Basic Show Pig Feeding and Care

This publication provides information on proper care and feeding of pigs intended for show in 4-H

Show Steer Selection

There are many breeds of cattle. Listed on this page are some that are used in the show calf industry. Some show calves are straight breds while others are crossbreds

Early stages of radiation damage in graphite and carbon nanostructures: A first-principles molecular dynamics study

Understanding radiation-induced defect formation in carbon materials is crucial for nuclear technology and for the manufacturing of nanostructures with desired properties. Using first principles molecular dynamics, we perform a systematic study of the non-equilibrium processes of radiation damage in graphite. Our study reveals a rich variety of defect structures (vacancies, interstitials, intimate interstitial-vacancy pairs, and in-plane topological defects) with formation energies of 5--15 eV. We clarify the mechanisms underlying their creation and find unexpected preferences for particular structures. Possibilities of controlled defect-assisted engineering of nanostructures are analyzed. In particular, we conclude that the selective creation of two distinct low-energy intimate Frenkel pair defects can be achieved by using a 90--110 keV electron beam irradiation.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure

Basic Show Lamb Feeding and Care

This publication provides information on proper care and feeding of lambs intended for show in 4-H

Atomistic Mechanism of the Nucleation of Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite from Solution

In the ongoing intense quest to increase the photoconversion efficiencies of lead halide perovskites, it has become evident that optimizing the morphology of the material is essential to achieve high peformance. Despite the fact that nucleation plays a key role in controlling the crystal morphology, very little is known about the nucleation and crystal growth processes. Here, we perform metadynamics simulations of nucleation of methylammonium lead triiodide (MAPI) in order to unravel the atomistic details of perovskite crystallization from a $\gamma$-butyrolactone solution. The metadynamics trajectories show that the nucleation process takes place in several stages. Initially, dense amorphous clusters mainly consisting of lead and iodide appear from the homogeneous solution. These clusters evolve into lead iodide (PbI$_{2}$) like structures. Subsequently, methylammonium (MA$^{+}$) ions diffuse into this PbI$_{2}$-like aggregates triggering the transformation into a perovskite crystal through a solid-solid transformation. Demonstrating the crucial role of the monovalent cations in crystallization, our simulations provide key insights into the evolution of the perovskite microstructure which is essential to make high-quality perovskite based solar cells and optoelectronics

Ergodic and Combinatorial Proofs of van der Waerden\u27s Theorem

Followed two different proofs of van der Waerden\u27s theorem. Found that the two proofs yield important information about arithmetic progressions and the theorem. van der Waerden\u27s theorem explains the occurrence of arithmetic progressions which can be used to explain such things as the Bible Code

Effects of Oilseed Meals on the Germination, Growth, and Survival of Crop and Weed Species

Oilseed crops are being widely evaluated for potential biodiesel production. Seed meal (SM) remaining after extracting oil may have use as a bioherbicide or organic fertilizer. Brassicaceae SM often contains glucosinolates that can hydrolyze into biologically active compounds. Jatropha curcas SM does not contain glucosinolates but contains curcin, a known phytotoxin (toxalbumin). A 14-d greenhouse study was conducted to determine how Sinapis alba (white mustard, WM), Brassica juncea (Indian mustard, IM), Camelina sativa (camelina) and Jatropha curcas (jatropha) applied to soil at varying application rates and incubation times affected seed germination and seedling survival of cotton [Gossypium hirsutum (L.)], sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense), and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus). Seed meals were analyzed for the presence of glucosinolates, and were applied at 0, 0.5, 1.0 or 2.5 percent (w/w) to Darco fine sand soil and incubated for 1, 7 or 14 d prior to planting. With the weed species, germination and survival was most reduced by 2.5 percent WM SM incubated 1d for Johnsongrass and 14 d for redroot pigweed. Cotton and sorghum seedlings showed strong negative responses to WM SM applications of 2.5 percent at any incubation time. All crops and weed species were most inhibited by 2.5 percent application with any SM, but incubation days varied. Seed meals of each species showed negative results dependent on the incubation day, but overall, WM and camelina SMs were most detrimental compared to IM and jatropha. A second greenhouse study was conducted to determine the availability of nutrients in SMs (WM and IM) to cotton and sorghum compared to inorganic fertilization. Seed meals were applied at 1.0 and 2.5 percent (w/w) and initially incubated for 35 days prior to planting. Emergence of both species was so poor that treatments were incubated for an additional 21 d and replanted. Application rates of 2.5 percent WM and IM SMs reduced sorghum heights and biomass, but only WM had a negative effect on cotton yield. However, the higher of the SM application rates provided greater levels of nutrients compared to the fertilized treatment and control. Results suggested that the type, rate, and timing of SM applications should be considered before land-applying SMs in organic cropping systems in order to successfully manage weeds while producing a profitable crop

Product Pig Production Planner

There are many factors to consider when selecting a market hog for your 4-H project animal. Seek out reputable hog producers who produce hogs with high quality genetics and growth potential. Discuss the health and feeding program the hogs have received and follow these recommendations to assure your project animal can reach its growth potential

Emergence of hidden phases of methylammonium lead-iodide (CH3_3NH3_3PbI3_3) upon compression

We perform a thorough structural search with the minima hopping method (MHM) to explore low-energy structures of methylammonium lead iodide. By combining the MHM with a forcefield, we efficiently screen vast portions of the configurational space with large simulation cells containing up to 96 atoms. Our search reveals two structures of methylammonium iodide perovskite (MAPI) that are substantially lower in energy than the well-studied experimentally observed low-temperature $Pnma$ orthorhombic phase according to density functional calculations. Both structures have not yet been reported in the literature for MAPI, but our results show that they could emerge as thermodynamically stable phases via compression at low temperatures. In terms of the electronic properties, the two phases exhibit larger band gaps than the standard perovskite-type structures. Hence, pressure induced phase selection at technologically achievable pressures (i.e., via thin-film strain) is a route towards the synthesis of several MAPI polymorph with variable band gaps

Weber Water Fair: A Partnership for Water Conservation Awareness for Fourth Grade Youth

Weber Water Fair engages 4th grade youth through hands-on learning to explore water conservation and quality issues. Development and evaluation of a water education experience that meets the needs of state education standards is described. The Water Fair experience is easily adapted to meet the need for hands-on learning about water for public schools in a variety of geographic areas