Visual perception of colourful petals reminds us of classical fragments

Colour has attracted the interest and attention of many of the most gifted intellects of all time. Ideas of early thinkers were not -and could not have been- grasped on a scientific level without knowledge of a kind that lay far in the future. One character that is being considered is the colourful surfaces of living tissues, which could hardly have been visualized without a corresponding reference to the microscale parallel. Millions of years before man made manipulated synthetic structures, biological systems were using nanoscale architecture to produce striking optical effects. Here we show the microsculpture of the adaxial surface of flower petals from the asphodel, the Stork's-bill and the common poppy by using optical, scanning electron and atomic force microscopy. Microsculpture has been studied in leaves and pollen grains of higher plants. To the best of our knowledge imaging and nanoscale morphometry of petals has not been reported hitherto. Our findings on flower petals' microsculpture may be linked with aspects on colour revealed from ancient literature

Occurrence of secondary metabolites in tepals of Asphodelus ramosus L.

Major processes contributing to subtleties of ephemeral flowers of Asphodelus ramosus are related to chemical constituents detected in tepals which expand during cold and wet seasons in the eastern Mediterranean. Luteolin, caffeic acid, chlorogenic, and p-hydroxy-benzoic acids are the main constituents, whereas νalkanes, ketones, and fatty acids appear in low amounts

Leaf surface wettability and fatty acid composition of Arbutus unedo and Arbutus andrachne grown under ambient conditions in a natural macchia

Features of the adaxial and abaxial surface microstructure of Arbutus unedo L. and Arbutus andrachne L. are evaluated as possible consistent parameters contributing to the wetness of leaves. The abaxial leaf surface of A. andrachne and A. unedo was determined to be more hydrophobic than the adaxial leaf surface. Hydrophobicity may be of particular importance for the ecophysiological status of the hypostomatic leaves of both Arbutus species, which exhibit a long lifespan and are exposed to various environmental stimuli. Water repellence may also be correlated to the increased presence of surface wax. Lipid analysis of the leaves of both plant species revealed an abundance of a-linolenic acid, with palmitic acid as the second major contributor, followed by linoleic and oleic acid. Oleic and linoleic acid were present in slightly larger percentages in A. andrachne compared with A. unedo, whereas myristic, palmitic and a-linolenic acids were found in elevated percentages in A. unedo. The fatty acid composition analysis of the leaf wax of A. andrachne and A. unedo ranged from C16 to C26, with fatty acids of an even longer chain length detected in the case of A. andrachne. Despite the similar fatty acid composition of total lipids, the composition of the wax fraction showed differences between the two Arbutus species, which may partly contribute to the foliar surface properties of the two species

Resposta estomática ao aumento da concentração do CO2 atmosférico e ao estresse hídrico de espécies de Eucalyptus

Cinco espécies de Eucalyptus (E. grandis, E. urophylla, E. Camaldulensis, E. torelliana e E. phaeotrica), dentre as dez espécies mais utilizadas em plantações florestais de larga escala, foram submetidas ao aumento do CO2 e à interação deste com estresse hídrico para avaliar seu comportamento estomático. As três primeiras espécies pertencem ao subgênero Symphyomyrtus, a quarta espécie é do subgênero Corymbia e o E. Phaeotrica pertence ao subgênero Monocalyptus. Mudas destas espécies com idade de 2,5 meses foram cultivadas em quatro pares de câmaras de topo aberto, com duas plantas de cada espécie por câmara e quatro repetições em duas concentrações de CO2: 350 ± 30 mimol mol-1 e 700 ± 30 mimol mol-1. Após 100 dias de crescimento nas câmaras, medições de trocas gasosas foram realizadas, após o que metade das plantas em cada câmara foi submetida ao estresse hídrico pela supressão da irrigação, permanecendo as demais plantas sob irrigação diária. O estresse hídrico reduziu a condutância estomática, a fotossíntese e as taxas de transpiração em todas as espécies. O efeito do estresse hídrico no fechamento dos estômatos foi similar em ambas as concentrações de CO2, embora os efeitos positivos do aumento do CO2 sobre a fotossíntese e a eficiência do uso da água se mantivessem por um período comparativamente mais longo. A taxa fotossintética do E. Phaeotrica permaneceu alta mesmo após o quarto dia do estresse hídrico. O estresse hídrico aumentou a fotoinibição da fotossíntese, medida por fluorescência da clorofila, que variou entre as espécies, assim como em relação à concentração de CO2. Os resultados mostram diferenças na resposta estomática entre espécies dos subgêneros Symphyomyrtus e Monocalyptus.Five species of Eucalyptus (E. grandis, E. urophylla, E. camaldulensis, E. torelliana, and E. phaeotrica), among the ten species most commonly used in large scale plantations, were selected for studies on the effects of elevated CO2 concentration [CO2] and drought stress on stomatal responses of 2.5-month old seedlings. The first three species belong to the subgenus Smphyomyrtus, whereas the fourth species belongs to the subgenus Corymbia and E. phaeotrica is from the subgenus Monocalyptus. Seedlings were grown in four pairs of open-top chambers, arranged to have 2 plants of each species in each chamber, with four replications in each of two CO2 concentrations: 350 ± 30 mumol mol-1 and 700 ± 30 mumol mol-1. After 100 days in the chambers, a series of gas exchange measurements were made. Half the plants in each chamber, one plant per species per chamber, were drought-stressed by withholding irrigation, while the remaining plants continued to be watered daily. Drought stress decreased stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and transpiration rates in all the species. The effect of drought stress on stomatal closure was similar in both [CO2]. The positive effects of elevated [CO2] on photosynthesis and water use efficiency were maintained longer during the stress period than under well-watered conditions. The photosynthetic rate of E. phaeotrica was higher even in the fourth day of the drought stress. Drought stress increased photoinhibition of photosynthesis, as measured by chlorophyll fluorescence, which varied among the species, as well as in relation to [CO2]. The results are in agreement with observed differences in stomatal responses between some eucalyptus species of the subgenera Symphyomyrtus and Monocalyptus

Living Collection of Flora Graeca Sibthorpiana

The results of a survey of vascular plants illustrated in the 19th-century publication Flora Graeca Sibthorpiana (FGS) and grown in Diomedes Botanic Garden (DBG) in Athens metropolitan area in Greece reveal a total number of 274 taxa belonging to 67 families, using the Raunkiaer system of categorising plants by life form (Raunkiaer, 1934). Therophytes dominate with 36 per cent, while hemicryptophytes, chamephytes and geophytes follow with 16 per cent, 14 per cent and 14 per cent respectively. In terms of life cycle, 60 per cent are perennials, 36 per cent annuals and 4 per cent other growth forms adapted to environmental disturbance. Although anthropogenic pressures and environmental stresses have caused loss of habitat and resulted in profound landscape transformation in the eastern Mediterranean, DBG contributes to the maintenance of approximately one-third of the plants collected in territories of the Levant in 1787. This living collection constitutes an important testimony to the scientific value, heritage and plant diversity described in FGS. Statistics are provided comparing the plants collected and illustrated for FGS and those now growing in DBG

Energy content, storage substances, and construction and maintenance costs of Mediterranean deciduous leaves

At monthly intervals water content, crude fibre, total and protein nitrogen, sugars, starch, total lipids, ash content and calorific total energy were measured throughout the lifespan of the leaves of the deciduous mediterranean shrubs Pistacia terebinthus L. and Cotinus coggygria Scop. From these data the construction costs and maintenance costs, as well as the construction costs of non-storage compounds and energy expenditure values were calculated. The latter values were also calculated for the evergreen stemmed shrub Ephedra distachya for reasons of comparison with an evergreen mediterranean species. The water status in the deciduous leaves is stable for a long time during the drought period until the beginning of senescence in August/September. In Cotinus an early and considerable increase of storage compounds is found, whilst in Pistacia terebinthus the accumulation is more uniform until August. The N-content is rather low compared with other deciduous leaves, the calorific energy is in the lower range of the values reported for similar species. The construction costs of the leaves of both deciduous species are significantly lower than those calculated by Williams et al. (1987) for two drought deciduous chaparral species but are in agreement with the data reported by other authors on deciduous leaves. Contrary to the findings of Williams et al. they are lower than those of evergreen species; this is also true when the construction cost of the non-storage compounds alone is considered. The values found for Ephedra are similar to the maintenance costs do not show a significant variation in the deciduous leaves. They are higher than those known for evergreen leaves but somewhat lower than the values calculated for deciduous chaparral leaves

A holistic and sustainable approach linked to drought tolerance of Mediterranean crops

The rapid increase in average temperatures and the progressive reduction in rainfalls caused by climate change is reducing crop yields worldwide, particularly in regions with hot and semi-arid climates such as the Mediterranean area. In natural conditions, plants respond to environmental drought stress with diverse morphological, physiological, and biochemical adaptations in an attempt to escape, avoid, or tolerate drought stress. Among these adaptations to stress, the accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA) is of pivotal importance. Many biotechnological approaches to improve stress tolerance by increasing the exogenous or endogenous content of ABA have proved to be effective. In most cases the resultant drought tolerance is associated with low productivity incompatible with the requirements of modern agriculture. The on-going climate crisis has provoked the search for strategies to increase crop yield under warmer conditions. Several biotechnological strategies, such as the genetic improvement of crops or the generation of transgenic plants for genes involved in drought tolerance, have been attempted with unsatisfactory results suggesting the need for new approaches. Among these, the genetic modification of transcription factors or regulators of signaling cascades provide a promising alternative. To reconcile drought tolerance with crop yield, we propose mutagenesis of genes controlling key signaling components downstream of ABA accumulation in local landraces to modulate responses. We also discuss the advantages of tackling this challenge with a holistic approach involving different knowledge and perspectives, and the problem of distributing the selected lines at subsidized prices to guarantee their use by small family farms

Stomatal responses of Eucalyptus species to elevated CO2 concentration and drought stress

Five species of Eucalyptus (E. grandis, E. urophylla, E. camaldulensis, E. torelliana, and E. phaeotrica), among the ten species most commonly used in large scale plantations, were selected for studies on the effects of elevated CO2 concentration [CO2] and drought stress on stomatal responses of 2.5-month old seedlings. The first three species belong to the subgenus Smphyomyrtus, whereas the fourth species belongs to the subgenus Corymbia and E. phaeotrica is from the subgenus Monocalyptus. Seedlings were grown in four pairs of open-top chambers, arranged to have 2 plants of each species in each chamber, with four replications in each of two CO2 concentrations: 350 ± 30 mumol mol-1 and 700 ± 30 mumol mol-1. After 100 days in the chambers, a series of gas exchange measurements were made. Half the plants in each chamber, one plant per species per chamber, were drought-stressed by withholding irrigation, while the remaining plants continued to be watered daily. Drought stress decreased stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and transpiration rates in all the species. The effect of drought stress on stomatal closure was similar in both [CO2]. The positive effects of elevated [CO2] on photosynthesis and water use efficiency were maintained longer during the stress period than under well-watered conditions. The photosynthetic rate of E. phaeotrica was higher even in the fourth day of the drought stress. Drought stress increased photoinhibition of photosynthesis, as measured by chlorophyll fluorescence, which varied among the species, as well as in relation to [CO2]. The results are in agreement with observed differences in stomatal responses between some eucalyptus species of the subgenera Symphyomyrtus and Monocalyptus