The Sound/Music Dilemma: Why Is It That All Music Is Sound but Only Some Sounds Are Music?

Even if sound and music are deeply intertwined phenomena, it is still fiercely debated whether all music is made up of sound, and vice versa, whether all sound can be deemed as music. Researchers from many different backgrounds have proposed numerous solutions to the conundrum; however, most of them analyse music and sound out of their natural context, ignoring not negligible variables such as listeners and cognitive constraints. This paper fills this gap, by introducing a theoretical model, called the Circle of Sound, which aims to solve the sound/music dilemma. The Circle of Sound is based on cognition, and has been developed according to the concepts of musical complexity, musical understanding and musical enjoyment. By combining these concepts, a new operational definition of music is proposed. The theoretical framework provided can also be used as a basis for future experimental investigations, willing to shed some light on how musical is understood by people

A Planning-based Approach for Music Composition

. Automatic music composition is a fascinating field within computational creativity. While different Artificial Intelligence techniques have been used for tackling this task, Planning – an approach for solving complex combinatorial problems which can count on a large number of high-performance systems and an expressive language for describing problems – has never been exploited. In this paper, we propose two different techniques that rely on automated planning for generating musical structures. The structures are then filled from the bottom with “raw” musical materials, and turned into melodies. Music experts evaluated the creative output of the system, acknowledging an overall human-enjoyable trait of the melodies produced, which showed a solid hierarchical structure and a strong musical directionality. The techniques proposed not only have high relevance for the musical domain, but also suggest unexplored ways of using planning for dealing with non-deterministic creative domains

The Effect of Repetition and Expertise on Liking and Complexity in Contemporary Music

Aesthetic perception of music has been extensively researched in the last decades. Numerous studies suggest that listeners find a piece of music more or less pleasant according to its complexity. Experimental results show that complexity and liking have different relationship according to the musical genre examined, and that these two variables are also affected by other factors such as familiarity to the music and expertise of the listener. Although previous experiments have examined several genres such as jazz, pop, rock and bluegrass, surprisingly, no study has focused on contemporary music. In this paper, we fill this gap by studying the relationships between complexity, liking, musical training and familiarity in the case of contemporary music. By analysing this genre – which is usually underrepresented in music cognition – it is possible to shed some light on the correlation between liking and complexity in the case of highly complex music. To obtain data, a multifactor experiment was designed in which both music experts and novices had to provide scores of subjective complexity and liking for four 30-second long excerpts of contemporary music with different degrees of complexity. Empirical results suggest that liking and complexity are negatively correlated in the case of contemporary music and that listeners’ expertise does not influence the perceived complexity of musical pieces, but it can significantly affect liking. This possibly indicates that experts have the musical knowledge needed to appreciate extremely complex music, while novices do not

Decision Problems for Petri Nets with Names

We prove several decidability and undecidability results for nu-PN, an extension of P/T nets with pure name creation and name management. We give a simple proof of undecidability of reachability, by reducing reachability in nets with inhibitor arcs to it. Thus, the expressive power of nu-PN strictly surpasses that of P/T nets. We prove that nu-PN are Well Structured Transition Systems. In particular, we obtain decidability of coverability and termination, so that the expressive power of Turing machines is not reached. Moreover, they are strictly Well Structured, so that the boundedness problem is also decidable. We consider two properties, width-boundedness and depth-boundedness, that factorize boundedness. Width-boundedness has already been proven to be decidable. We prove here undecidability of depth-boundedness. Finally, we obtain Ackermann-hardness results for all our decidable decision problems.Comment: 20 pages, 7 figure

Pengaruh Corporate Social Responsibility, Ukuran Perusahaan, dan Pertumbuhan Penjualan terhadap Tax Avoidance (Studi pada Perusahaan Sektor Energi yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indoneisa Tahun 2018-2022)

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh bukti empiris mengenai pengaruh corporate social responsibility, ukuran perusahaan, dan pertumbuhan penjualan terhadap praktik penghindaran pajak. Sampel penelitian terdiri dari perusahaan-perusahaan di sektor energi yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia antara tahun 2018-2022. Jenis penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif yang menggunakan data sekunder. Dalam pengambilan sampel, teknik purposive sampling digunakan dengan 16 perusahaan sebagai sampel dan periode pengamatan selama 5 tahun, sehingga totalnya ada 80 sampel. Pengolahan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak SPSS Versi 29, melibatkan uji statistik deskriptif, uji asumsi klasik, analisis regresi linier berganda, uji koefisien determinasi, uji f, dan uji t. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwasanya corporate social responsibility dan ukuran perusahaan berpengaruh terhadap tax avoidance dan pertumbuhan penjualan tidak berpengaruh terhadap tax avoidance. Uji simultan (uji F) menunjukan bahwa corporate social responsibility, ukuran perusahaan, pertumbuhan penjualan secara simultan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap tax avoidanc

Detailed geochronology of the Mississippi Sound during the late Holocene

The Mississippi Sound is a bar-built estuary that parallels the Mississippi Coast. It is bounded on the west by the St. Bernard lobe of the Mississippi River delta, Mobile Bay to the east, and the Gulf Coast barrier islands to the south. Few studies have investigated the late Holocene history of Mississippi Sound. In the present study, historical deposition in the Sound has been investigated using core data collected throughout the western, central, and eastern Mississippi Sound. The sediments within Mississippi Sound compose a complex depositional system that have responded to changes in sea level and hydrodynamics. Two factors that influence the wave dynamics within Mississippi Sound are changes in water depth and exposure to the open Gulf of Mexico. Decreases in water depths have an inverse relationship to the shear velocity produced by waves. Thus, by decreasing water depth from 3 m to 2.5 m, the shear velocity (U*), produced from a wave with H = 0.9 m and T = 4 s, would increase from ~0.006 m/s to 0.008 m/s. These changes may be recorded in the sedimentary fabric as changes in the sedimentary facies from a low-energy muddy facies to a higher-energy sandy facies. However, increased exposure to the open Gulf of Mexico allows for larger deep-water waves to impact the Sound. Therefore, by exposing Mississippi Sound to increased wave energy from the Gulf of Mexico, conditions become favorable for the deposition of the higher-energy sandy facies in the deeper water of Mississippi Sound. The sedimentary fabric and geochronology data of recent deposition suggest that physical processes actively rework the sediment in the top 5 cm of the sea-bed; however, biological processes continuously rework the sediment to a depth of 10-12 cm resulting in the destruction of most of the physical stratification. Tropical cyclones impact the sedimentary fabric such that they are recorded as sandy event beds within a muddy matrix. Approximately 8-26% of the sediment column was deposited by recordable storm events in the Western Mississippi Sound, whereas smaller storm events and typical estuarine processes deposited the other 74 – 92% of the sediment column