contrastive analysis, which is a methodology interested in predicting areas where learning English would prove difficult for speakers of any language. In this paper, existing research on the topic is surveyed and evaluated. The paper shows why a semasiological organization of prepositions is not an appropriate method of organization for a sublanguage, which English as an auxiliary language certainly is. A brief overview of the history of non-specific contrastive analysis of English is given, including but not limited to Charles Ogden’s Basic English and the latest program, English as a Lingua Franca. The paper makes use of the findings of cognitive linguistics, especially the prototype theory and proto scenes, to create a better theoretical outline than the ones reviewed. A theoretical approach based on cognition and the onomasiological method of organization is put forth. The paper finishes with a discussion of several possible objections to the proposed methodology, as well as a critique of the misguided fusion of politics and linguistics typical of some proponents of non-specific contrastive analysis

Some Cognitive Properties of English Continuation-Marking Aspectual Particles

Continuation-marking aspectual particles are a means of construing an event described with an atelic verb as having a prolonged event- internal time. Speakers of English use them frequently to construe such events. The main thesis of this article is that they do so because various cognitive properties of continuation-marking aspectual particles allow for relatively easy cognitive processing of the particles. Two such properties are discussed: iconicity and metaphoricity. First, iconic motivation connecting the length of event structure and the length of the utterance is discussed. Then, the submetaphor of TIME IS SPACE, EVENT-INTERNAL TIME IS SPACE is used to link the arrangement patterns of prepositions ‘on’, ‘along’, ‘around’, and the adverb ‘away’ in terms of trajectors and landmarks, with the domain of EVENT-INTERNAL TIME. Additionally, the interaction patterns between conceptual metaphor and conceptual metonymy are discussed with regard to the particles and their behaviour. The final result is four diagrams giving schematic descriptions of how the metaphoric transfer of spatial concepts onto the domain of EVENT-INTERNAL TIME works for each particle, what semantic possibilities and restrictions the original spatial configurations bring when the mapping is complete and what historical reflexes still affect the choice of particles in present-day English

The Impact Of Co-teaching On Student Learning Outcomes In Secondary Social Studies Classrooms Implementing Content Enhancement R

The purpose of this study was to examine if differences exist in student learning outcomes between students who are instructed in a co-taught or non co-taught environment in secondary social studies classrooms implementing Content Enhancement Routines (CER). This study examined student and teacher data from seventeen matched pairs of co-taught and non co-taught middle and high school general education social studies teachers who participated in professional development in CER and professional development in co-teaching if applicable. Of the 34 participating teachers, 23 were visited by school district personnel to verify implementation of CER. Five co-teaching teams, each consisting of a general and special educator, completed a Coteaching Rating Scale (CtRS) (n=10) to analyze the level of co-teaching occurring in the classroom (beginning, compromising or collaborating stage). A systematic sample of students (n = 907) completed a CER Student Perception Survey to examine perceived differences of the use of CER in co-taught and non co-taught social studies classrooms. Student state assessment scores (n = 318) in co-taught and non co-taught classrooms were analyzed to distinguish differences in student learning gains. Specifically this study investigated if differences in student performance occur when a special educator is present in the classroom. Results indicate that although there was no statistically significant difference in student learning outcomes between the two settings, the impact of teacher preparation, professional development and the implementation of CER in the secondary social studies classroom may be determining factors in student success

L'évolution du climat prévue par les modèles en Franche-Comté

L'évolution du climat au cours des décennies à venir repose sur des simulations numériques fort complexes. Elles peuvent sans doute être contestées dans le détail mais toutes les modélisations effectuées à ce jour confirment une modification du climat associée à une hausse inéluctable des températures. Une étude du climat commandée à Météo-France (qui a exploité les résultats du modèle ARPEGE-Climat) pour le compte du Conseil économique social et environnemental (cese) de Franche-Comté, n'échappe pas à la règle : le climat de la Franche-Comté se réchauffera tandis que les précipitations, dont l'évolution est plus délicate à établir, marquent une légère baisse. Nous donnons ici quelques uns des traits les plus marquants de cette évolution

Research of applying the HACCP principles to the water supply systems in Slovenia

Wholesome drinking water enables life and is one of the basic requirements of a healthy living environment. As it is a very important public good, handling with sources of drinking water, its supply and ensuring wholesome drinking water is very strictly regulated by the Slovenian and European laws. \ud The requirements for drinking water are provided by the regulation Pravilnik o pitni vodi whichalso prescribes that internal control of drinking water must be established on the principles of HACCP system. HACCP is a preventive system that enables the identification of risks and critical control points and is providing a proper response to any existing risk factor. \ud I examined the HACCP study of the water supply system Cerknica - Rakek, which is managed by JP Komunala Cerknica d.o.o.. I compared the irregularities identified by the\ud health inspector and the results of analysis of drinking water in the 5-year period. The comparison showed a high proportion of inadequate analyses on the raw water and the\ud maximum anomalies were identified in the risk analysis. This shows weakness of the HACCP study, where the risks have not been evaluated correctly, particulary not at the water source and in its hinterland.\ud Better defined risks at water sources and in hinterland, better control and effective corrective procedure can reduce percent of inadequate analyses on the raw water and the need of water treatment before distribution to users

Prepositional Phrases as Complements in Prepositional Phrases

The paper explores the instances where a prepositional phrase has its headword complemented by another prepositional phrase. Typically, grammars explaining this phenomenon focus primarily on either spatial or temporal (as extensions of the spatial relations into the temporal sphere) meanings that the complements carry. Hence, grammars routinely identify prepositions which may be complemented by a PP and, consequently, those which may not. The paper looks at the conceptual structures of the prepositions which the grammars claim to be able to take prepositional phrases as complements. All those prepositions are lative and reduce the landmarks to zero-dimensionality. The paper then tests the thesis that all prepositions with such conceptual structures allow complementation by prepositional phrases. A small-scale survey is included in the paper’s appendix to boost the credibility of its main thesis

Crack Sizing Using a Neural network Classifier Trained with Data Obtained form Finite Element Models

Ultrasonic inspection of riveted joints carried out by human operator is cumbersome and time consuming. An automated signal classification system would provide better reliability and accuracy in the determination of crack size and orientation. In this paper, we discuss a neural network designed for use in ultrasonic signal classification. The network can give classification results in a short time which makes possible real time ultrasonic inspection. An automated crack sizing system was presented earlier for similar applications [1] and the present paper is an extension of that work. The latest improvement is the use of numerically obtained ultrasonic data to train the neural network classifier (NNC)

Issues when treating epilepsy in the elderly

Background: The incidence of epilepsy reaches its highest peak after the age of 65 years. Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in the elderly (people after 65 years) is becoming all more demanding with age. In the elderly, epilepsy is the third most commonly encountered neurological disorder after cerebrovascular disease and dementia. Ischemia is by far the most frequent etiology, followed by tumors, trauma and neurodegenerative diseases. Most seizures in elderly are partial in onset with or without secondary generalization and can be usually well controlled with appropriate antiepileptic therapy.Conclusions: This review article focuses on issues when treating epilepsy in the elderly. The authors give advantages to the »newer« antiepileptic drugs over the »older« ones, since they are at least as effective as the »older« ones but have elementarily less side effects, almost no interactions with other drugs, and seem to be better tolerated.</p