GENDER-MARKED CONCEPTUAL METAPHOR WOMAN IS A BIRD (USING EXAMPLES FROM BULGARIAN AND CROATIAN LANGUAGES)

The subject of the paper is the gender marked conceptual metaphor WOMAN IS A BIRD in two closely related languages − Bulgarian and Croatian languages. The corpus of analyzed ornithonyms, which are metaphorically used for a female referent, was collected from general monolingual and phraseological dictionaries, as well as online and slang dictionaries. Some meanings were illustrated by examples from the online corpora hrWac and Bulgarian web 2012 through the use of the Sketch engine tool. Even though domestic and wild birds are evenly represented in the analyzed corpus, the domestic birds are semantically and metaphorically more productive. The contrastive analysis established that the majority of metaphors are based on anthropomorphism, and that pejorative terms, which serve to semantically derogate women, dominate over terms with positive connotations. We have found pejorative connotations and hints of sexism even in the case of terms of endearment, which are supposed to express a special intimacy and congeniality. Interlingual differences, in the sense of the existence of more specific meanings, are realized within the framework of age and sexual connotation. The interlingual and intralingual variations (Kövecses, 2005, 2015) are the result of the dependency of metaphorical meaning on context and participants in the communication process.Tema rada je rodno obilježena konceptualna metafora ŽENA JE PTICA u dvama bliskosrodnim jezicima – bugarskom i hrvatskom jeziku. Korpus analiziranih ornitonima, koji se u prenesenom značenju rabe za referenta ženskog spola, prikupljen je iz jednojezičnih općih i frazeoloških rječnika te online rječnika i rječnika žargona. Pojedina su značenja oprimjerena iz mrežnih korpusa hrWac i Bulgarian web 2012, pomoću alata Sketch engine. Iako su u analiziranom korpusu podjednako zastupljene domaće i divlje ptice, domaće su semantički i metaforički produktivnije. Kontrastivnom je analizom utvrđeno da je većina metafora utemeljena na antropomorfizmu te da pejorativnost u funkciji semantičke derogacije žena dominira nad pozitivno obilježenim značenjima. Čak i u slučaju odmilica, koje bi trebale izraziti osobit odnos bliskosti ili simpatičnosti, zabilježili smo pejorativnost i naznake seksizma. Međujezične razlike u smislu postojanja specifičnijih značenja realiziraju se u okviru kategorije dobi i seksualne konotacije. Međujezične i unutarjezične varijacije (Kövecses, 2005, 2015) rezultat su ovisnosti metaforičkog značenja o kontekstu i sudionicima u komunikaciji.The subject of the paper is the gender marked conceptual metaphor WOMAN IS A BIRD in two closely related languages − Bulgarian and Croatian languages. The corpus of analyzed ornithonyms, which are metaphorically used for a female referent, was collected from general monolingual and phraseological dictionaries, as well as online and slang dictionaries. Some meanings were illustrated by examples from the online corpora hrWac and Bulgarian web 2012 through the use of the Sketch engine tool. Even though domestic and wild birds are evenly represented in the analyzed corpus, the domestic birds are semantically and metaphorically more productive. The contrastive analysis established that the majority of metaphors are based on anthropomorphism, and that pejorative terms, which serve to semantically derogate women, dominate over terms with positive connotations. We have found pejorative connotations and hints of sexism even in the case of terms of endearment, which are supposed to express a special intimacy and congeniality. Interlingual differences, in the sense of the existence of more specific meanings, are realized within the framework of age and sexual connotation. The interlingual and intralingual variations (Kövecses, 2005, 2015) are the result of the dependency of metaphorical meaning on context and participants in the communication process.The subject of the paper is the gender marked conceptual metaphor WOMAN IS A BIRD in two closely related languages − Bulgarian and Croatian languages. The corpus of analyzed ornithonyms, which are metaphorically used for a female referent, was collected from general monolingual and phraseological dictionaries, as well as online and slang dictionaries. Some meanings were illustrated by examples from the online corpora hrWac and Bulgarian web 2012 through the use of the Sketch engine tool. Even though domestic and wild birds are evenly represented in the analyzed corpus, the domestic birds are semantically and metaphorically more productive. The contrastive analysis established that the majority of metaphors are based on anthropomorphism, and that pejorative terms, which serve to semantically derogate women, dominate over terms with positive connotations. We have found pejorative connotations and hints of sexism even in the case of terms of endearment, which are supposed to express a special intimacy and congeniality. Interlingual differences, in the sense of the existence of more specific meanings, are realized within the framework of age and sexual connotation. The interlingual and intralingual variations (Kövecses, 2005, 2015) are the result of the dependency of metaphorical meaning on context and participants in the communication process.The subject of the paper is the gender marked conceptual metaphor WOMAN IS A BIRD in two closely related languages − Bulgarian and Croatian languages. The corpus of analyzed ornithonyms, which are metaphorically used for a female referent, was collected from general monolingual and phraseological dictionaries, as well as online and slang dictionaries. Some meanings were illustrated by examples from the online corpora hrWac and Bulgarian web 2012 through the use of the Sketch engine tool. Even though domestic and wild birds are evenly represented in the analyzed corpus, the domestic birds are semantically and metaphorically more productive. The contrastive analysis established that the majority of metaphors are based on anthropomorphism, and that pejorative terms, which serve to semantically derogate women, dominate over terms with positive connotations. We have found pejorative connotations and hints of sexism even in the case of terms of endearment, which are supposed to express a special intimacy and congeniality. Interlingual differences, in the sense of the existence of more specific meanings, are realized within the framework of age and sexual connotation. The interlingual and intralingual variations (Kövecses, 2005, 2015) are the result of the dependency of metaphorical meaning on context and participants in the communication process.The subject of the paper is the gender marked conceptual metaphor WOMAN IS A BIRD in two closely related languages − Bulgarian and Croatian languages. The corpus of analyzed ornithonyms, which are metaphorically used for a female referent, was collected from general monolingual and phraseological dictionaries, as well as online and slang dictionaries. Some meanings were illustrated by examples from the online corpora hrWac and Bulgarian web 2012 through the use of the Sketch engine tool. Even though domestic and wild birds are evenly represented in the analyzed corpus, the domestic birds are semantically and metaphorically more productive. The contrastive analysis established that the majority of metaphors are based on anthropomorphism, and that pejorative terms, which serve to semantically derogate women, dominate over terms with positive connotations. We have found pejorative connotations and hints of sexism even in the case of terms of endearment, which are supposed to express a special intimacy and congeniality. Interlingual differences, in the sense of the existence of more specific meanings, are realized within the framework of age and sexual connotation. The interlingual and intralingual variations (Kövecses, 2005, 2015) are the result of the dependency of metaphorical meaning on context and participants in the communication process

Multimodality evaluation of the pediatric brain: DTI and its competitors

The development of the human brain, from the fetal period until childhood, happens in a series of intertwined neurogenetical and histogenetical events that are influenced by environment. Neuronal proliferation and migration, cell aggregation, axonal ingrowth and outgrowth, dendritic arborisation, synaptic pruning and myelinisation contribute to the ‘plasticity of the developing brain'. These events taken together contribute to the establishment of adult-like neuroarchitecture required for normal brain function. With the advances in technology today, mostly due to the development of non-invasive neuroimaging tools, it is possible to analyze these structural events not only in anatomical space but also longitudinally in time. In this review we have highlighted current ‘state of the art' neuroimaging tools. Development of the new MRI acquisition sequences (DTI, CHARMED and phase imaging) provides valuable insight into the changes of the microstructural environment of the cortex and white matter. Development of MRI imaging tools dedicated for analysis of the acquired images (i) TBSS and ROI fiber tractography, (ii) new tissue segmentation techniques and (iii) morphometric analysis of the cortical mantle (cortical thickness and convolutions) allows the researchers to map the longitudinal changes in the macrostructure of the developing brain that go hand-in-hand with the acquisition of cognitive skills during childhood. Finally, the latest and the newest technologies, like connectom analysis and resting state fMRI connectivity analysis, today, for the first time provide the opportunity to study the developing brain through the prism of maturation of the systems and networks beyond individual anatomical areas. Combining these methods in the future and modeling the hierarchical organization of the brain might ultimately help to understand the mechanisms underlying complex brain structure function relationships of normal development and of developmental disorder

FRAZEMI SA ZNAČENJEM 'NIKADA' U BUGARSKOM, HRVATSKOM, MAKEDONSKOM I SRPSKOM JEZIKU

The paper deals with corpus of Bulgarian, Croatian, Macedonian and Serbian idioms with the meaning 'never'. Idioms can be classified into three groups; the first group is motivated by days and holidays, in the second group impossible characteristics are attributed to the subject, while the third group consists of idioms with the component of time adverb. We analyse origins, motivation, semantics and their equivalence in both languages

FRAZEMI SA SASTAVNICAMA PAS I MAČKA U HRVATSKOM I BUGARSKOM JEZIKU

The paper deals with corpus of Croatian and Bulgarian phrases with compo- nents «Dog» and «Cat». We analyse origins, motivation, semantics and their equivalence in both languages. The semantic analysis shows that phrases mostly refer to human character and behaviour

PRIKAZ ZBORNIKA „ŽIVOT MORA BITI DJELO DUHA“ U ČAST PROFESORICI DUBRAVKI SESAR

Zrinka Kovačević i Ivana Vidović Bolt (ur.), 2017, Život mora biti djelo duha, Zbornik posvećen prof. dr. sc. Dubravki Sesar; Zagreb, Disput, 386. str

Altered Amygdala Development and Fear Processing in Prematurely Born Infants.

CONTEXT: Prematurely born children have a high risk of developmental and behavioral disabilities. Cerebral abnormalities at term age have been clearly linked with later behavior alterations, but existing studies did not focus on the amygdala. Moreover, studies of early amygdala development after premature birth in humans are scarce. OBJECTIVE: To compare amygdala volumes in very preterm infants at term equivalent age (TEA) and term born infants, and to relate premature infants' amygdala volumes with their performance on the Laboratory Temperament Assessment Battery (Lab-TAB) fear episode at 12 months. PARTICIPANTS: Eighty one infants born between 2008 and 2014 at the University Hospitals of Geneva and Lausanne, taking part in longitudinal and functional imaging studies, who had undergone a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan at TEA enabling manual amygdala delineation. OUTCOMES: Amygdala volumes assessed by manual segmentation of MRI scans; volumes of cortical and subcortical gray matter, white matter and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) automatically segmented in 66 infants; scores for the Lab-TAB fear episode for 42 premature infants at 12 months. RESULTS: Amygdala volumes were smaller in preterm infants at TEA than term infants (mean difference 138.03 mm(3), p < 0.001), and overall right amygdala volumes were larger than left amygdala volumes (mean difference 36.88 mm(3), p < 0.001). White matter volumes were significantly smaller (p < 0.001) and CSF volumes significantly larger (p < 0.001) in preterm than in term born infants, while cortical and subcortical gray matter volumes were not significantly different between groups. Amygdala volumes showed significant correlation with the intensity of the escape response to a fearsome toy (rs = 0.38, p = 0.013), and were larger in infants showing an escape response compared to the infants showing no escape response (mean difference 120.97 mm(3), p = 0.005). Amygdala volumes were not significantly correlated with the intensity of facial fear, distress vocalizations, bodily fear and positive motor activity in the fear episode. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that premature birth is associated with a reduction in amygdala volumes and white matter volumes at TEA, suggesting that altered amygdala development might be linked to alterations in white matter connectivity reported in premature infants. Moreover, our data suggests that such alterations might affect infants' fear-processing capabilities