Nigerian copyright system in the mordern age and its implications

This paper makes the assertion that though modern age provides window of opportunity for users and businesses, for speedy, cheap and global dissemination of information, knowledge, research, and entertainment through the internet, easy access to these technology has made duplication of works such as literary, musical and artistic works, movies, and video recordings, and so on. very anonymous, effortless and low-cost, thereby making the survival of copyright system more difficult Having faced with the difficulty of determining eligibility, protection and infringement of certain works particularly computer programs and software in a nonconventional system, the technological evolution has become a breeding tool for piracy, copying, distribution, and selling of another’s intellectual works without authorization. This work seeks to consider the requirement of sufficient effort and fixation; fair use as an exception to copyright infringement; and identification of modern age copyright infringement activities that poses threat to protection of works in Nigeria and its implications. It also appraises how the copyright regime has fared in the face of modern day reality. Being that for a work to be protected, it does not require the creator’s personal intellectual creativity, it is enough if sufficient skills, judgment and labour is contributed in making the work. It is therefore recommended that identifiable implementable solution, which includes use of digital technologies in combating these challenges be adopted to strengthen the copyright system in Nigeria. Key Words: Copyright, Modern Age, Infringement of Copyright, Digital Network

‘Covid Organics’ and Sustainable Development: Lessons from Madagascar

The unrelenting spread of the Corona Virus (Covid-19) pandemic through all nations of the world has sent medical researchers on a frenzied search for a cure. The island nation of Madagascar, in Africa, surprisingly contributed to this global research effort through its ‘Covid Organics syrup’. Presently, though, the Covid Organics syrup is no longer seriously touted as a viable cure for Covid-19. However, its advancement has thrown up issues relating not only to research and development in itself and in herbal remedies, but also on the ability of herbal development to play a role in ensuring sustainable development. The paper reviews these issues and the potentialities of herbal therapy vis-à-vis the global quest for sustainable development. Key words: covid-19, covid organics syrup, sustainable development DOI: 10.7176/RHSS/10-16-06 Publication date:August 31st 202

The Card Reader and the Conundrum of Digital Tools in Electioneering in Nigeria

The track records of elections in Nigeria have continued to generate mixed feelings Many political observers remain sceptical about the appropriateness and ultimate utility of digital tools in the conduct of elections in the country It is no gainsaying that one of the key elements for the sustenance of democracy is digital tools technology Taking a stroll down the electoral process of Nigeria since 1999 it can be noted that elections have been characterised by electoral malpractices and violence The recent introduction of the Smart Card Readers SCRs has a great impact on the 2015 general elections and the consolidation of democracy across the country For instance the card reader facilities and its security monitoring operating system provide password restricted access to store data with specific playback for criminal investigation and its impact on the 2015 general elections This paper therefore takes a critical look at the use of the Smart Card Readers SCRs as it affects Nigeria s move towards a viable electoral system and the promotion of democratic values The paper further argues that the usage of the Card Reader enhances the credibility of general elections in Nigeria Nevertheless there are some peculiar factors that stringently inhibit its manifestations in the 2015 general elections in Nigeri

Tadalafil as monotherapy and in combination regimens for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension

The purpose of this review is to evaluate the use of tadalafil as monotherapy and in combination regimens for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). A systematic English language search of the medical literature using PubMed was conducted between January 1960 and May 2012 using the search terms ‘tadalafil’, ‘therapy’, ‘pulmonary (arterial) hypertension’ and ‘combination therapy’. Special emphasis was given to controlled clinical trials and case studies relevant for the use of tadalafil in PAH. The search revealed 113 relevant publications, 31 of which were clinical trials, 52 were reviews and 12 were case reports. Of these, 12 were clinical studies in human patients with PAH who were treated with tadalafil alone, and seven were clinical studies in human patients with PAH who were treated with tadalafil in combination with other agents. Only clinical studies in human patients were included. Exclusion criteria were monotherapy other than using tadalafil and any combination therapy that excluded tadalafil as part of the treatment regimen. Overall, 1353 human subjects were studied; 896 were treated with tadalafil alone while 457 subjects were treated with tadalafil in coadministration. Tadalafil appears to be an effective and a safe treatment option for patients with PAH. It improves clinical status, exercise capacity, hemodynamic parameters, compliance issues and quality of life and reduces the occurrence of clinical worsening. Tadalafil in combination therapy seems to be additive and synergistic in relaxing pulmonary vascular muscle cells but more clinical trials on human subjects are warranted

Cold War as Social Conflict, Iron Curtains and Application of Dѐtente Policy as Cold War Concept

This paper is to evaluate the peculiarity of iron curtain that was to fortified borders in central Europe, because it was not used to describe similar border between communist and capitalist states basis. During the cold war iron curtain received prominence, why though it describe the boundary that separate the Warsaw Pact countries from the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NATO countries from the beginning to the end of the cold war (1945- 1991). It traced ideologically minded westerners that interpreted cold war as a social conflict that signifying that Moscow was trying to impose its own authoritarian system in a world that it meant to rule. It dismisses the popular nation that cold war was imperialistic ruling circles which America was trying to enslave all mankind under the yoke of Wall Street. The ideological perspective to the conflict makes the difference and the primary justification to the distrust by the two superpowers and their allies that created a reality to the ordinary man in the society beyond the operative objectives. The paper instead opines that cold war as a global social systemic conflict located in the typology of conflict or interest, which subsume economic interest, ideological incompatibility and misperception. The paper postulates that the antagonist behaviour in the Soviet Union, and US and her allies brought a second thought in the system, as a result dѐtente was a solution, and it is strategies relaxation of tension during the cold war associated with the diplomatic reactions between superpowers and later china. The paper x-rays the effects of dѐtente as cold war concept. The paper arrives at the conclusion that iron curtain became prominence as most states of the eastern bloc of the iron curtain developed their own international economic and military aliens. The method use was empirical by contacting textbooks and relevant journals. The paper concludes that iron curtain principles, dѐtente policy and approach to the cold war was the best methods of assessing the significance of cold war as social conflict

Madagascar and its Covid organics. Issues arising

The unrelenting spread of the Corona Virus (Covid-19) pandemic through all nations of the world has sent medical researchers on a frenzied search for a cure. The island nation of Madagascar, in Africa, surprisingly contributed to this global research effort through its ‘Covid Organics syrup’. Presently, though, the Covid Organics syrup is no longer seriously touted as a viable cure for Covid-19. However, its advancement has thrown up issues relating not only to research and development in itself and in herbal remedies, but also on the ability of herbal development to play a role in ensuring sustainable development. The paper reviews these issues and the potentialities of herbal therapy vis-à-vis the global quest for sustainable development

THE ABUSE OF DIPLOMATIC IMMUNITIES AMONG STATES: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES

The paper examined the abuse of diplomatic immunities and privileges among nations. It specifically set out to ascertain the cases of abuse of diplomatic immunity and the implications on the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Immunity Relations, 1961. The paper adopted the theory of Diplomatic Immunity and argued that immunities and privileges accorded diplomats in the receiving state is for the purpose of effective representation. Thus, the paper revealed that many states have had cases of abuse of diplomatic immunity in the area of criminal and civil crimes. Some of such cases include the killing of an American police, Yvonne Fletcher, Kidnapping of Umaru Dikko and other criminal and civil offenses. Even though the Vienna Convention provided remedies against abuse of diplomatic immunity, cases of abuse are at alarming rate and its poses threat to diplomatic relations among states. The paper concluded that, some diplomats have taken advantage of their immunity to commit crimes and the development is a threat to the sanctity of international law particularly the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Immunity Relations, 1961 regime. It recommends that every diplomat who commits offense should be met to face the wrath of the law after their sojourn in foreign land

Exiles in their region: pastoralist-farmer conflict and population displacements in North Central, Nigeria

Background: Over the past two decades, pastoralist-farmer conflicts have become a pressing security challenge in Nigeria, especially in the North Central region. This study analyzed how pastoralist-farmer conflicts fuel population displacements in the North Central, Nigeria. It also assessed the livelihood of the internally displaced persons in the region.Data Source and Methods: The study employed primary data comprising key informant interview of 37 stakeholders and field observations. It also utilized secondary data on pastoralist-farmer conflicts and population displacement largely sourced from Centre for Democracy and Development. We used simple percentage, frequency tables and content analysis of the qualitative data.Results: The failure of the Nigerian state to manage pastoralist – farmer conflicts escalated the attacks and the forceful displacement it engendered. The displacements have worsened the humanitarian crisis as it has increased the number of people in immediate need of food, security, health, school, livelihood, shelter, protection, non food items, water, sanitation and hygiene.Conclusion: The study concluded that building inclusive societies is relevant for de-escalating pastoralist-farmer conflicts, reducing population displacements, mitigating humanitarian crisis and achieving sustainable development goals in Nigeria and beyond

Topical Testosterone Gel for the Treatment of Male Hypogonadism

Objective This review describes the current knowledge of biological external testosterone (T) application using dermal products for the treatment of late-onset male hypogonadism (LOH). Methods An English language search of medical literature using Pubmed was conducted between January of 1984 and March of 2012 using the search term ‘testosterone gel’. Special emphasis was given to clinical controlled trials and large case studies. Results We describe the current knowledge on testosterone replacement therapy using gel applications. A reference search revealed 1567 publications; 44 were clinical studies in human patients with male hypogonadism, 80 were reviews, 27 were case reports, and 9 were retrospective studies. Data from the literature and from 20 clinical studies involving human patients were analyzed since they met the inclusion criteria of testosterone gel administration in hypogonadal males. For the purpose of this review, a total number of 2,378 human patients were studied. Overall, biological T administration resulted in improvement of sexual dysfunction and symptoms of metabolic syndrome and represented an effective and safe treatment option for hypogonadal men. Conclusions Administration of biological T gel appears to represent a valid alternative treatment option for male hypogonadism with a favorite efficacy and safety profile