La lectura según método Glenn Doman en los niños de cuatro años de la Institución Educativa "Mi Nuevo Mundo ", del distrito de Comas - 2013

La investigación que se presenta a continuación es aplicable como método para el desarrollo de la lectura a niños de cuatro años, de esa manera desarrollar en los niños el pensamiento inductivo de los niños a corta edad, así como también el pensamiento visual y auditivo; porque a través del Método de Glenn Doman, la lectura no implica esfuerzo alguno, debido a que se vale de actividades simbólicas, como cartillas y juegos. La evolución como lectura inicial tiene como principal objetivo determinar el nivel de especificidad sobre el cual se basa en la enseñanza .Desde este punto de vista el emisor trasmite el mensaje a un receptor de un contexto concreto , para producir un mensaje que es comprender y es significativo para el aprendizaje . Es por ello que el trabajo de investigación se presenta, enfoca el lenguaje como el sistema de comunicación y a la vez un instrumento favorecedor en el desarrollo de pensamiento y el nivel cultural del alumno. La lectura como habito ya que el leer nos permite conocer situaciones nuevas, también nos permite comunicarnos mejor. Según Glenn Doman, un niño disfruta más aprendiendo que conociendo y son capaces de aprender mucho, especialmente en los primeros años de vida .esto lo vemos reflejado en la lengua o código lingüístico un niño entiende cientos de palabras y en un par de años empieza a hablar con pequeñas frases y a los tres años su fluidez es importante. En este contexto se han planteado las teorías del Método Glenn Doman para el desarrollo de las habilidades lingüística

Structural signatures of water-soluble organic aerosols in contrasting environments in South America and Western Europe

This study describes and compares the key structural units present in water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) fraction of atmospheric aerosols collected in different South American (Colombia – Medellín and Bogotá, Peru – Lima, Argentina – Buenos Aires, and Brazil – Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, and Porto Velho, during moderate (MBB) and intense (IBB) biomass burning) and Western European (Portugal – Aveiro and Lisbon) locations. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy was employed to assess the relative distribution of non-exchangeable proton functional groups in aerosol WSOC of diverse origin, for the first time to the authors’ knowledge in South America. The relative contribution of the proton functional groups was in the order H-C > H–C–C= > H-C-O > Ar-H, except in Porto Velho during MBB, Medellín, Bogotá, and Buenos Aires, for which the relative contribution of H-C-O was higher than that of H-C-C=. The 1H NMR source attribution confirmed differences in aging processes or regional sources between the two geographic regions, allowing the differentiation between urban combustion-related aerosol and biological particles. The aerosol WSOC in Aveiro, Lisbon, and Rio de Janeiro during summer are more oxidized than those from the remaining locations, indicating the predominance of secondary organic aerosols. Fresh emissions, namely of smoke particles, becomes important during winter in Aveiro and São Paulo, and in Porto Velho during IBB. The biosphere is an important source altering the chemical composition of aerosol WSOC in South America locations. The source attribution in Medellín, Bogotá, Buenos Aires, and Lima confirmed the mixed contributions of biological material, secondary formation, as well as urban and biomass burning emissions. Overall, the information and knowledge acquired in this study provide important diagnostic tools for future studies aiming at understanding the water-soluble organic aerosol problem, their sources and impact at a wider geographic scale.Fil: Duarte, Regina M.B.O.. Universidade de Aveiro; PortugalFil: Matos, João T.V.. Universidade de Aveiro; PortugalFil: Paula, Andreia S.. Universidade de Aveiro; PortugalFil: Lopes, Sónia P.. Universidade de Aveiro; PortugalFil: Pereira, Guilherme. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Vasconcellos, Pérola. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Gioda, Adriana. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: Carreira, Renato. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: Silva, Artur M.S.. Universidade de Aveiro; PortugalFil: Duarte, Armando C.. Universidade de Aveiro; PortugalFil: Smichowski, Patricia Nora. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Rojas, Nestor. Universidad Nacional de Colombia; ColombiaFil: Sanchez Ccoyllo, Odon. No especifíca

Vehicle emissions and PM2.5 mass concentrations in six Brazilian cities

In Brazil, the principal source of air pollution is the combustion of fuels (ethanol, gasohol, and diesel). In this study, we quantify the contributions that vehicle emissions make to the urban fine particulate matter (PM2.5) mass in six state capitals in Brazil, collecting data for use in a larger project evaluating the impact of air pollution on human health. From winter 2007 to winter 2008, we collected 24-h PM2.5 samples, employing gravimetry to determine PM2.5 mass concentrations; reflectance to quantify black carbon concentrations; X-ray fluorescence to characterize elemental composition; and ion chromatography to determine the composition and concentrations of anions and cations. Mean PM2.5 concentrations in the cities of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Belo Horizonte, Curitiba, Porto Alegre, and Recife were 28, 17.2, 14.7, 14.4, 13.4, and 7.3 μg/m3, respectively. In São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, black carbon explained approximately 30% of the PM2.5 mass. We used receptor models to identify distinct source-related PM2.5 fractions and correlate those fractions with daily mortality rates. Using specific rotation factor analysis, we identified the following principal contributing factors: soil and crustal material; vehicle emissions and biomass burning (black carbon factor); and fuel oil combustion in industries (sulfur factor). In all six cities, vehicle emissions explained at least 40% of the PM2.5 mass. Elemental composition determination with receptor modeling proved an adequate strategy to identify air pollution sources and to evaluate their short- and long-term effects on human health. Our data could inform decisions regarding environmental policies vis-à-vis health care costs

Interpretação dos gases traços medidos em São Paulo através das trajetórias de parcelas do ar

Backward trajectories have been calculated from June to August, 1999, in São Paulo using a three dimensional kinematic trajectory model. The trajectories were obtained using the three .components of wind velocity (u, v, w) simulated by the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System Version 4.3-RAMS. Backward trajectories were classitied based on latitude and longitude trajectory at 12 h intervals (00 e 12 UTC) over four days. The robustness of the analysis was assessed using an ensemble of back trajectories calculated for tive points in the neighborhood of the Metropolitan Area do São Paulo

Associação entre a composição química da fração solúvel do MP10 e variáveis meteorólogicas, no estado de São Paulo, Brasil

A composição química da fração solúvel do MP10 foi caracterizada e associada com variáveis meteorológicas tais como a direção do vento e trajetórias de parcelas de ar. O MP10 foi coletado durante o inverno de 1999 em dois locais contrastantes: a cidade de São Paulo e o Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar (Cunha), domínio da Mata Atlântica. Nos extratos aquosos do MP10, os íons maiores (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-, NO3-, SO42-) foram determinados por Cromatografia de Íons e os elementos traço (Al, Mn, Fe, Pb, Zn, etc.) por espectrometria de massa com fonte de plasma (ICP-MS). Em São Paulo, as espécies dominantes foram SO42-, NO3-, NH4+, Zn, Fe, Al, Ba, Cu, Pb, Mn e Ni, e em Cunha, Na+, K+, Cl-, SO42-, Zn e Ni. A composição química foi associada com a análise das trajetórias de parcelas de ar que atuaram em cada local durante a amostragem. Os resultados obtidos refletiram a origem distinta das massas de ar (origem marítima ou continental). A associação entre as concentrações médias das espécies químicas e a direção do vento mostrou também que a influência da direção do vento sobre a composição química do material particulado varia segundo o local de estudo. ABSTRACT: The objective of this work was to characterize and compare the chemical composition of the PM10 soluble fraction and evaluate its association with meteorological variables such as wind direction and air masses backward trajectories. The PM10 was collected during winter of 1999 in two contrasting sites: the São Paulo city and the State Park of Serra do Mar (Cunha) part of the Atlantic Forest Reserve. The aqueous extracts of PM10 were analyzed by Ion Chromatography for major ions (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-, NO3-, SO42-) and by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) for trace elements (Al, Mn, Fe, Pb, Zn, etc.). In São Paulo, the dominant chemical species were SO42-, NO3-, NH4+, Zn, Fe, Al, Ba, Cu, Pb, Mn and Ni while in Cunha, Na+, K+, Cl-, SO42-, Zn and Ni were dominant. The chemical composition was also associated with air masses backward trajectories of the sampling period for each site and the results reflected the distinct origin of air masses between marine and continental origin. The association between the mean concentrations of chemical species with wind direction, showed an influence of wind direction upon the chemical composition of airborne particles which varied among sites