Efterlevnad av beslut om djurförbud hos hållare av sällskapsdjur och lantbruksdjur i Västra Götalands län

Denna studie riktar sig främst till länsstyrelsen i Västra Götalands län, som var frågeställare, men också till de andra länsstyrelserna i landet. Syftet var att undersöka hur de personer som på något sätt orsakat lidande hos djur och därför blivit belagda med djurförbud, efterlever dessa förbud, dvs. om de bryter mot sina förbud eller om de följer förbuden. Syftet var också att undersöka om efterlevnaden av förbudet skiljde sig mellan personer som höll sällskapsdjur och personer som höll lantbruksdjur. Om resultatet visade en trovärdig signifikant skillnad mellan dessa hållare, skulle länsstyrelsen kunna utföra kontroller av personer utefter vilken prioritet de har, beroende på om de tillhör den grupp där risken för bristande efterlevnad av förbudet är störst. Djurförbud innebär att en person har förbud att hålla ett visst slags djur, en djurgrupp eller samtliga djurslag, enligt 29 § Djurskyddslagen (1988:534). Förbudet kan också fattas enligt 26 § Djurskyddslagen (1988:534) och då innebär det i denna studie att en person har förbud att hålla mer än ett visst antal djur, t.ex. max fem katter. Information om 84 av totalt 307 personer med djurförbud inom Västra Götalands län kunde användas som underlag för studien. Jämförelser gjordes mellan hållare av lantbruksdjur och sällskapsdjur men det fanns även en grupp personer som höll både sällskapsdjur och lantbruksdjur; dessa förekommer i tabeller men har inte räknats med i några jämförelser. Det var flest hållare av sällskapsdjur som vid tidpunkten och i detta urval var belagda med djurförbud. De var även dessa hållare som oftast hade förbud att hålla djur alls, medan lantbrukshållare oftast hade förbud att hålla enbart en viss typ av djur. Sällskapshållarna var också den grupp som var mest benägna att bryta mot djurförbudet inom olika långa tidsperioder från förbudsbeslutet. Lantbrukshållarna var den grupp som i störst utsträckning efterlevde beslutet och i de fall där någon lantbrukshållare bröt mot förbudet, skedde detta inom en kort tidsperiod mellan förbud och kontroll av förbudet. Förklaringar till dessa resultat kan vara att det är vanligare att personer håller sällskapsdjur och att de oftare blir anmälda, än hållare av lantbruksdjur. Anledningar till att sällskapshållare var en större riskgrupp kan också vara att det är lättare att skaffa sig en ny katt än ett antal nötkreatur och det kan förklara varför efterlevnaden bland lantbrukshållare var så hög som den var. En slutsats som kunde dras var att efterlevnaden skiljde sig mellan olika kategorier av hållare. Efterlevnaden var dessutom generellt sett dålig i länet, då 47,6 % av de 84 observerade djurhållarna efterlevde förbudet och hela 52,4 % bröt mot djurförbudet. Arbetet kan vara användbart för länsstyrelsen då det ger en viss uppfattning om hur efterlevnaden ser ut i länet vid denna tidpunkt och i detta urval. Länsstyrelsen kan ha viss användning för denna studie när prioritering av kontroller ska ske.This study is aimed primarily at the County Administrative Board in the county of Västra Götaland, who initiated the study, but also to the other county administrative boards in Sweden. The aim was to examine how people, who in any way caused suffering to animals and, therefore, were prohibited to keep animals, complied with these prohibitions. The aim was also to investigate whether compliance with the prohibition differed between pet owners and farm animal owners. If the result showed a significant difference between these groups, the county administrative board could carry out inspections on people along what priority they have, depending on whether they belong to the group where the risk of non-compliance with the prohibition is greatest. Prohibition of keeping animals means that a person is prohibited to keep a certain kind of animal, a group of animals or all animals, according to § 29 Animal Welfare Act (1988:534). The prohibition may also be decided according to § 26 Animal Welfare Act (1988:534) and in this study it meant that a person was prohibited to hold more than a certain number of animals. Information on 84 of a total of 307 people with prohibition of keeping animals in the county of Västra Götaland could be used in the study. Comparisons were made between holders of pets and farm animals, but there was also a group of people who held both pets and farm animals, they occur in the tables but were not included in any comparisons. Pet owners were at the time and in this sample the ones who most often were prohibited to keep animals. They were also the ones who usually had a prohibition to keep animals at all, while agricultural holders usually had a prohibition to keep only a certain type of animal. Pet holders were also the group that was most likely to violate the prohibition and farm holders were the group that most complied with the decision. The explanation of these results could be that it is common that people keep pets and that they can more easily be notified, than holders of farm animals. It is also easier to get a new cat than a number of cattle and that may be one of the reasons why compliance among agricultural holders was as high as it was. One conclusion that could be drawn was that compliance differed between different categories of holders, but compliance was generally low in the county, where only 47.6% of the 84 observed keepers complied with the prohibition. This study can be useful for the County Administrative Board because it gives some idea of how compliance looks like in the county at this time and in this selection. The County Administrative Board may have some use for this study when prioritizing inspections

The future asymptotics of Bianchi VIII vacuum solutions

Bianchi VIII vacuum solutions to Einstein's equations are causally geodesically complete to the future, given an appropriate time orientation, and the objective of this article is to analyze the asymptotic behaviour of solutions in this time direction. For the Bianchi class A spacetimes, there is a formulation of the field equations that was presented in an article by Wainwright and Hsu, and we analyze the asymptotic behaviour of solutions in these variables. We also try to give the analytic results a geometric interpretation by analyzing how a normalized version of the Riemannian metric on the spatial hypersurfaces of homogeneity evolves.Comment: 34 pages, no figure

Factors of importance for health care seeking in irritable bowel syndrome and the use of patient education.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorder. The etiology and pathophysiology are incompletely understood and treatment options are limited. IBS is a benign disease, but many patients experience severe GI symptoms and low health related quality of life (HRQOL), leading to health care consumption and high economical costs to the society. Many IBS patients express that they do not receive thorough explanations about their symptoms, and have feelings of not being taken seriously in their contacts with the health care system. The aims of the present thesis were to identify factors of importance for health care seeking in IBS, to assess how much and what kind of knowledge IBS patients have about their disorder, and to develop and evaluate a structured patient education for IBS patients, an IBS school. Persons, who did not seek health care for their GI symptoms (non-consulters), and patients who had sought health care, were investigated using questionnaires for comparison of GI and psychological symptoms, HRQOL and coping resources between the groups. Non-consulters had similar GI symptom severity, but less severe psychological symptoms, better HRQOL and coping resources, compared with the patients. IBS patients, referred from primary care to a gastroenterologist, completed a questionnaire regarding knowledge of IBS. Only a minority of the patients had received enough information and a large proportion was dissatisfied with their knowledge. The patients primarily wanted information about what they can do in order to improve symptoms, treatment options and causes of the symptoms. In a pilot study, to develop the IBS school, 12 patients were included. The IBS school consisted of six sessions once per week, two hours each time, in groups of five to seven patients. The patients were very satisfied with the construction of the education, as well as with the new knowledge they had received. There were also tendencies towards improved HRQOL and reduced GI symptoms in this small group of patients. Thereafter we included 143 patients in a study to evaluate the effects of the IBS school compared with written patient information, a guidebook. The patients were randomized to either participate in the IBS school or to receive the guidebook. The effects were evaluated with questionnaires measuring knowledge of IBS, GI and psychological symptom severity and HRQOL. The IBS school group increased their knowledge, and reduced their GI symptom severity and GI-specific anxiety more than the patients in the guidebook group. The patients in the IBS school group also improved their HRQOL after the patient education. Conclusions: IBS non-consulters have similar GI symptom severity compared with the patients, but manage their symptoms due to better psychological well-being and HRQOL. Many IBS patients have correct knowledge about their disorder, but are not satisfied with that knowledge and mainly want information about what they can do in order to improve their symptoms in daily life. The IBS school is appreciated by the patients and seems to be superior to written information in order to contribute to increased well-being for IBS patients

Strong cosmic censorship in the case of T3-Gowdy vacuum spacetimes

In 1952, Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat demonstrated that it makes sense to consider Einstein's vacuum equations from an initial value point of view; given initial data, there is a globally hyperbolic development. Since there are many developments, one does, however, not obtain uniqueness. This was remedied in 1969 when Choquet-Bruhat and Robert Geroch demonstrated that there is a unique maximal globally hyperbolic development (MGHD). Unfortunately, there are examples of initial data for which the MGHD is extendible, and, what is worse, extendible in inequivalent ways. Thus it is not possible to predict what spacetime one is in simply by looking at initial data and, in this sense, Einstein's equations are not deterministic. Since the examples exhibiting this behaviour are rather special, it is natural to conjecture that for generic initial data, the MGHD is inextendible. This conjecture is referred to as the strong cosmic censorship conjecture and is of central importance in mathematical relativity. In this paper, we shall describe this conjecture in detail, as well as its resolution in the special case of T3-Gowdy spacetimes

Future asymptotic expansions of Bianchi VIII vacuum metrics

Bianchi VIII vacuum solutions to Einstein’s equations are causally geodesically complete to the future, given an appropriate time orientation, and the objective of this article is to analyze the asymptotic behaviour of solutions in this time direction. For the Bianchi class A spacetimes, there is a formulation of the field equations that was presented in an article by Wainwright and Hsu, and in a previous article we analyzed the asymptotic behaviour of solutions in these variables. One objective of this paper is to give an asymptotic expansion for the metric. Furthermore, we relate this expansion to the topology of the compactified spatial hypersurfaces of homogeneity. The compactified spatial hypersurfaces have the topology of Seifert fibred spaces and we prove that in the case of NUT Bianchi VIII spacetimes, the length of a circle fibre converges to a positive constant but that in the case of general Bianchi VIII solutions, the length tends to infinity at a rate we determine. Finally, we give asymptotic expansions for general Bianchi VII0 metrics

The future asymptotics of Bianchi VIII vacuum solutions

Bianchi VIII vacuum solutions to Einstein's equations are causally geodesically complete to the future, given an appropriate time orientation, and the objective of this paper is to analyse the asymptotic behaviour of solutions in this time direction. For the Bianchi class A spacetimes, there is a formulation of the field equations that was presented in an article by Wainwright and Hsu, and we will analyse the asymptotic behaviour of solutions in these variables. We also try to give the analytic results a geometric interpretation by analysing how a normalized version of the Riemannian metric on the spatial hypersurfaces of homogeneity evolve

En förändring av årstiderna : en diskursanalys av de utmaningar som aktörer som arbetar med klimatanpassning i Västernorrland möter

The Swedish County of Västernorrland is facing the threat of the climate crisis and to create a resilient system against it regional and local policy implementation plays a key role. This thesis aimed to identify and analyse the discourses affecting Västernorrland adaptation progress and to understand the challenges facing the public officials responsible for policy implementation. To do this, the national climate change adaptation policy, regional action plan of Västernorrland, and transcribed interviews with Administrative County Board and municipality representatives in Västernorrland have been studied. Critical discourse analysis combined with field theory was used to identify the discursive and social practices affecting the narrative surrounding climate change adaptation in Västernorrland. The findings provide new insight into the challenges that are to be addressed if Västernorrland County is to reach sufficient adaptation action to become resilient against the expected climate change of the 21st century. Often heralded as a leading actor in climate change-related issues, Sweden’s government arrangement of adaptation policy implementation is limiting local and regional adaptation action. Although the existing networks and collaboratives efforts for adaptation action have the potential to successfully solve the problem, insufficient funds of the rural municipalities in the County and lack of mandate given to the County administrative board constrains the sustainable development of the County. Thus, the results suggest that additional funds available for municipalities to work with adaptation is needed for municipalities to prioritise adaptation and the County administrative board needs further mandate to work with implementing policy in Västernorrland if the County is to meet the national governments aim to reach Agenda 2030