Markets and diversity : annotated bibliography

This document represents the first and second phase of a project to build an inventory of key literature on the subject of ‘markets and diversity’. The first phase involved a literature search and compilation of 100 bibliographic items. The second phase involved the annotation of 40 of these items. The third phase consisted of a synthetic overview of this literature, and was published as an MMG Working Paper 11-03, ‘Markets and Diversity: An Overview’. The literature was compiled using various databases, web search tools, and a range of search terms. I combined search terms indicating the type or region of markets (i.e. ‘Bazaar’, ‘souq’, ‘fea’, ‘feira’, ‘open-air market’, ‘open market’, ‘farmer’s market’, ‘street market’) with indicators of diversity (i.e. ‘ethnic’, ‘immigrant’, ‘class’, ‘race’, ‘gender’). Other more specific thematic terms (i.e. ‘cosmopolitanism’, ‘entrepreneurship’, ‘inclusion’, ‘interaction’, ‘Orientalism’ and so on) were also used. There were no restrictions as to time period, region, or publishing date, although the emphasis is on recent work in the field. The entries focusing most specifically on diverse markets were selected for more thorough annotation. Section I of this paper presents the bibliographic abstracts, organized by research theme (please see WP 11-03 for a detailed explanation). This section includes only published abstracts. Where no abstract was supplied, I provide a brief summary of the entry. Note: the research themes are not mutually exclusive, and the abstracts may appear under more than one heading. An * preceding an entry indicates that the source is annotated in section II. Section II contains the annotations, organized alphabetically, by the author’s last name. For each of these annotations, I provide the 1) disciplinary background of the author(s) and, where possible, their institution; 2) research questions; 3) conceptual framework; 4) group studied; 5) methodology; 6) findings; and 7) significance of the research to the field. In Section III, the references are organized by region (I use the United Nations regional scheme)

A CLINICAL STUDY OF INHALANT ANAESTHESIA IN DOGS

A clinical trial was undertaken using three different inhalant anaesthetic agents and one intravenous anaesthetic agent in dogs undergoing routine desexing surgery. Healthy adult dogs undergoing either ovariohysterectomy or castration were assessed as to their demeanour, with the more excitable dogs being placed in groups receiving premedication with acepromazine and morphine. All dogs were then randomly assigned an anaesthetic agent for induction of general anaesthesia. The agents were the inhalants halothane, isoflurane and sevoflurane, and the intravenous agent propofol. Inhalant inductions were undertaken using a tight fitting mask attached to a standard anaesthetic machine with a rebreathing circuit, with the maximum dose of inhalant available from a standard vaporiser. Propofol inductions were undertaken via intravenous catheter. Dogs induced with propofol were randomly assigned one of the three inhalant agents for maintenance. Those induced by inhalant agent were maintained using the same agent. The surgical procedure was undertaken in standard fashion, as was recovery from anaesthesia. All dogs received the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent meloxicam. Data collection was divided into three stages: induction, maintenance, and recovery from anaesthesia. Variables measured at induction of anaesthesia were time to intubation, number of intubation attempts, tolerance of mask, quality of induction and quality of transfer to the maintenance stage. Standard variables for monitoring of anaesthesia were recorded throughout the maintenance of anaesthesia. Variables measured at recovery were time to righting, time to standing and quality of recovery. The mean time to intubation when using the newer inhalant sevoflurane (196.2 ± 14.8sec, mean ± SE) was not significantly different to that for halothane (221.4 ± 14.0sec) or isoflurane (172.4 ± 15.0sec). Time to intubation with isoflurane was significantly faster than with halothane. Mean time to intubation with propofol (85.4 ± 7.7sec) was significantly faster than that for any of the three inhalants. Choice of inhalant had no effect on quality of induction. The use of premedication significantly improved the quality of induction. The use of propofol for induction likewise significantly improved the quality of induction. Standard cardiorespiratory variables measured during the maintenance phase of anaesthesia remained within normal clinical ranges for all three inhalants, and were therefore not further analysed. Choice of inhalant agent had no significant effect on the time to righting or standing in recovery. The use of propofol for induction had no effect on these variables. Animals placed in groups receiving premedication had significantly longer times to righting and standing. The oesophageal temperature at the end of the procedure had a significant effect on times to righting and standing, with lower temperatures contributing to slower recoveries. Independent of procedure time, male dogs had shorter times to righting than female dogs

Two-Way Optical Frequency Comparisons Over 100km Telecommunication Network Fibers

By using two-way frequency transfer, we demonstrate ultra-high resolution comparison of optical frequencies over a telecommunication fiber link of 100 km operating simultaneously digital data transfer. We first propose and experiment a bi-directional scheme using a single fiber. We show that the relative stability at 1 s integration time is 7 10^18 and scales down to 5 10^21. The same level of performance is reached when an optical link is implemented with an active compensation of the fiber noise. We also implement a real-time two-way frequency comparison over a uni-directional telecommunication network using a pair of parallel fibers. The relative frequency stability is 10^15 at 1 s integration time and reaches 2 10^17 at 40 000 s. The fractional uncertainty of the frequency comparisons was evaluated for the best case to 2 10^20. These results open the way to accurate and high resolution frequency comparison of optical clocks over intercontinental fiber networks

Liberty, Equality and Deference: A Comment On Colin Feasby’s “Freedom of Expression and the Law of the Democratic Process”

This paper discusses Colin Feasby’s paper “Freedom of Expression and the Democratic Process” on the Harper decision and recognizes his previous scholarship on this topic as making a significant and valuable contribution to our understanding of judicial review of the democratic process. Bredt and Pottie recognize that the egalitarian model cannot fully address the variety of participants and resources at play. They believe that judicial deference is unwarranted and indeed hazardous in this context. Experience has shown that a high level of third party campaign spending does not trigger the hypothetical evils associated with independent expenditures, nor is it outcome determinative. On the other hand, there is a clear need to keep Parliament’s tendency towards self-interested regulation in check, particularly when that tendency is actualized in the form of restrictions to participation in democratic processes. This need is most acute in the context of electoral regulation. an election is the point at which the voter is most in need of information from all sources, and thus this is the most important time for political participation by all, including third parties. Government measures that restrict that participation should, in their view,be strictly scrutinized