Model Matching Challenge: Benchmarks for Ecore and BPMN Diagrams

In the last couple of years, Model Driven Engineering (MDE) gained a prominent role in the context of software engineering. In the MDE paradigm, models are considered first level artifacts which are iteratively developed by teams of programmers over a period of time. Because of this, dedicated tools for versioning and management of models are needed. A central functionality within this group of tools is model comparison and differencing. In two disjunct research projects, we identified a group of general matching problems where state-of-the-art comparison algorithms delivered low quality results. In this article, we will present five edit operations which are the cause for these low quality results. The reasons why the algorithms fail, as well as possible solutions, are also discussed. These examples can be used as benchmarks by model developers to assess the quality and applicability of a model comparison tool for a given model type.Comment: 7 pages, 7 figure

Nanofocusing Refractive X-Ray Lenses

This thesis is concerned with the optimization and development of the production of nanofocusing refractive x-ray lenses. These optics made of either silicon or diamond are well-suited for high resolution x-ray microscopy. The goal of this work is the design of a reproducible manufacturing process which allows the production of silicon lenses with high precision, high quality and high piece number. Furthermore a process for the production of diamond lenses is to be developed and established. In this work, the theoretical basics of x-rays and their interaction with matter are described. Especially, aspects of synchrotron radiation are emphasized. Important in x-ray microscopy are the different optics. The details, advantages and disadvantages, in particular those of refractive lenses are given. To achieve small x-ray beams well beyond the 100nm range a small focal length is required. This is achieved in refractive lenses by moving to a compact lens design where several single lenses are stacked behind each other. The, so-called nanofocusing refractive lenses (NFLs) have a parabolic cylindrical shape with lateral structure sizes in the micrometer range. NFLs are produced by using micro-machining techniques. These micro-fabrication processes and technologies are introduced. The results of the optimization and the final fabrication process for silicon lenses are presented. Subsequently, two experiments that are exemplary for the use of NFLs, are introduced. The first one employs a high-resolution scanning fluorescence mapping of a geological sample, and the second one is a coherent x-ray diffraction imaging (CXDI) experiment. CXDI is able to reconstruct the illuminated object from recorded coherent diffraction patterns. In a scanning mode, referred to as ptychography, this method is even able to reconstruct the illumination and the object simultaneously. Especially the reconstructed illumination and the possibility of computed propagation of the wavefield along the focused beam yields findings about the optic used. The collected data give interesting information about the lenses and their aberrations. Comparison of simulated and measured data shows good agreement. Following this, the fabrication process of diamond lenses is described. Diamond with its extraordinary properties is well-suited as lens material for refractive lenses. Finally, a concluding overview of the present and future work of nanofocusing lenses is given.Diese Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit der Entwicklung und Optimierung der Herstellungsprozesse von refraktiven nanofokussierenden Röntgenlinsen. Diese aus Silizium oder Diamant hergestellten Optiken, sind hervorragend für hochauflösende Röntgen\-mikroskopie geeignet. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, einen reproduzierbaren Herstellungsprozess zu erarbeiten, der es erlaubt, Siliziumlinsen von hoher Präzision, Qualität und Quantität zu fertigen. Zusätzlich soll ein Prozess für Diamantlinsen entwickelt und etabliert werden. In der folgenden Arbeit werden die theoretischen Grundlagen von Röntgenstrahlung und deren Wechselwirkung mit Materie beschrieben. Spezielle Aspekte der Synchrotronstrahlung werden hervorgehoben. Wichtig im Zusammenhang mit Röntgenmikroskopie sind die verschieden Optiken. Deren Details, Vor- und Nachteile, insbesondere die der brechenden Linsen, werden genannt. Zur Erzeugung fein gebündelter Röntgenmikrostrahlen im Bereich unter 100nm lateraler Größe benötigt man sehr kurze Brennweiten. Mit brechenden Linsen lässt sich dieses mittels eines kompakten Linsendesigns von vielen hintereinander gestapelten Einzellinsen realisieren. Die so genannten refraktiven nanofokussierenden Linsen (NFLs) besitzen eine parabolische Zylinderform mit lateralen Strukturgrößen im Mikrometerbereich. NFLs werden mittels spezieller Technologien der Mikroprozessierung hergestellt. Diese Mikrostrukturierungsverfahren werden mit ihren jeweiligen Prozessschritten und zugehörenden Technologien vorgestellt. Die Ergebnisse der Optimierung und der endgültige Mikrostrukturierungsprozess für Siliziumlinsen werden dargelegt. Im Anschluss daran werden zwei Experimente erläutert, die beispielhaft für die Anwendung von NFLs stehen. Ersteres ist ein ortsaufgelöstes Fluoreszenzrasterexperiment einer geologischen Probe und das zweite ein kohärentes Röntgen-Beugungsexperiment (CXDI). CXDI ist in der Lage, aus kohärent aufgenommen Beugungsbildern das beleuchtete Objekt zu rekonstruieren. Kombiniert mit einem rasternden Verfahren, welches Ptychographie genannt wird, ist diese Methode in der Lage, die Beleuchtungsfunktion und das Objekt gleichzeitig zu rekonstruieren. Besonderes die rekonstruierte Beleuchtungsfunktion und die Möglichkeit der computergestützten Propagation des Wellenfeldes entlang des fokussierten Strahls, geben aufschlussreiche Informationen über die verwendete Optik. Neue Erkenntnisse über die Linsen und deren Aberrationen können so gewonnen werden. Vergleiche von simulierten mit gemessenen Daten zeigen gute Übereinstimmung. Daran anschließend erfolgt die Beschreibung der Entwicklung eines Fabrikationsprozess für Diamantlinsen. Diamant mit seinen außergewöhnlichen Materialeigenschaften ist besonders gut als Linsenmaterial für refraktive Röntgenlinsen geeignet. Abschliessend wird ein zusammenfassender Überblick über die derzeitigen und die zu erwartenden Entwicklungen bei refraktiven Linsen gegeben

Meningkatkan Kesadaran dan Dorongan Yang Kuat Untuk Menguasai Pengetahuan dan Ketrampilan Yang Menjadi Program Sekolah Dengan Model Pembelajaran Learning Community Siswa Kelas VIII-A SMP Negeri 1 Sawahan Kabupaten Madiun Tahun Pelajaran 2017/2018

This study aims to determine the application of the Learning Community model to improve the strong motivation of class VIII-A students of SMP Negeri 1 Sawahan, Madiun Regency. This model is a method that is very suitable for the material used to increase the knowledge and skills of school programs. The research method in this study is a Classroom Action Research (PTK). The results of the study seem to provide changes in action in cycles I, II, and III. 1) Efforts to increase awareness and strong encouragement to master the knowledge and skills that become school programs so that students participate in the learning process in class VIII-A of SMP Negeri 1 Sawahan, Madiun Regency in the 2017/2018 Academic Year through providing modules / dictates to improve initial abilities (entry behavior) of students and revising the misconceptions of awareness and a strong urge to master the knowledge and skills that became the school program in cycle II, which might cause obstacles to developing students' understanding of the concept of awareness and a strong urge to master knowledge and skills which is a school program to be studied, then the application of the learning community model through group study together or helping each other in lessons, 2) Learning Community learning model is able to improve student learning outcomes both in terms of student response aspects, teacher success student and teacher reactions, as well as environmental conditions. This learning model is also able to create a learning atmosphere that is able to increase awareness and encourage students to master the abilities and skills of students in the classroom

Piezoelectric energy harvesting from low frequency and random excitation using frequency up-conversion

The field of energy harvesting comprises all methods to produce energy locally and from surrounding sources, e.g. solar illumination, thermal gradients, vibration, radio frequency, etc. The focus of this thesis is on inertial power generation from host motion, in particular for low frequency and random excitation sources such as the human body. Under such excitation, the kinetic energy available to be converted into electrical energy is small and conversion efficiency is of utmost importance. Broadband harvesting based on frequency tuning or on non-linear vibrations is a possible strategy to overcome this challenge. The technique of frequency up-conversion, where the low frequency excitation is converted to a higher frequency that is optimal for the operation of the transducer is especially promising. Regardless of the source excitation, energy is converted more efficiently. After a general introduction to the research area, two different prototypes based on this latter principle and using piezoelectric bending beams as transducers are presented, one linear design and one rotational. Especially for human motion, the advantages of rotational designs are discussed. Furthermore, magnetic coupling is used to prevent impact on the brittle piezoceramic material when actuating. A mathematical model, combining the magnetic interaction forces and the constitutive mechanical and electrical equations for the piezoelectric bending beam is introduced and the results are provided. Theoretical findings are supported by experimental measurements and the calculation model is validated. The outcome is the successful demonstration of a rotational energy harvester, tested on a custom made shaking set-up and in the real world when worn on the upper arm during running.Open Acces

Modifying the Response of Male Broiler Chickens to Heat Stress Through Early Age Feed Restriction and Thermal Conditioning

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of early age feed restriction and heat conditioning on tolerance to acute and chronic heat stress in male broiler chickens. In both experiments, equal numbers of chickens were subjected to (i) 60% feed restriction on day 4, 5, and 6 (FR), (ii) exposure to 36±IoC and 50-60% relative humidity for 1 hour from day 1 to 21 (HT), (iii) 60% feed restriction on day 4, 5, and 6 and exposure to 36± l oC and 50-60% relative humidity for 1 hour from day 1 to 21 (FRHT). (iv) ad libitum feeding and no heat treatment (control). In experiment I, on day 35, all birds were exposed to 39± l oC for 6 hours and 50% relative humidity. Subjecting chicks to FR, HT and FRHT reduced HLR response to the heat challenge. Following heat exposure, the FR and FRHT chick had greater heat shock protein (hsp) 70 density than those of controls. The hsp 70 response of HT birds was not significantly different from the other three groups. The FRHT birds were more hyperthermic than controls during heat challenge. In experiment II, from day 36- 50, all birds were exposed to 38± l oC and 80 % relative humidity for 2 hours/day. One day following heat exposure (day 37), all birds were administrated intranasally with infectious bursal disease (IBD) vaccine virus. The dosage used was l Ox of the recommended level. Subjecting chicks to FRHT improved relative weight gain and resistance to IBD infection and reduced HLR in response to the heat treatment as compared with the control birds. Although there is evidence that FR and HT can improve heat tolerance, the FRHT combination may further enhance the ability of birds to withstand chronic heat stress. The acquired improved heat tolerance resulting from FRHT, FR, and HT could be attributed to enhanced hsp 70 response. The trend of hsp 70 response correlated well with IBD lesion scores, suggesting hsp 70 may play a role in resistance against viral infection. Based on experiment I and II, it can be concluded that the present findings confirmed earlier studies that FR is effective in alleviating the adverse effects of heat stress. Subjecting birds to FRHT can further improve tolerance to chronic but not acute heat stress