Le modèle Lstat : ou comment se constituer une base de données morphologique à partir du Web

L’objectif de cet article est de présenter une méthode d’acquisition, d’organisation et d’interrogation de corpus textuels à partir de données et outils librement récupérables sur le Web (corpus de textes, lexiques, langages de programmation spécialisés, outils d’étiquetage et de lemmatisation). Nous nous intéressons ici plus particulièrement aux préoccupations des chercheurs en morphologie dérivationnelle, en proposant d’intégrer à la méthode présentée un module d’analyse morphologique dérivationnelle qui permet au linguiste de se constituer une base de données lexicale munie d’annotations morphosémantiques (que nous appellerons base de données morphologique, notée BDM). La méthodologie proposée sera illustrée tout au long de l’article par la présentation de Lstat, modèle de BDM utilisé avec un lexique de 27,5 millions d’occurrences issu d’archives de presse française en ligne, automatiquement téléchargées entre 2001 et 2002.The aim of this paper is to present a method for text corpora acquisition, organization and query procedures. The method makes use of data and tools which are freely available on the Web, i.e. text corpora, lexica, specialized programming languages, taggers and lemmatizers. As the specific orientation of the method is to meet the needs of morphology researchers, we enrich it with a word formation processing module. This module enables the linguist to build a lexical database enhanced with morphosemantic annotations (i.e. a morphological database, henceforth BDM). The methodology is illustrated throughout the paper by means of the presentation of Lstat, a BDM model used with a lexicon of 27.5 million occurences, obtained from online French newspaper archives which were automatically downloaded between 2001 and 2002

Le modèle Lstat : ou comment se constituer une base de données morphologique à partir du Web

L’objectif de cet article est de présenter une méthode d’acquisition, d’organisation et d’interrogation de corpus textuels à partir de données et outils librement récupérables sur le Web (corpus de textes, lexiques, langages de programmation spécialisés, outils d’étiquetage et de lemmatisation). Nous nous intéressons ici plus particulièrement aux préoccupations des chercheurs en morphologie dérivationnelle, en proposant d’intégrer à la méthode présentée un module d’analyse morphologique dérivationnelle qui permet au linguiste de se constituer une base de données lexicale munie d’annotations morphosémantiques (que nous appellerons base de données morphologique, notée BDM). La méthodologie proposée sera illustrée tout au long de l’article par la présentation de Lstat, modèle de BDM utilisé avec un lexique de 27,5 millions d’occurrences issu d’archives de presse française en ligne, automatiquement téléchargées entre 2001 et 2002.The aim of this paper is to present a method for text corpora acquisition, organization and query procedures. The method makes use of data and tools which are freely available on the Web, i.e. text corpora, lexica, specialized programming languages, taggers and lemmatizers. As the specific orientation of the method is to meet the needs of morphology researchers, we enrich it with a word formation processing module. This module enables the linguist to build a lexical database enhanced with morphosemantic annotations (i.e. a morphological database, henceforth BDM). The methodology is illustrated throughout the paper by means of the presentation of Lstat, a BDM model used with a lexicon of 27.5 million occurences, obtained from online French newspaper archives which were automatically downloaded between 2001 and 2002

Binding Certificates to Service Accounts Deployed on Zero-Trust Cloud Virtual Machines

Zero-trust architecture is based on the assumption that none of the entities within the architecture are trusted implicitly based on their properties; explicit authentication and authorization based on certificates take place prior to establishing a session with the resource. However, there is no mechanism to monitor and enforce the distribution of certificates based on cloud-based service accounts. This disclosure describes techniques to bind a certificate policy to a service account that enables enforcement of specific policies on a virtual machine based on the particular service account associated with that virtual machine. The mapping between a certificate policy and the corresponding service account in the installed certificate is used to validate compliance with the policy. A mismatch between the policy in the presented certificate and the expected policy triggers an event that signals a potentially compromised virtual machine

Transition region ignition characteristics of n-heptane fuel sprays

Ignition studies were perferred on monodisperse n-heptane sprays at atmospheric pressure over a range of equivalence ratios and droplet diameters. A capacitive discharge spark ignition system was used as the ignition source, providing independent control of spark energy and duration. Preliminary measurements were made to optimize spark duration and spark gap, optimum conditions being those at which the maximum frequency or probability of ignition was observed. The effect of spark duration on ignition frequency for several spark energies was determined for equivalence ratios of 0.5 and 1.0 and initial droplet diameters of 28 and 68 microns. Spark duration had little effect on ignition frequency over the entire 15 to 170 mu s range examined. Spark durations of 70 to 80 mu s were used for all subsequent work. The spark gap was optimized at equivalence ratios of 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 and initial droplet diameters of 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 microns by varying the electrode spacing from 0.5 to 5.0 mm while maintaining a constant spark energy. The optimum gap was determined to be 3.0 mm for nearly all conditions

Combustion characteristics in the transition region of liquid fuel sprays

A number of important effects were observed in the droplet size transition region in spray combustion systems. In this region, where the mechanism of flame propagation is transformed from diffusive to premixed dominated combustion, the following effects have been observed: (1) maxima in burning velocity; (2) extension of flammability limits; (3) minima in ignition energy; and (4) minima in NO(x) formation. Unfortunately, because of differences in experimental facilities and limitations in the ranges of experimental data, a unified description of these transition region effects is not available at this time. Consequently, a fundamental experimental investigation was initiated to study the effect of droplet size, size distribution, and operating parameters on these transition region phenomena in a single well controlled spray combustion facility

Multicast Implementation Over Mutual Transport Layer Security (mTLS)

There is currently no straightforward way to broadcast or multicast a mutual transport layer security (mTLS) message between a server and multiple clients. If the clients are spread in different geographic regions and have varying network speeds and bandwidth, multicasting is more difficult. This disclosure describes techniques to send multicast messages to a set of endpoints over a freshly formed secure channel using temporary certificates. The task of secure channel formation is performed by functions-as-a-service (FaaS) type cloud computing, invoked in regions close to the endpoints to provide low latency and networking costs. The described techniques streamline multicast mTLS by offloading messages to serverless services rather than to the mTLS broker. The techniques can be applied to manage widely distributed endpoints

Combustion characteristics in the transition region of liquid fuel sprays

A number of important effects have been observed in the droplet size transition region in spray combustion systems. In this region, where the mechanism of flame propagation is transformed from diffusive to premixed dominated combustion, the following effects have been observed: (1) maxima in burning velocity; (2) extension of flammability limits; (3) minima in ignition energy; and (4) minima in NOx formation. A monodisperse aerosol generator has been used to form and deliver a well controlled liquid fuel spray to the combustion test section where measurements of ignition energy have been made. The ignition studies were performed on monodisperse n-heptane sprays at atmospheric pressure over a range of equivalence ratios and droplet diameters. A capacitive discharge spark ignition system was used as the ignition source, providing independent control of spark energy and duration. Preliminary measurements were made to optimize spark duration and spark gap, optimum conditions being those at which the maximum frequency or probability of ignition was observed. Using the optimum electrode spacing and spark duration, the frequency of ignition was determined as a function of spark energy for three overall equivalence ratios (0.6, 0.8, and 1.0) and for initial droplet diameters of 25, 40, 50, 60, and 70 micro m

Spark Ignition of Monodisperse Fuel Sprays

A study of spark ignition energy requirements was conducted with a monodisperse spray system allowing independent control of droplet size, equivalent ratio, and fuel type. Minimum ignition energies were measured for n-heptane and methanol sprays characterized at the spark gap in terms of droplet diameter, equivalence ratio (number density) and extent of prevaporization. In addition to sprays, minimum ignition energies were measured for completely prevaporized mixtures of the same fuels over a range of equivalence ratios to provide data at the lower limit of droplet size. Results showed that spray ignition was enhanced with decreasing droplet size and increasing equivalence ratio over the ranges of the parameters studied. By comparing spray and prevaporized ignition results, the existence of an optimum droplet size for ignition was indicated for both fuels. Fuel volatility was seen to be a critical factor in spray ignition. The spray ignition results were analyzed using two different empirical ignition models for quiescent mixtures. Both models accurately predicted the experimental ignition energies for the majority of the spray conditions. Spray ignition was observed to be probabilistic in nature, and ignition was quantified in terms of an ignition frequency for a given spark energy. A model was developed to predict ignition frequencies based on the variation in spark energy and equivalence ratio in the spark gap. The resulting ignition frequency simulations were nearly identical to the experimentally observed values

Comment conversionner les Vion ? ou : la construction de VionnerVERBE par conversion

International audienceIl existe dans le lexique (parfois enregistré dans les dictionnaires, mais, pour l'essentiel, attesté dans les documents journalistiques et les textes en ligne) des triplets de la forme (V, VSfxNOM, VSfxVERBE), e.g (INVITER, INVITATION, INVITATIONNER). VSfxNOM est formé à partir de V au moyen de RCL-Sfx formatrices de noms d'événement ayant pour suffixes -ment, -ade, -ure, -ion et -age, et VSfxNOM sert de base au convert VSfxVERBE. Les noms suffixés appartenant à ces triplets (eg. INVITATION) ont donc la particularité d'avoir un verbe V (INVITER) dans leur structure morphologique, et d'être apparentés à un autre verbe VSfx (INVITATIONNER). En apparence, les verbes V et VSfx sont synonymes (POSER/POSITIONNER, INVITER/INVITATIONNER). Or, le principe général d'économie dans les langues préconise l'évitement de la synonymie au moyen de stratégies de blocage. La question que nous nous posons est donc la suivante : qu'est-ce qui motive l'existence de ces doublons ? Cette question n'est pas sans objet, car les triplets constituent un ensemble de données important : le TLF enregistre 119 verbes VSfx aux côtés de verbes V, alors qu'une recherche en ligne, centrée sur la suffixation en -ion et relatée dans cet article, montre que ce chiffre est bien inférieur à la réalité. Après une présentation des données issues du TLF qui nous ont amenés à prendre conscience de ces constructions en apparence incongrue, nous rappelons comment les études théoriques classent les motivations des locuteurs en matière de création lexicale et sous quelles formes se manifestent ces néologismes. Puis, nous établirons une répartition des verbes VSfx trouvés dans le TLF (avec Sfx = -ion), suivant ces hypothèses théoriques, de manière à rendre explicites les différentes raisons de leur existence aux côtés des verbes V. Enfin nous proposons une validation à partir de données en ligne de cette ébauche explicative. Pour ce faire, nous bâtissons un corpus de candidats verbes de la forme Vionner, sur la base de noms attestés en Vion. Nous utilisons ces verbes comme requêtes sur La Toile, et examinons les résultats ramenés, à l'aulne de différents critères

Rapid Detection of Network Threats by Analyzing Network Logs

Currently, there is no easy way to view and inspect network data surrounding a suspicious network event. Typically, analysts correlate findings across multiple services to capture network data indicative of security threats which is a time-consuming task that can delay response. This disclosure describes techniques that enable rapid response to network threats by mirror-capturing a real-time window of network traffic; by using in-line or out-of-band analysis to detect network events; and, once an event is detected, by generating a packet-capture (pcap) file from the mirrored data to enable correlating between network events and the pcap file. Visibility into the captured traffic is obtained by providing, within the logging service, a pointer to the pcap file and by describing potential threats visually in terms of severity, time, category, direction, protocol, port, etc. Time and effort needed to cross-reference network logs against threat-hunting systems/databases to evaluate adversarial packets is reduced