Les représentations de la responsabilité sociale de l'entreprise et du développement durable dans les discours des entreprises et des associations patronales québécoises et canadiennes

L'engouement pour le concept de développement durable connaît aujourd'hui une montée spectaculaire. Tout ou presque se formule en termes de «durable», «soutenable» ainsi que «responsable», à commencer par les discours des ONG et des groupes de pression, des organisations internationales, des gouvernements et enfin des entreprises. Ce nouveau paradigme transforme les rôles des acteurs de développement et lance aux entreprises le défi d'assumer de nouvelles responsabilités. Ce constat nous a mené à questionner ce concept et ce qu'implique sa mise en oeuvre par les entreprises. L'objectif de cette recherche est d'identifier les représentations de la responsabilité sociale et du développement durable des entreprises québécoises et canadiennes. Il est également question de déterminer comment s'intègrent les composantes des deux concepts dans ces représentations. Par le biais d'une analyse de contenu des mémoires d'entreprises déposés à l'occasion de deux consultations publiques sur la responsabilité sociale de l'entreprise et sur le développement durable, effectuée avec le support du logiciel «ATLAS.ti», nous avons identifié quatre représentations de la RSE et trois représentations du développement durable. Les représentations de la RSE vont d'une responsabilité limitée aux intérêts des actionnaires à une responsabilité de préserver l'environnement pour les générations futures. Ces représentations interpellent entre autres des notions comme l'éthique corporative, la stratégie de l'entreprise et la réglementation. Les représentations du développement durable varient en fonction des dimensions économique, sociale et environnementale, et leur intégration. Quant à notre deuxième objectif, les composantes de développement durable et de la responsabilité sociale nous mènent à considérer la concertation, la reddition de comptes et la certification comme étant les composantes d'un processus par lequel les entreprises comptent mettre en oeuvre le développement durable. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Développement durable, Responsabilité sociale et environnementale de l'entreprise, Parties prenantes, Réglementation, Marché, Reddition de comptes et certifications

Regularity and Variance in the Arabic-French Translation Discourse: A Syntactico-semantic and Pragmatic Study of the Verbs ‘to see’ and ‘to look "

هذه الاطروحة مساهمة في مجال التقابل اللغوي العربي الفرنسي من خلال المدونة الترجمية حول مسالة اثبات خصوصيات العلامة اللغوية التي تتجلّى في الخطاب والتي لا نرئ لها اثرا في اللسان (la langue) اوحتي في دراسة ألسنة متعددة في اطار ما يعرف بالدراسات التقابلية والمقارنة. والفرق بين مقارنة الخطابات و مقارنة الالسن يستمد معناه و الياته و كذا النتائج التي لا تتحقق في غيره من الفرق المنهجي الذي اقامه اللسانيون من بعد سوسير(1916) ومن بعده بنفنيست (1966) بين اللسان من جهة و الخطاب من جهة اخرى. فالخطاب انجازفردي في المكان و الزمان للمخزون اللساني النظري و العام. و دراستنا للخطاب الترجمي في مقامنا هذا ترمي الى استقصاء اوجه التشارك بين اللغات و استخراج مواقع الاختلاف و التباين بين المتخاطبين. و تعد النصوص المترجمة تربة ثرية للبحث من حيث طبيعة الترجمة التي هي بالاساس نقل لللدلالة من لسان الى لسان بوساطة معاني كثيرة تختلف بحسب المترجم و المترجم له و سياق الترجمة و دوافعها و مقاماتها و رهانات التواصل المتعددة. و اختيارفعلي "رأى" و "نظر" في ترجمات القران الى الفرنسية يندرج في سياق ما سبق من افتراض مفاده ان الالفاظ التي لها مدلولات محددة سلفا في اللغة و ان تعددت عناوينها المعجمية فانها تصطبغ بحوايا الخطاب الذي يحملها وبنوايا صاحب الملفوظ الذي يتلفظ بها او يكتبها. و في بيان ذلك للترجمة فضل ولمنهج المقارنة اي مقارنة الخطابات - لا الاسن كما سبق ذكر ذلك - فضل اخر. و يتمحور مبحثنا حول ثلا ثة افكار رئيسة تتمثل 1-اولاها في سرد ما ل"رأى" و" نظر "في " من دلالات في اللسان العربي احصتها المعاجم قدمتها على نحوي خطي وعدّ ما قيل في اللفظين المقابلين لهما داخل اللسان الفرنسي من دلالات قاموسية رتبت على نحو مماثل (voir et regarder). مكننا هذا القسم ايضا من تقديم اسسنا النظرية و ادواتنا التحليلية وتتمثل اساسا في نظرية ديكرو(1985) الحجاجية و من بعده أنّا جوبير (1990) في اسلوبية التداول وكذا نظرية اقسام الاشياء لجاستون جروس (1994).2-اما القسم الثاني فيهتم بتحليل الايات المترجمة التي تكوّن مدونة البحث تحليلا نحويا و دلاليا لفهمها و استنباط قوانين و النقل الترجمي و آلياته من العربية الى الفرنسية 3- و يتلخص المحور الثالث الذي هو بمثابة التجاوز لما للمقارنة المعجمية الجاهزة او قل الجامدة من قصور في تبيان الخصائص التداولية في استخدام افعال القلوب داخل الخطابات الترجمية للقران. من نتائج البحث :أ‌-اقامة آلية ترجمية واضحة قابلة للصياغة الرياضية تحكم الانتقال من رأى الى voir و من نظر الى regarder دلالة ب‌-التوصل الى تجاوز التفريق بين الترجمة الحرفية و الترجمة التاويلية من منظور ثنائية الامانة و الخيانة في الترجمة نحو ما يراد من وراء العملية الترجمية من رهانات تواصلية و خطط تداولية.ت‌- استنباط مفهوم المعادل "النسقي" بديلا عن المعادل الحرفي لقصر محتواه الدلالي و للضبابية الاصطلاحية و المفهومية التي يسببها اعتماده قاعدة للانتقال الالي من العربية الفرنسيةThe thesis entitled "Regularity and Variance in the Arabic-French Translation Discourse: A Syntactico-semantic and Pragmatic Study of the Verbs ‘to see’ and ‘to look " purports to answer the question of what could really unite the development of the meaning of words in the two languages in contact via translation, and what might get them to diverge. For this purpose, this work departs from the examination of the syntactico-semantic functioning of the two verbs aforementioned to a pragmatic analysis of their respective translation uses based on a compilative corpus gathering six different French translations of the Koran. The comparison of the translation discourses is deemed to help introduce the semantic component as a fundamental element to the contrastive study of the two languages, and in particular to the enrichment of the target language of the translation action. The main hypothesis in this work consists in postulating that the choice of a linguistic unit in the target language discourse is the result of three main factors:(a)its syntactico-semantic status in the source language, (b)the morph syntactic and logico-semantic constraints of the target language, and (c)the components of the context of enunciation, which involves all of the translatological attitudes of the translator, his discursive strategy, his rapports with his reader, etc. Our approach attempts to identify the way in which these three functionalities are articulated within the translating discourse, that is to say, to trace the track of usages where they alternate, and where they (totally or partially) get associated at varied degrees.In fact, the research is divided into three parts. The first part includes an introduction of the problematic, the approach followed as well as the theoretical presuppositions used in the analysis, in this case the object-classes theory (M. Gross (1981) and G. Gross (1994)) and pragma-stylistics (A. Jaubert (1990)). The second part, which deals with the syntactic and semantic analysis of the related corpus based on the object-classes theory, results in the formulation of the rules underlying the systematic use, in the target language, of the same synonymous predicative form (see for raâ and look for nadhara) to all translators. As for the third part, it delineates our examination of the divergent uses of the six translators in light of integrated pragmatics (JC Anscombre and O. Ducrot (1997)) and pragmatic stylistics (A. Jaubert, op cit. ). The differentiated translating forms of the same starting verb are attributed to the data relating to the subjectivity of meta-enunciators; that is, not to the encoding component - which is purely linguistic and mutually and equally shared by all translators - but to the enunciative factors conditionning the production of translating utterances.Findings1-The semantic analysis targeting the research of regularities reveals that the systematic reference to the use of voir (“to see”) in translation of raâ ( lit. voir) in all the translations is dependant on two syntactico-semantic characteristics of the verb: its deictic use and its generic value. Concerning the verb ‘ nadhara’ ( lit. regarder) (to look), it's what we commonly call the "threshold look" that is the basis of its unanimous use.2-What the in-depth pragmatic study of the translational variables of the two Arabic verbs shows is that a meaningful form (y) systematically taken by several translators in the target language to make the same entity (x) of the source language does not necessarily imply identical use of the same form. The seeming equivalence/synonym is nothing but an apparent, rather misleading one; because the same equivalent is communicated differently. Likewise, the pragmatic analysis has led to the conclusion of the gradual disappearance of the notion of "literal equivalence", much worn out in translation, and the establishment instead of what we have called "poly-subjectivemes" being at the origin of apparently similar equivalents ".La thèse intitulée « Régularité et variance dans le discours traduisant arabe-français : étude syntactico-sémantique et pragmatique des verbes voir et regarder» se propose de répondre à la question de savoir ce qui unit réellement l’élaboration du sens de vocables dans deux langues en contact via la traduction et ce qui pourrait les départager. Ainsi, elle part de l’examen du comportement syntactico-sémantique des deux verbes susmentionnés vers une analyse pragmatique de leurs emplois traduisants respectifs et ce à partir d’un corpus compilatif français regroupant six traductions différentes du Coran. La mise en comparaison des discours traduisants est censée permettre l’introduction de la composante sémantique comme élément fondamental à l’étude contrastive des deux langues et notamment à l’enrichissement de la langue d’accueil. L’hypothèse principale consiste à postuler que le choix d’une unité linguistique en discours d’accueil est le résultat de trois facteurs essentiels : (a) son statut syntactico-sémantique dans la langue de départ, (b) les contraintes morphosyntaxiques et logico-sémantiques de la langue d’accueil (c) ainsi que les composantes du contexte d’énonciation, lequel regroupe les attitudes traductologiques du traducteur, sa stratégie discursive, ses rapports avec son lecteur, etc. Notre démarche tente de déceler le mode d’articulation de ces trois fonctionnalités à l’intérieur du discours traduisant, c’est-à-dire de retracer les emplois où elles alternent et les endroits où elles se trouvent associées (totalement ou en partie) à des degrés divers. De fait, la recherche est répartie en trois parties. La première comporte une introduction de la problématique, de la démarche suivie ainsi que les présupposés théoriques mises à l’œuvre dans l’analyse, en l’occurrence la théorie des classes d’objets (M. Gross (1981) et G. Gross (1994)) et la pragma-stylistique (A. Jaubert (1990)). La seconde partie ayant pour objet l’analyse syntaxique et sémantique du corpus considéré à partir de la théorie des classes d’objets se solde par la formulation des règles à la base de l’emploi systématique, en langue cible, de la même forme prédicative équivalente (voir pour raâ et regarder pour nadhara) auprès de tous les traducteurs. Quant à la troisième partie, elle décline notre examen des emplois divergents des six traducteurs à la lumière de la pragmatique intégrée (J-C. Anscombre, et O. Ducrot (1997)) et de la stylistique pragmatique (A. Jaubert, op. cit.). Les formes traduisantes différenciées du même verbe de départ sont imputées aux données relatives à la subjectivité des méta-énonciateurs ; c’est-à-dire non pas à la composante codique - qui est de nature purement linguistique et que se partagent mutuellement et équitablement tous les traducteurs - mais aux facteurs énonciatifs conditionnant la production des énoncés traduisants. Résultats : 1-l’analyse sémantaxique visant la recherche de régularités révèle que le recours de manière systématique à voir en traduction de raâ (lit. voir) dans toutes les traductions est tributaire de deux caractéristiques syntactico-sémantiques du verbe : son emploi déictique et sa valeur générique. Pour ce qui est de regarder, c’est ce que nous convenons d’appeler le « regard-seuil » qui est à la base de son emploi unanime. 2- Ce que démontre l’étude pragmatique approfondie des variables traductionnels des deux verbes de l’arabe, c’est qu’une forme signifiante (y) reprise systématiquement auprès de plusieurs traducteurs en langue cible pour rendre la même entité (x) de langue source n’en implique pas forcément un emploi identique. L’équivalence n’est qu’apparente voire trompeuse ; car le même équivalent est communiqué différemment. Aussi l’analyse pragmatique a-t-elle permis de conclure à l’évanescence de la notion d’« équivalence littérale» tant consommée en traduction et l’inscription de ce que nous avons nommé « des poly-subjectivèmes » sous-tendant des équivalences apparemment similaires»

Robust design of a low cost flat plate collector under uncertain design parameters

The high expenses of electrical energy needed for heating water can be significantly decreased by using flat plate collectors. Therefore, the design of flat plate collectors having optimal performance has received a lot of attention in recent research projects. However, due to the existence of uncertainties in material properties, geometry and environmental conditions, it is imperative to incorporate uncertainty analysis into the design optimization to obtain reliable results. In this work, a multi-criteria robust design based on multi-objective optimization of the flat plate collector system is developed. Firstly, a determinist optimization (non-consideration of uncertain design parameters in this optimization strategy) of flat plate collector design is conducted. The obtained results showed that the determinist optimization leads to a flat plate collector design with 30% efficiency sensitivity and 27% total cost sensitivity to design parameters uncertainty. As an alternative, the multi-criteria robust design based on multi-objective optimization is developed. For this goal, a combined multi-objective colonial competitive algorithm and polynomial chaos expansion method is developed and used. This multi-criteria robust optimization considers simultaneously four objectives functions including the flat plate collector efficiency, the flat plate collector total cost, and their sensitivities to uncertain design parameters. It is noted that the multi-criteria robust design based on multi-objective optimization offers a robust flat plate collector with performances sensitivity to design parameters uncertainty less than 4.5%. Furthermore, when compared to the literature results, the performances sensitivities of flat plate collector design, obtained by the multi-criteria robust design based on multi-objective optimization, were reduced until 64%

Naringin inhibits the invasion and migration of human glioblastoma cell via downregulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression and inactivation of p38 signaling pathway.

International audienceGliomas are the most common and malignant primary brain tumors. They are associated with a poor prognosis despite the availability of multiple therapeutic options. Naringin, a common dietary flavonoid abundantly present in fruits and vegetables, is believed to possess strong anti-proliferative and anti-cancer properties. However, there are no reports describing its effects on the invasion and migration of glioblastoma cell lines. Our results showed that the treatment of U251 glioma cell lines with different concentrations of naringin inhibited the invasion and migration of these cells. In addition, we revealed a decrease in the levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2) and (MMP-9) expression as well as proteinase activity in U251 glioma cells. In contrast, the expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP-1) and (TIMP-2) was increased. Furthermore, naringin treatment decreased significantly the phosphorylated level of p38. Combined treatment with a p38 inhibitor (SB203580) resulted in the synergistic reduction of MMP-2 and MMP-9 expressions correlated with an increase of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 expressions and the anti-invasive properties. However, p38 chemical activator (anisomycin) could block these effects produced by naringin, suggesting a direct downregulation of the p38 signaling pathway. These data suggest that naringin may have therapeutic potential for controlling invasiveness of malignant gliomas by inhibiting of p38 signal transduction pathways

Phthalimido-ferrocidiphenol cyclodextrin complexes: Characterization and anticancer activity

International audienceSeveral ferrocenyl analogues of tamoxifen have already showed strong antiproliferative activity in experimental glioma models. Nevertheless, these compounds are very poorly soluble in water and an adapted formulation is needed. In this work, we have tailored and optimized methylated cyclodextrin soluble complexes of phthalimido-ferrocidiphenol for the first time. The complexes were characterized, and the optimized formulation was tested for in vitro efficacy and cell proliferation assays on U87, human glioblastoma cancer cells. Molecular modeling can provide accurate information about the inclusion process. The inclusion of all the moieties at the same time (i.e., ferrocene, phthalimidylpropyl, 2 phenols) is not possible due to the steric hindrance of the 1:4 system. The 1:3 systems are possible but do not seem very relevant. However, various 1:2 and 1:1 complexes are mostly present in aqueous solutions. Some experiments have confirmed our hypothesis. First, interactions between the phenol, phthalimidylpropyl and ferrocenyl groups have been observed in our NMR experiments. Second, the inclusion of phthalimidylpropyl was detected by UV-vis spectrophotometry with an apparent 1:1 interaction, which was observed through the Benesi-Hildebrand method. The complex is readily soluble in water and keeps its pharmacological activity against U87 tumor cells (IC50=0.028 ± 0.007 μM vs. 0.018 ± 0.003 μM for PhtFerr)

PTEN-regulated AKT/FoxO3a/Bim signaling contributes to Human cell glioblastoma apoptosis by platinum-maurocalcin conjugate

International audienceA previous report has shown that a chimera between a platinum complexing agent (1) andthe cell penetrating peptide maurocalcin, synthesized with D-amino acids, (DMCa), termedPt-1-DMCa, is a highly successful anticancer compound that works by targeting theintracellular redox system in glioblastoma (GBM) cells. However, the detailed cellularmechanism whereby the conjugate specifically kills tumor cells remains unclear. Herein, weshow that Pt-1-DMCa induces apoptosis in Human U87 GBM cells through reactive oxygenspecies (ROS)-dependent modulation of the PI3K/AKT/FoxO3a signalling pathway. First, wefound that Pt-1-DMCa treatment of these cells induces inhibition of AKT and nuclearaccumulation of FoxO3a thereby facilitating transcription of the target genes Bim and PTEN.Modulation of the AKT/FoxO3a/Bim signaling pathway by RNA interference confirms thatthese signaling events are critical for Pt-1-DMCa-induced apoptosis of U87 GBM cells.Furthermore, we reveal that FoxO3a-mediated up-regulation of PTEN exerts an additionalinhibitory effect on the AKT survival pathway. Thus, our results demonstrate that theconjugate can induce ROS-dependent FoxO3a-mediated apoptosis in U87 cells throughPTEN-mediated inhibition of the PI3K/AKT survival axis. Our results help elucidate themolecular mechanisms underlying Pt-1-DMCa-induced cell death in U87 GBM cells andsupport a theoretical basis for future applications of the MCa peptid

A Conjugate between Lqh-8/6, a Natural Peptide Analogue of Chlorotoxin, and Doxorubicin Efficiently Induces Glioma Cell Death

International audienceNatural peptides isolated from animal venoms generally target cell surface receptors with high affinity and selectivity. On many occasions, some of these receptors are over-expressed in cancer cells. Herein, we identified Lqh-8/6 as a natural peptide analog of chlorotoxin, a proven and useful compound for the diagnosis and treatment of glioma. Lqh-8/6 and two other natural analogues were chemically synthesized for the first time and evaluated for their ability to label, detect and prevent glioma growth in vitro. We demonstrate that a biotinylated version of Lqh-8/6 allows both the labeling of glioma cell lines and the detection of glioma in brain sections of glioma allograft Fisher rats. Lqh-8/6 has intrinsic anti-invasive properties but is non-toxic to glioma cells. To confer anti-tumor properties to Lqh-8/6, we chemically coupled doxorubicin to the glioma-targeting peptide using click chemistry. To this end, we successfully chemically synthesized Lqh-8/6-azide and doxorubicin-alkyne without impairing the toxic nature of doxorubicin. The toxin-drug conjugate efficiently promotes the apoptosis of glioma cells in vitro. This example contributes to the concept that animal venom peptides constitute exquisite warheads for delivering toxic chemical conjugates, a parallel to the popular concept of antibody-drug conjugates for the treatment of cancer

Succinimido–Ferrocidiphenol Complexed with Cyclodextrins Inhibits Glioblastoma Tumor Growth In Vitro and In Vivo without Noticeable Adverse Toxicity

International audienceSuccFerr (N-[4-ferrocenyl,5-5-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl)-pent-4-enyl]-succinimide) has remarkable antiproliferative effects in vitro, attributed to the formation of a stabilized quinone methide. The present article reports in vivo results for a possible preclinical study. SuccFerr is lipophilic and insoluble in water, so the development of a formulation to obviate this inconvenience was necessary. This was achieved by complexation with randomly methylated cyclodextrins (RAMEßCDs). This supramolecular water-soluble system allowed the in vivo experiments below to proceed. Application of SuccFerr on the glioblastoma cancer cell line U87 indicates that it affects the cellular cycle by inducing a blockade at G0/G1 phase, linked to apoptosis, and another one at the S phase, associated with senescence. Using healthy Fischer rats, we show that both intravenous and subcutaneous SuccFerr: RAMEßCD administration at 5 mg/kg lacks toxic effects on several organs. To reach lethality, doses higher than 200 mg/kg need to be administered. These results prompted us to perform an ectopic in vivo study at 1 mg/kg i.v. ferrocidiphenol SuccFerr using F98 cells xenografted in rats. Halting of cancer progression was observed after six days of injection, associated with an immunological defense response linked to the active principle. These results demonstrate that the properties of the selected ferrocidiphenol SuccFerr transfer successfully to in vivo conditions, leading to interesting therapeutic perspectives based on this chemistry

Anticancer properties of lipid and poly(ε-caprolactone) nanocapsules loaded with ferrocenyl-tamoxifen derivatives

International audienceObjectiveWe synthesized new tamoxifen derivatives as anticancer drug candidates and elaborated on convection‐enhanced delivery (CED) as a strategy for delivery.MethodsTo overcome the issue of their poor solubility, these ferrocenyl‐tamoxifen derivatives were esterified and encapsulated into different nanocarriers, that is lipid (LNC) and polymeric nanocapsules (PNL‐NC). We describe the chemistry, the encapsulation and the physicochemical characterization of these formulations.Key findingsStarting compounds [phthalimido‐ferrocidiphenol and succinimido‐ferrocidiphenol], esterified prodrugs and their nanocapsules formulations were characterized.These drug candidates displayed a strong in vitro activity against breast and glioblastoma cancer cells. The ester prodrugs were toxic for glioblastoma cells (IC50 = 9.2 × 10−2 μm and 6.7 × 10−2 μm, respectively). The IC50 values for breast cancer cells were higher for these compounds. The encapsulation of the esterified compounds in LNCs (≈50 nm) or PCL‐NCs (≈300 nm) did not prevent their efficacy on glioblastoma cells. These anticancer effects were due to both blockade in the S‐phase of the cell cycle and apoptosis. Moreover, the tamoxifen derivatives‐loaded nanocapsules induced no toxicity for healthy astrocytes and showed no haemolytic properties. Loaded Lipid Nanocapsules (LNCs) presented interesting profiles for the optimal delivery of active compounds.ConclusionsPhthalimido‐ and Succinimido‐esters represent an innovative approach to treat cancers with cerebral localizations such as glioblastoma or brain metastases from breast cancers