Control of expression of the RNases J1 and J2 in bacillus subtilis

In Bacillus subtilis, the dual activity 5' exo- and endoribonucleases J1 and J2 are important players in mRNA and stable RNA maturation and degradation. Recent work has improved our understanding of their structure and mechanism of action and identified numerous RNA substrates. However, almost nothing is known about the expression of these enzymes. Here, we have identified the transcriptional and translational signals that control the expression of the rnjA (RNase J1) and rnjB (RNase J2) genes. While the rnjB gene is transcribed constitutively from a sigma A promoter, optimal expression of RNase J1 requires cotranscription and cotranslation with the upstream ykzG gene, encoding a protein of unknown function. In the absence of coupled translation, RNase J1 expression is decreased more than 5-fold. Transcription of the ykzG operon initiates at a sigma A promoter with a noncanonical -35 box that is required for optimal transcription. Biosynthesis of RNase J1 is autocontrolled within a small range (1.4-fold) and also slightly stimulated (1.4-fold) in the absence of RNase J2. These controls are weak but might be useful to maintain the overall RNase J level and possibly also equimolar amounts of the two nucleases in the cell that primarily act as a heterodimer in vivo. © 2014, American Society for Microbiology

DRUŠTVENI PODUZETNIK KAO MOGUĆA BUDUĆNOST DOP-A I MJERENJE DRUŠTVENOG PODUZETNIČKOG STAVA STUDENATA

CSR is becoming more and more popular and fashionable nowadays, but in many cases the responsible actions or activities are not about serving the social good; these are just simply new marketing tools for companies. At the same time, with the emergence of social entrepreneurs, a possible new vision for the real responsibility seems to emerge. It gives the impression that the new generation of entrepreneurs can save the CSR concept. The aim of the study is to present the concept of a social entrepreneur(ship) and to interpret it in the framework of CSR, and based on these to develop a questionnaire as an instrument for measuring social entrepreneurial attitude. According to the conceptual clarification and the analysis of social enterprises in the entrepreneurial spectrum, I determine what aspects of the social entrepreneurial attitude should be taken into consideration. A questionnaire, which is suitable for measuring university students’ social entrepreneurial attitude, is developed using secondary research. I explored and integrated applied and validated scales for measuring the three main question blocks (entrepreneurial attitudes, social sensitivity, and CSR attitudes). The research has relevant importance both at domestic and international level, the results is going to give the basis and implication for further research connected to deeper analysis and understanding of social enterprises.DOP postaje sve popularnije i modernije u današnje vrijeme, međutim poduzete akcije ili aktivnosti nemaju uvijek za cilj opsluživanje društvenog dobra; jednostavno služe kao novi marketinški alati tvrtke. Istovremeno, pojavom društvenih poduzetnika, čini se da se pojavljuje moguća nova vizija stvarne odgovornosti. Stječe se dojam da nova generacija poduzetnika može spasiti koncept DOP-a. Cilj studije je prikazati koncept socijalnog poduzetnika (poduzetništva) i interpretirati ga u okviru DOP-a, i na temelju toga razviti upitnik kao instrument za mjerenje društvenog poduzetničkog stava. Prema koncepcijskoj pojmovnoj raščlambi i analizi socijalnih poduzeća u poduzetničkom spektru, utvrđeno je koje aspekte društvenog poduzetničkog stava treba uzeti u obzir. Upitnik, koji je prikladan za mjerenje socijalnog poduzetničkog stava studenata, razvijen je koristeći sekundarne izvore podataka. Analizirane su i integrirane provjerene ljetvice koje se koriste za mjerenje tri glavne grupe pitanja (poduzetnički stavovi, društvena osjetljivost i stavovi DOP-a). Istraživanje je relevantno i na domaćoj i na međunarodnoj razini, rezultati daju osnovu i implikacije za daljnja istraživanja povezana s dubljom analizom i razumijevanjem socijalnih poduzeća

Using Data Envelope Analysis to Examine US State Health Efficiencies over 2008-2015

Health spending in the United States US has been steadily rising over the past several decades The Affordable Care Act ACA became law in 2010 but was not operational until 2014 The principal intention of the legislation was to provide insurance coverage to millions of US citizens who previously did not possess health insurance to improve Americans health In our study we compare the efficiency of health care resources on a state-by-state population basis in the US between the years of 2008-2015 Efficiencies are calculated using Data Envelopment Analysis DEA DEA can be defined as a non-parametric technique that uses linear programming lp to compare the relative efficiencies of homogenous Decision Making Units DMU in transforming inputs into outputs In this case the DMUs represent the states DEA uses lp models to build an efficiency frontier The efficiency frontier is determined by the most efficient states i e DMUs Therefore the efficiency of each state can be compared against the frontier and therefore against the most efficient one

Dual-Topology Hamiltonian-Replica-Exchange Overlap Histogramming Method to Calculate Relative Free Energy Difference in Rough Energy Landscape

A novel overlap histogramming method based on Dual-Topology Hamiltonian-Replica-Exchange simulation technique is presented to efficiently calculate relative free energy difference in rough energy landscape, in which multiple conformers coexist and are separated by large energy barriers. The proposed method is based on the realization that both DT-HERM exchange efficiency and confidence of free energy determination in overlap histogramming method depend on the same criteria: neighboring states' energy derivative distribution overlap. In this paper, we demonstrate this new methodology by calculating free energy difference between amino acids: Leucine and Asparagine, which is an identified chanllenging system for free energy simulations.Comment: 14 pages with 4 figure

Putting the rights of nature on the map. A quantitative analysis of rights of nature initiatives across the world

The Rights of Nature (RoN) promote a new understanding of the human environment, where natural entities are conceived as subjects with intrinsic value independent of human interests. The implementation of this idea gained momentum in the United States in 2006. One decade and a half later, the idea has spread all over the world. Despite some efforts, a sophisticated geographical inventory of the movement is missing. Building on Kauffman (2020), we identified and analysed 409 initiatives in 39 countries, creating the most comprehensive database of RoN initiatives to date. We developed a taxonomy that may guide further research. We also present two detailed maps which can help policymakers, legislators, judges, researchers, and the public at large to evaluate and compare initiatives. The findings of this investigation directly help the UN Harmony with Nature Programme and have contributed to the launch of the Eco-Jurisprudence Monitor, an online database of RoN initiatives

The Rights of Nature as a Bridge between Land-Ownership Regimes: The Potential of Institutionalized Interplay in Post-Colonial Societies

Despite the growing prominence and use of Rights of Nature (RoN), doubts remain as to their tangible effect on environmental protection efforts. By analyzing two initiatives in post-colonial societies, we argue that they do influence the creation of institutionalized bridges between differing land-ownership regimes. Applying the methodology of inter-legality, we examine the Ecuadorian Constitution of 2008 and the Ugandan National Environment Act 2019. We identify five normative spheres that influence land-ownership regimes. We find that the established Ecuadorian RoN have an institutionalized effect on the nation's legal system. Their more recently established Ugandan counterpart shows potential to develop in the same direction

Ribosomal protein L20 controls expression of the Bacillus subtilis infC operon via a transcription attenuation mechanism

In contrast to Escherichia coli no molecular mechanism controlling the biosynthesis of ribosomal proteins has been elucidated in Gram-positive organisms. Here we show that the expression of the Bacillus subtilis infC-rpmI-rplT operon encoding translation factor IF3 and the ribosomal proteins L35 and L20 is autoregulated by a complex transcription attenuation mechanism. It implicates a 200-bp leader region upstream of infC which contains two conserved regulatory elements, one of which can act as a transcription terminator. Using in vitro and in vivo approaches we show that expression of the operon is regulated at the level of transcription elongation by a change in the structure of the leader mRNA which depends upon the presence of ribosomal protein L20. L20 binds to a phylogenetically conserved domain and provokes premature transcription termination at the leader terminator. Footprint and toeprint experiments support a regulatory model involving molecular mimicry between the L20-binding sites on 23S rRNA and the mRNA. Our data suggest that Nomura's model of ribosomal protein biosynthesis based on autogenous control and molecular mimicry is also valid in Gram-positive organisms

Monadické NP množiny

Generalised spectra, id est classes finitely axiomatisable in existential second-order logic restricted to finite structures, are known by Fagin's theorem to coincide with members of the complexity class NP. Thereby, the problem of NP being closed under complementation reduces to the problem whether every class of finite struc- tures complementary to a generalised spectrum is, too, a generalised spectrum. Provided P ̸= NP, a proof thereof could then possibly be based on finding a par- ticular generalised spectrum (thereby an NP class) whose complement, while in coNP would not be in NP. Pursuits of such a proof, too, however, have been to no avail. A partial resolution of this problem (itself a special case to so called Asser's problem) is Fagin-Hájek theorem, claiming that a subclass of NP, the class of so called monadic NP sets is not closed under complementation. Reproduc- ing Fagin's original proof of the theorem is the aim of this thesis, along with introducing the reader to all preliminary apparatus needed for the proof. 1Jako zobecněná spektra se označují třídy konečně axiomatisovatelné v existenční druhořádové logice s relací platnosti omezenou na konečné struktury. Jest známým faktem, že korrespondují dle Faginovy věty s prvky složitostní třídy NP. Prob- lém uzavřenosti NP na komplementaci se tedy redukuje na problém uzavřenosti zobecněných spekter na komplementaci. Důkaz P ̸= NP, za předpokladu, že ono tvrzení skutečně platí, by tak mohl spočívat v nalezení konkretního zobecněného spektra (a tedy třídy v NP), jehož doplněk, jsa arci v coNP, by nebyl prvkem NP. Hledání takového důkazu ovšem též nepřineslo úspěch. Částečné rozřešení tohoto problému (an sám je toliko speciálním příkladem obecnějšího tak zvaného prob- lému Asserova) přinesla Fagin-Hájkova věta, tvrdící, že jistá podtřída NP, třída tak zvaných monadických NP množin vskutku netvoří třídu uzavřenou na kom- plementaci. Reprodukce Faginova původního důkazu této věty, spolu s uvedením veškerého potřebného apparátu, je cílem této práce. 1Katedra logikyDepartment of LogicFaculty of ArtsFilozofická fakult